Geotechnical Properties Of Soil Research Articles

Estimation of dynamic soil properties for geotechnical analysis in the Niger Delta using index testing and empirical correlations

This study investigated geotechnical properties of subsurface soils from Mbiama town in Rivers State, Niger Delta region through laboratory index testing and development of empirical correlations to estimate dynamic soil parameters. Grain size analyses revealed heterogeneous stratigraphy transitioning from upper clayey sands to lower gravelly sands deposited under changing fluvio-deltaic conditions. Atterberg limits exhibited decreasing plasticity trends with depth confirming the textural variations. Laboratory data conforms to layering architecture inferred from depositional facies analyses. Predictive models were developed relating Standard Penetration Test blow counts (SPT-N) and shear wave velocity (Vs) to depth, moisture content and percentage sand. High regression coefficients validated models' accuracy in reproducing over 90% of field measurements. Factor of safety against liquefaction was correlated to SPT-N, accounting for density-dependent properties. Index-based characterizations aligned well with trends predicted by the empirical correlations. This research demonstrated robust indirect estimation of dynamic geotechnical indices for foundation design and seismic risk analysis in data-scarce Niger Delta through standardized field and laboratory index testing integrated with depositionally-linked predictive models.

THE EFFECT OF ASPHALT WASTE AND AFŞIN-ELBISTAN FLY ASH ON THE ENGINEERING FEATURES OF SANDY-CLAY SOILS

In this experimental study, the impact of asphalt waste (AW) generated after the Kahramanmaraş earthquake on the geotechnical features of sandy-clay soils was examined. Afşin Elbistan fly ash (AEFA), which is widely produced in the region, was also added, and its effect was determined. After determining the engineering characteristics of the sandy-clay soil, mixtures were prepared by adding AW at the rates of 5,10,15,20% by weight. Mixtures were prepared by adding 5,10,15,15,20% AW at a constant rate of 15% AEFA. Atterberg limit, standard proctor, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), shear box, and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests were conducted on the samples. According to the results of the Proctor test, it is seen that the dry density increases and the optimum water content decreases as the proportion of AW mixed into soil increases. It was found that UCS improved with the addition of AW. It was observed that the internal friction angle increased with the addition of AW, and the cohesion increased with the addition of AEFA. As a result, it was determined that the use of AW and AEFA as 15% AW and 15% AEFA by dry weight in Sandy clay soil affects improving soil geotechnical properties. It is also concluded that the disposal of earthquake and industrial by-product waste will contribute to the environment and economy.

Assessing the Geotechnical Properties of Lime-Stabilized Black Cotton Soil in the Presence of Nanosilica

Assessing the Geotechnical Properties of Lime-Stabilized Black Cotton Soil in the Presence of Nanosilica

Artificial Neural Network Approach to Evaluate Geotechnical Properties of Lime-Treated Mountain Soil: A Slope Stabilization Perspective

Artificial Neural Network Approach to Evaluate Geotechnical Properties of Lime-Treated Mountain Soil: A Slope Stabilization Perspective

STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF CEMENT STABILIZED CLAY SOIL WITH EPS FOOD PACK WASTE

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of EPS on geotechnical properties of soil through laboratory test and ANOVA analysis. These tests have been conducted on natural and stabilized soils in accordance with procedure outlined in BS1377 (1990). Four fibre contents (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1%) of the dry soil weight and three fibre size (random size, 20 mm x 2mm size and 20 mm x 5 mm) were used. The tests conducted included particle distribution, specific gravity, Atterberg limits, the standard compaction, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS). The laboratory result classifies the soil as A-7-6 (17) according to American Association of States Highway and Transport Officials (AASHTO) classification system and Clay soil of Low plasticity (CL) in accordance with the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). The Specific gravity decreases from 2.7 to 2.1. MDD results also shows a decrease with increase of EPS waste fibre from 1.46Mg/m3 to 1.32Mg/m3 for British Light compaction and from 1.61Mg/m3 to 1.47Mg/m3 for British Heavy. The CBR result shows an improvement from 5.33% to a maximum value of 10.5% at 1% EPS waste fibre for unsoaked CBR and from 2.86% to a maximum of 7.73% at 0.5% EPS waste fibre for soaked CBR. The UCS result shows an improvement at 28 days from 2410 kN/m2 of Natural soil to a maximum of 5593kN/m2 at 0.5% EPS waste fibre. Based on the laboratory experimental result it was suggested that the EPS waste fibre of 0.5% dosage can be...

A CNN-accelerated workflow for stochastic seismic property estimation

As one of the major tools in resolving the non-uniqueness challenge in subsurface interpretation and reservoir characterization, stochastic inversion from post- and pre-stack seismic data remains challenging, which not only requires heavy computational resources but also relies on intensive manual supervision. Inspired by the recent advances in deep learning particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for interdisciplinary data integration, this study proposes a deep learning workflow that enables stochastic property estimation by efficiently integrating seismic images with sparse wells. It starts with sampling a set of property prior models (PPMs) from densely-measured properties at well locations and corrupting local seismic patterns with Gaussian noise. The core idea is to train a structure-guided CNN by mapping the contaminated seismic with the sampled PPMs while enforcing structural consistency to avoid overfitting in the presence of sparse wells. Finally, the baseline and uncertainty of target properties are estimated by running multiple realizations of the trained CNN. As demonstrated by three examples, with minimum efforts of CNN architecture customization according to data availability, the proposed workflow can accommodate various use cases, including rock acoustic/elastic property estimation from 3D post-/angle-stack seismic and soil geotechnical properties from 2D ultra-high-resolution seismic. In all examples, the machine predictions match seismic patterns well and are of high lateral consistency.

Foundation Model Study on Inorganic and Biopolymer Nano Additives Treated Soil—A Step Forward in Nano Additive Soil Stabilization

For almost a decade, various studies have been carried out to prove the suitability of nano additives in enhancing the geotechnical properties of soil. Yet, this line of research is still in its elementary stage, restricting itself to laboratory tests to determine soil’s index and engineering properties blended with varying dosages of nano additives. In other words, research on practical applications of nano additives for soil stabilization is scarce. The present work attempts to investigate the suitability of three different nanomaterials as a load-bearing stratum for shallow foundations. The nano additives were chosen in such a way that each of them is from a different origin. One of them is nano calcium carbonate (inorganic) whereas the other two are nano-sized varieties of natural biopolymers, namely nano chitosan (crustacean-based) and nano carboxymethyl cellulose (plant-based). A series of laboratory tests were initially conducted to determine the strength of all three nano-additive-treated soils at different dosages, which were investigated for 180 days to ensure their long-term performance. This was followed by a foundation model study on untreated soil and on soil treated with optimal dosages of nano additives. The results were validated using finite element software followed by a parametric study to optimize the depth of soil stabilization. It was observed that all three nano additives exhibited a better performance when the top layer had the optimal dosage and the subsequent layers had a relatively lesser dosage.

Exploring Soil–Water Characteristic Curves in Transitional Oil Sands Tailings

Soil–water characteristics curves (SWCC) have proved useful in estimating parameters used in modeling unsaturated geotechnical properties of soils including permeability and strength. Either saturation, gravimetric, and instantaneous and initial volumetric water content designation can be used to develop SWCCs. Studies have shown that any of the designations will give good estimates for soils that do not undergo volume change with suction change whereas, for soils that undergo substantial volume change, only saturation and instantaneous volumetric water content designation obtained by incorporating shrinkage curves can give correct estimates. Transition oil sands tailings have fines content that cannot be categorized as sandy or fine materials, and research on volume change with suction change in these materials is limited. In this study, HyProps, Tempe cells, and a chilled-mirror water potential meter were used to measure suction and corresponding water contents for samples that were prepared by mixing coarse sand and Fluid Tailing by ratios that mimic transition zone tailings. Shrinkage tests were also performed to observe the extent of volume change with suction increase. Air Entry Values (AEV) estimated from SWCCs based on gravimetric water content were found to be lower than those estimated from saturation-based SWCCs due to substantial volume changes in these materials with suction increase. The use of saturation water content designation is recommended in estimating AEV for transitional oil sands tailings. This is useful information in predicting the long term unsaturated geotechnical behavior of these materials for environmental management and safety purposes.

Improving The Geotechnical Properties of Cohesive Soils Using Portland Cement and Some Composite Polymers in A Selected Location in The City of Tanumah / Basrah Governorate – Southern Iraq

Background: The purpose of this research is to ascertain how adding Portland cement and composite polymers, as well as the ideal ratios between them, will affect cohesive soils' geotechnical characteristics. Materials and Methods: A composite polymer was created by combining three polymers—isocyanide, unsaturated polyester, polyvinyl acetate, and thinner—as well as a solvent. Portland cement was added to the soil at a rate of 5% of the sample weight. Different percentages of the weight of the cement supplied to the sample—5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%—were utilized as the composite polymer. Several geotechnical tests were carried out, including compaction, unconfined compressive strength, California bearing ratio, absorption, and Atterberg's limits, to ascertain the ideal amount of polymer for the aim of improvement. Results: The findings show that adding cement at a rate of 5% by weight of the sample and a polymeric mixture at a rate of 15% by weight of cement can improve the cohesive soil's engineering properties. It was found that the maximum dry density, unconfined compressive strength, and California bearing ratio had increased while the values of the optimal moisture content, absorption rate, liquid limit values, and plasticity index had decreased. Conclusion: The composite polymer used in soil improvement not only improves the geotechnical properties and resistance of the soil, but it also efficiently enhances and activates the effectiveness of cement. When 15% of the sample's weight of cement was composed of composite polymers, the soil's engineering attributes increased the most.

Evaluation of geotechnical, mineralogical and environmental properties of clayey soil stabilized with different industrial by-products: A comparative study

The utilisation of soil stabilization techniques employing binders like lime or cement enables the use of soils that are classified as disposable, thereby reducing the need for landfills and the consumption of natural resources. However, the production of lime and cement results in significant CO2 emissions. Therefore, the application of industrial by-products (IBP) for stabilizing expansive soils presents an opportunity to minimise the use of traditional binders. This study investigates the geotechnical, mechanical, mineralogical, and environmental properties of four IBP (biomass bottom ash, biomass fly ash, steel slag, and mixed recycled aggregate) combined with a silica-based nanomaterial for road layer applications. The technical feasibility of the use of IBP was demonstrated, especially in combination with nanomaterials, allowing a 66 % reduction in the percentage of added lime, obtaining significant improvements with minimal plasticity and swelling index and bearing capacity CBR values higher than 25 %, applying BBA, BFA and SS. An environmental assessment of leachate analysis was performance, showing an immobilization of heavy metals that makes the application of IBP feasible. In addition, a life cycle analysis study showed the environmental benefits of applying IBP, such as a 50 % reduction in CO2 emissions due to the reduction of lime, resulting from the use of these materials, thus promoting more sustainable economic models.

Influence of Ceramic Waste and Cement on the Mechanical and Hydraulic Properties, and Microstructure of the Road Sub-Base Layer

This study examines cement and ceramic waste (CW) for the sub-base layer of roads. This innovative method can do away with the risks associated with improper disposal of industrial waste. To achieve this objective, several proportions of cement and CW were used, ranging from 1.5 to 2% and 5% to 15%, respectively. The aim of the work was to examine the influences of CW and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS), permeability, consolidation, and microstructures of untreated and treated soil of road sub-base layer. The Guelph permeameter, UCS, permeability, and one- dimensional consolidation were among the laboratory and in-situ tests that were examined; the microstructures were characterised using SEM, infrared (IR), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The findings indicated that the high permeability of the natural soil caused harm to our road soon after construction. Applying 5 to 15% CW reduced permeability by approximately 100% and settlement by around 43%. Furthermore, under wet and immersed conditions, mixing CW and OPC with soil raised UCS by approximately 182% and 20 times, respectively. This study demonstrated that by enhancing the geotechnical properties of soil, CW and OPC combined with it could be used as a road sub-base layer material.

Effect of Storage Time on the Structural Integrity of Silts and Organic Soils: An Analysis of Moisture Content, Unconfined Compressive Strength, and Elasticity

The impact of storage duration on the geotechnical properties of soils is a recurring issue in the field of geotechnical engineering. Due to the lack of previous research addressing this topic, an experimental study was conducted to evaluate the variation of these properties over time. Undisturbed samples of silty and organic soil from Quito, Ecuador, were obtained. These samples were subjected to unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and moisture content (MC) tests at various intervals (1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 56 days). Results revealed a significant correlation between MC, UCS, and modulus of elasticity (ME). A progressive increase in UCS and ME was observed as MC decreased, with peak values observed to occur between 20 and 30 days. These findings suggest that matric suction plays a predominant role in increasing cohesion and, consequently, UCS. Therefore, it is concluded that the time elapsed between sample extraction and testing is a critical factor influencing the preservation of MC and, hence, the accurate assessment of the soil’s mechanical properties.

Evaluation of Geotechnical Properties of Soil at Selected Sites in Al-Nasiriya City

Soil index properties are used to calculate and determine the geotechnical properties of soils and then determine soil suitability for the construction of engineering projects. Most of the geotechnical properties of soil affect each other directly or indirectly, and these properties can be utilized as indicators to calculate other properties. In the present study, some soil index properties were used to identify the geotechnical properties of soil. According to the unified classification system for soil, most soils were classified as low and high plasticity hilt. In addition, the soils showed a medium to a high degree of expansion according to the values of the Atterberg limit and were generally considered inactive clay soil. Based on the Standard Penetration Test values, consistency index, and compression index, the soil was stiff to extremely stiff and had high to extremely high compressibility. Finally, the results showed the need for soil for some engineering works, such as stabilization and modification, before the construction of engineering projects.

Effect of leachate on the geotechnical properties of soils at Gbagede Dumpsite Ilorin, Kwara State Nigeria

The increasing request for space for private buildings was brought about by the utilization of the previous dumpsites. If the issue of leachate infiltration into the soil isn't legitimately controlled it'll lead to future harm in construction works. The objectives are to compare the geotechnical properties of soil of the contaminated and uncontaminated regions region of the dump site and evaluate if the effect of leachate on the geotechnical properties of soil changes with depth. Laboratory soil tests were conducted on the soil samples obtained and compared the effect of these leachates at the dump site. These methods are Natural water content, Bulk Density, Specific Gravity, Shear strength, and Consolidation tests. The soil samples were obtained from the contaminated region, and the uncontaminated region (i.e. at 100 m away from the dumpsite). All soil samples were obtained at depths 0.5m, 1.0m, and 1.5m below the ground level, to know the effect of leachate on the soil at the dumpsite and also to know if the effects of leachate changes with depth as it goes down the soil. The results obtained show that samples at 0.5m and 1m depth have been affected by leachates but the effects are not so significant at 1.5m depth, thereby making the soil at depths 0.5m and 1m unfit for construction purposes. This result was useful to check the land requirement in urban areas and guide the geotechnical engineers when designing and constructing foundations for buildings and other related structures on these types of soils.

Geotechnical and microstructural analysis of high-volume fly ash stabilized clayey soil and machine learning application

The weak soil stabilization using solid wastes is one of the most common solutions for improving geotechnical characteristics as well as for problematic waste dumping in landfills. The present experimental study aims to examine the effect of high-volume Class-F fly ash on the geotechnical and microstructural properties of clayey soil by adding them in ranges between 5 % and 50 %. The results show that as the amount of fly ash in clayey soil increases, properties like the specific gravity, plasticity index, permeability, optimum moisture content, maximum dry density and free swelling index improves. Moreover, these geotechnical properties were analyzed to develop machine learning models using three different algorithms, namely K-nearest neighbor regression, random forest, and support vector regression, for obtaining the optimum amount of fly ash contents in weak expansive soils. The predicted and experimental results found to be in close-relation for predicting the geotechnical behavior of modified clayey soil. Furthermore, the performance of the ML models degrades as the number of components reduces, with KNN regression consistently outperforming SVR and RF but suffering significantly with fewer components. The results of the testing set in the case of four components are MSE of 77, R² of 0.896, RMSE of 0.846, MAE of 0.327, and SEE of 0.858, indicating precise and consistent predictions. However, the prediction accuracy considering lesser components shows MSE as 262, R² as 0.648, MAE as 5.606, SEE as 16.707, and GPI as 1.056, confirming the elevated error rates. Overall, it has been concluded that combining comprehensive experimental work and machine learning techniques outperforms in enhancing geotechnical data processing, optimized waste contents in weak soils, improves sustainability in construction, saves resources, reduces the possibility of human mistakes, and increases reliability.

Effects of nano-clay on the geotechnical properties of gypseous soil

Abstract Gypseous soils suffer from sudden settlement when subjected to water flow due to dissolving of gypsum salts, so all structures constructed on gypseous soil undergo significant deformations due to the soil’s ability to collapse. Around the world, specifically in the arid and semi-arid regions gypseous soils are mostly found also, and can be found in the west desert of Iraq and even in the southern regions, amounting about between 30 and 35% of the country’s total area. There are several techniques to improve the geotechnical properties of collapsible soils, but one of the most recent techniques is using the nano technology. Five different proportions of nano-clay (NC) were incorporated into a gypseous soil containing 80% gypsum in order to enhance its chemical and geotechnical characteristics (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%). The tests findings (chemical, physical, and mechanical tests) demonstrated that the addition of nano-clay to gypseous soil has a significant impact on the geotechnical properties of soil where it leads to decrease the gypsum content of soil, pH value, maximium dry density, specific gravity, and collapse index. On the other hand, the utilized of nano clay material causes to increase shear strength parameters (c and φ), optimum water content and liquid limit. Adding 4% of nano-clay results in a significant decrease of 53% in the collapse index and an increase of 311% in soil cohesion and 30% in the angle of internal friction.

Assessing the Improvement of Geotechnical Properties of Clayey Soil Using a Substrate Cement Mortar Material, from Ilgin, Konya City, Turkey

The increase in needs and the decrease in places with good, usable foundation soil have made the construction of engineering structures on problematic soils mandatory. Problematic soils generally do not have sufficient bearing capacity and soil strength, which may create an environment prone to high settlement or liquefaction. To investigate potential ways to enhance the compaction, undesirable or problematic plasticity, and soil’s strength characteristics, various geotechnical tests have been carried out on clayey soils and their mixtures treated with a Substrate Cement Mortar (0, 4, 8, and 12% by weight). These tests involved Atterberg limits, dry density, compaction, and shear strength. The obtained results show that the addition of substrate cement materials increased the dry density of soil treated with SCM, which can significantly enhance the soil properties. Meanwhile, adding SCM decreased the soil's plasticity limits. Furthermore, adding 12% Substrate Cement Mortar resulted in the lowest optimum moisture content and the maximum dry unit weight. Soil treated with 12% also exhibits maximum cohesion and shear strength. This research led to the conclusion that the utilization of Substrate Cement Mortar additive is an inexpensive product and has significantly improved the soil’s geotechnical parameters.

ANALISIS GEOTEKNIK DAN KESTABILAN LERENG TOWER SUTT PT. PLN (Studi kasus: TW. 203 Pembangunan T/L 150 KV GI KAMBANG – GI TAPAN)

Slope instability is caused by several lithological and structural factors, slope geometry, relative relief, ground water, as well as changes in use and land cover. Mountainous areas, development and expansion of infrastructure networks can inadvertently cause natural slope shifts, thereby negatively impacting the stability of the excavated slope. Analysis of the geotechnical properties of soil and rock is important for understanding and predicting the possibility of landslides at certain locations. Geotechnical analysis is needed to carry out slope stability analysis which is carried out using GEO5 software. Construction of T/L 150 KV GI Kambang – GI Tapan, Tower TW. 203 with a tower structure at the top of the slope. Based on these conditions, a comprehensive study is needed to analyze the stability of natural slopes due to tower loads. Soil Type, Parameters c' and ?' (Drained), Parameters Cu and ? (Undrained) and soil properties index are based on CPT test results. The Bishop, Spencer, Janbu and Morgenstern-Price methods on natural slopes, tower loads, Natural with Tower+Pile Loads, Natural Slopes with Tower+Pile Loads, Earthquake Loads produce a safe condition against failure in Short-Term (Construction) and Long-Term conditions. Term (Operational). Analysis of the Fellenius method on natural slopes and tower loads in Short-Term (Construction) and Long-Term (Operational) conditions shows unsafe conditions. The safety factors resulting from the Bishop, Spencer, Janbu and Morgenstern-Price methods do not show significant differences in values.

Investigating the Potential of Water Treatment Sludge for Improvement of the Geotechnical Properties of Gypseous Soil

Investigating the Potential of Water Treatment Sludge for Improvement of the Geotechnical Properties of Gypseous Soil

Experimental study on the effect of waste plastic powder and marble powder on the swelling behavior and strength parameters of a clay soil

This research aims to provide insights into how the combination of waste plastic powder and marble powder affects the geotechnical properties of clay soil. The findings from this study can have practical implications for construction, foundation design, and environmental sustainability, as the reuse of waste materials can potentially improve soil properties and reduce environmental impacts. In this context, we executed a series of experiments involving samples that were fortified with varying proportions of plastic powder (0%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3%) and stabilized using marble powder at concentrations of 3%, 4.5%, 6%, and 7.5 %. The findings indicate a gradual decrease in liquid limits, swell potentials, and swelling pressure as the proportions of waste plastic powder and marble powder increase. The stress-strain curves obtained from the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests revealed that the incorporation of waste plastic powder into marble-stabilized soil led to an increase in UCS. These results emphasize the positive impact of waste plastic powder in enhancing the mechanical properties of the specimens. This research aims to provide insights into how the combination of waste plastic powder and marble powder affects the geotechnical properties of clay soil.