Soil Cultivation Systems Research Articles

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ СРЕДСТВ ИНТЕНСИФИКАЦИИ НА БИОЛОГИЧЕСКУЮ АКТИВНОСТЬ И ФИТОСАНИТАРНОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ПОЧВЫ ПОД ПОСЕВОМ ГОРОХА

The aim of research is to determine the parameters of biological activity of meadow-chernozem soil and its phytoimmunity in grain-fallow crop rotation at different levels of cultivation intensification and the use of chemicals. The studies were carried out in a long-term (launched in 1973) stationary experiment in grain-fallow crop rotation (fallow – wheat – peas – wheat – barley) under pea crop in the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Omsk Agrarian Scientific Center. In certain periods of 2022 and 2023, with favorable soil moisture, the presence of a significant amount of plant residues in the variant with minimum-zero tillage and the use of complex chemicals, the number of soil micromycetes and nodule bacteria increased to 93.0 thousand and 13.9 million CFU/g, respectively. The total number of soil microflora in the arable layer under different soil cultivation systems for peas without the use of complex chemicals was 51.4–61.2 million CFU/g with a difference of 19.0 % in the ascending series: No-till < moldboard < combined. The use of mineral fertilizers in combination with plant protection products in moldboard and combined tillage did not have a significant effect on the amount of soil microflora, a slight decrease to 17.0 % within the experimental error was noted. In the variants with No-till tillage in combination with intensification products, stimulation of the growth of the number of microorganisms to 22.0 % in relation to the control was noted. On average, according to the soil tillage factor, the greatest development of pea root rot was observed in the No-till variant (3.8 %), a slight decrease (3.2–3.6 %) – in moldboard and combined tillage. The use of plant protection products during the growing season of peas made it possible to reduce the development of root rot by 47.0 % relative to the control, depending on the soil tillage method. With combined treatment, the greatest prevalence of pea root system disease was noted (37.8 %), the least – with No-till treatment (30.8 %). In laboratory conditions, using the wet chamber method, a complex of root rot pathogens was determined, among which fungi of the genus Fusarium spp. prevailed.

ЗМІНА ПРОДУКТИВНОСТІ СОЇ ЗАЛЕЖНО ВІД ВПЛИВУ СИСТЕМИ ОСНОВНОГО ОБРОБІТКУ ҐРУНТУ ТА СТИМУЛЮЮЧИХ РЕЧОВИН

The purpose of the research work is to determine the influence of the tillage system and stimulating substances on the amount and structure of the biological yield of soybeans, to justify the feasibility of using the studied stimulating substances in the technology of growing soybeans for the use of different systems of the main tillage in the conditions of the forest-steppe of Ukraine to overcome the negative impact of climatic factors. Materials and methods. Field experiments were carried out in the five-field research crop rotation of Leonid Pogorilyy UkrNDIPVT (Kyiv agro-soil district of Right Bank Forest Steppe). Factors of the experiment: factor A – stimulating biological drugs (A1 – use of drugs; A2 – control (without the use of drugs); factor B – soil cultivation system (B1 – traditional, B2 – conservation, B3 – mulching, B4 – mini-till). Soy was grown according to the technology traditional for the region, with the exception of the elements included in the experiment scheme. The effectiveness of the researched elements of cultivation technology was established by determining the biological yield of soybeans and their structure. Results. Correlation analysis indicates that the elements of cultivation technology that we studied significantly affect the density of plant stands of agrophytocenoses: the depth of soil cultivation and the density of plant stands, as well as the use of biological preparations and the density of plant stands are connected by average direct correlations expressed by coefficients r = 0.4901 and r = 0.5380, respectively. After conducting a correlation analysis, we established that an increase in the depth of tillage, within the framework of our experiments, contributes to the growth of abortiveness of seeds (r = 0.7215), and the use of biological preparations in the technology of growing soybeans - to a decrease in the rate of abortiveness of seeds (r = –0.6501 ). The level of biological yield significantly depends on the factors included by us in the scheme of experiments. Increasing the depth of tillage had a positive effect on the growth of soybean biological yield, as indicated by the correlation coefficient r = 0.5876. The value of the biological yield of soybeans, within the limits of the schemes of our experiments, was also affected by the use of biological preparations – the presence of a direct average correlation between them was established, which is expressed by the coefficient r = 0.5880. Conclusions. Increasing the depth of tillage had a positive effect on the growth of soybean biological yield, as indicated by the correlation coefficient r = 0.5876. The value of the biological yield of soybeans, within the limits of the schemes of our experiments, was influenced by the use of biological preparations - the presence of a direct average correlation between them was established, which is expressed by the coefficient r = 0.5880. The use of biological preparations in the technology of growing soybeans contributed to the reduction of the abortiveness of its seeds (r = –0.6501) and the improvement of biometric indicators of plants. Keywords: soybean, growing technologies, stimulants, tillage, yield, abortiveness of seeds.

Environmental protection in the farming system

The urgency of the problem of environmental protection in the modern agricultural system emphasizes the urgency of not only ensuring food security, but also sustainable impacts on ecosystems. This article examines a set of measures in the field of agriculture aimed at preventing soil degradation and pollution, rational use of natural resources and restoration of natural resources. Particular attention is paid to topics such as protection of the humus status of soils, anti-erosion measures, a scientifically based soil cultivation system, a rational system of fertilizer application, integrated plant protection from pests and diseases, as well as water conservation measures and land reclamation. Crop rotation, as a fundamental element of modern agrolandscape farming systems, deserves special attention in the context of environmental protection. This article provides the scientific rationale for the role of crop rotation in promoting ecosystem resilience and preventing the negative environmental impacts of agricultural activities. The principles and advantages of crop rotations aimed at maintaining biological diversity, preserving the humus status of soils, and preventing erosion are considered. The article also highlights the impact of crop rotation on the energy balance, efficient use of resources, and reproduction of soil fertility. The importance of crop rotation is emphasized as a key factor in balanced and environmentally oriented agriculture, contributing to the creation of sustainable agroecosystems and ensuring long-term environmental sustainability.

ФИТОСАНИТАРНОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ АГРОФИТОЦЕНОЗОВ ГОРОХА ПОСЕВНОГО ПРИ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ СИСТЕМАХ ОСНОВНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ ПОЧВЫ

Research was carried out to determine the influence of various systems of basic soil cultivation on the prevalence and development of pests in the agrophytocenosis of peas. The work was carried out in 2017-2019 in the Republic of Mordovia in the second rotation of the crop rotation: peas - winter wheat - soybeans - spring barley. The experimental scheme included the following options: autumn disking at 10…12 cm + moldboard plowing at 22…24 cm (disking + plowing); autumn disking with a disc harrow at 10…12 cm (disking); zero tillage (direct sowing). The use of disking and direct sowing increased the infestation of crops with young weeds, compared with plowing, by 12 and 24 weeds/m2. Plowing led to a decrease in the amount of thistle and horsetail. The prevalence of rust and gray rot in peas was largely influenced by weather conditions favorable to pathogens. In 2017 the prevalence of rust in the flowering phase was higher than in the drier years of 2018-2019 by 44...53%, gray mold - by 17...23%. The intensity of pathogen development increased as the crop matured; in the experiment, the lowest value of this indicator was against the background of disking. Plowing significantly reduced the density of the pea aphid population compared to disking (by 79%) and direct sowing (by 11%). A similar pattern was noted for gamma moth caterpillars. The results obtained can be used in the development of an integrated system for protecting peas from a complex of pests for the southern forest-steppe of the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation.

Combined Unit for Tillage with Pulsed Shock Wave Action

The paper shows that incorporating a multifunctional combined unit with pulsed shock wave action into soil tillage presents a pertinent and promising advancement in the soil cultivation system. (Research purpose) The research aims to develop a multifunctional combined unit for soil tillage integrating pulsed shock wave action. The objectives include enhancing productivity, refining tillage quality and promoting ecological considerations. (Materials and methods) The unit consists of a main frame, two side-folding sections, and a central section, which is made featuring a carriage, support and transport wheels. Additionally, it incorporates a frame in the shape of a hollow shaft, connected to a compressed air cylinder. The front frames of each section are equipped with rigidly fixed working bodies taking the form of cultivator paws with embedded pneumatic tubes. These tubes have outlet holes positioned at the ends of the wings of the paws, with a compressed air effective radius of 5-10 centimeters. (Results and discussion) The established ratio between the depth of surface tillage using a cultivator paw and the depth of subsoil tillage through pulsed blows of compressed air is 1:2. The tillage devices are supplemented by disc cutters with a diameter ranging from 25 to 30 centimeters, along with harrows designed for processing to a depth of 5-7 centimeters. (Conclusions) Enhanced by this modification, the design of the multifunctional combined unit enables the simultaneous execution of multiple operations, including cultivation with weed destruction, soil loosening using high-pressure air flow, and surface milling and grinding.

Winter wheat productivity under different systems of typical black soil cultivation and under climatic changes in the conditions of the Left-Bank Forest Steppe

The article highlights the influence of different tillage systems and climate changes on the formation of winter wheat productivity, yield and quality indicators in the conditions of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe. Taking into account the crop importance in Ukraine's food security and its place in world exports, the importance of effective methods development to improve technological performance due to the decrease in the share of high quality grain suitable for milling and baking purposes is emphasized. In particular with the climate changes it is necessary to use of moisture-saving technologies and the introduction of crop rotations with a scientifically based choice of crops with plastic properties to unstable soil and climatic conditions. In the course of the research it was determined how winter wheat productivity is affected by tillage methods – plowing, disking and no-till technology on the example of typical black soil. The analysis of weather conditions was carried out, which revealed that uneven distribution of precipitation with long periods without rain or with high rain intensity during all stages of crop ontogeny are the factors limiting yields and reducing grain quality. At the same time the importance of mineral fertilizers in regulating grain yields and quality under rapid climate changes was also determined. Increased average monthly indicators, characterizing the weather conditions during the studied periods, created risks for the full growth and development of cultivated plants, that was described in detail in the article. According to the research results it was found that the highest yield indexes of winter wheat were obtained during of N120P60K90 application, that in 2021, under traditional plowing, provided 5.2 t/ha of high quality grain with a protein content of 16.4 % and gluten content of 30.45 %. Also in terms of crop yield level and quality indicators the variant of soil protection technology no-till differed little, which produced 4.88 t/ha of grain with a protein content of 15.6 % and 28.7 % of gluten in a favorable 2021. Key words: climate changes, short-term crop rotation, tillage, no-till technology, winter wheat, crop yield, grain quality.

Assessment of the tillage impact on soybean productivity

Modern crop production technologies depend on the intensity of soil cultivation. Traditional cultivation methods increase production costs and harm the environment. The research relevance is determined by the need to find effective and environmentally friendly alternative tillage technologies that will reduce the cost of agricultural production and have a positive impact on the environment. The research aims to determine the influence of the soil tillage system on the formation of soybean plant productivity. Research methods: long-term stationary experiment, laboratory determination of soil agrophysical properties, statistical data processing. The field research was carried out at the Agronomic Research Station, a separate subdivision of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, in a stationary experiment of the Department of Agriculture and Herbology. Soybean yields under the No-till system were found to be 22.7% higher than under the conventional system, which in absolute terms was 2.81 t/ha under the No-till system and 2.29 t/ha under the conventional system. No-till provided higher soil moisture content and the share of agronomically valuable aggregates at a higher soil density than the traditional system. In general, the efficiency of moisture use by soybean plants under the shelf tillage system was 16.0% lower compared to the no-till system. The use of the conventional tillage system on average in 2020-2022 led to a decrease in the structural structure of the 0-30 cm soil layer studied by 8-33%. The amount of agronomically valuable aggregates (0.25-10 mm) depended on the tillage system. The No-till system increased the agronomically valuable structure in the 0-10 cm soil layer by 15.5%, the 10-20 cm layer by 10.3% and the 20-30 cm layer by 9.1% compared to the conventional tillage system at the beginning of the growing season and by 4.2%, 7.3% and 4.7%, respectively, at the end of the growing season. The practical significance of the obtained research results is to determine the optimal soil cultivation system for the realisation of the genetic potential of soybean to form its stable productivity

CHANGES IN PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND HUMUS CONTENT OF TYPICAL BLACK SOIL IN TREATMENT AND FERTILIZER SYSTEMS

The article presents the results of studies on the effectiveness of various systems of basic soil cultivation and fertilizer systems for growing winter wheat, and their impact on the physicochemical properties of typical black soil and organic matter content. The experiment included plough tillage, tillage with a 10-12 cm disc harrow, 'No-till' technology, and a mineral fertilizer system - source-saving minimized and intensive. The study was conducted in the agrocenosis of winter wheat. The results showed that shallow tillage with a disc harrow and resource-saving minimized mineral fertilizer increased the humus content in the 0-15 cm layer by 0.04% and in the 15-30 cm layer by 0.03% compared to inversion tillage. High rates of hydrolytic acidity (1.61-2.92 mol/m3/100 g of soil) were noted at all doses of mineral fertilizer when using inversion tillage. More optimized indicators of the sum of exchangeable bases of typical chernozem in a layer of 15-30 cm were noted during inversion tillage - 28.0 mol/m3/100 g of soil. The lowest value of the sum of exchangeable bases in the 15-30 cm layer was noted using the No-till technology - 27.6 mol/m3/100 g of soil. High rates of hydrolytic acidity (1.61-2.92 mol/m3/100 g of soil) were observed at all doses of mineral fertilizer using surface tillage. More optimized indicators of the sum of exchangeable alkaline of typical black soil in a layer of 15-30 cm were noted during shelf tillage - 28.0 mol/m3/100 g of soil. The lowest value of the sum of exchangeable alkalines in the soil layer of 15-30 cm according to the No-till technology was 27.6 mol/m3/100 g of soil.

Integrating gravity-driven ceramic membrane filtration with hydroponic system for nutrient recovery from primary municipal wastewater

In this study, a gravity-driven membrane (GDM) filtration system and hydroponic system (cultivating basil and lettuce) were combined for nutrient recovery from primary municipal wastewater. The GDM system was optimized by increasing the periodic air sparging flow rate from 1 to 2 L/min (∼15 hr per 3–4 days), resulting in a ∼52% reduction of irreversible fouling. However, the total fouling was not alleviated, and the water productivity remained comparable. The GDM-filtrated water was then delivered to hydroponic systems, and the effects of hydroponic operation conditions on plant growth and heavy metal uptake were evaluated, with fertilizer- and tap water-based hydroponic systems and soil cultivation system (with tap water) for comparison. It was found that (i) the hydroponic system under batch mode facilitated to promote vegetable growth with higher nutrient uptake rates compared to that under flow-through feed mode; (ii) a shift in nutrient levels in the hydroponic system could impact plant growth (such as plant height and leaf length), especially in the early stages. Nevertheless, the plants cultivated with the GDM-treated water had comparable growth profiles to those with commercial fertilizer or in soils. Furthermore, the targeted hazard quotient levels of all heavy metals for the plants in the hydroponic system with the treated water were greatly lower than those with the commercial fertilizer. Especially, compared to the lettuce, the basil had a lower heavy metal uptake capability and displayed a negligible impact on long-term human health risk, when the treated water was employed for the hydroponic system.

The Effect of Differentiated Nitrogen Fertilization using Satellite Navigation Systems on the Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Crop Yield in the Conditions of Chernozem-Like Soils in the Northern Forest Steppe of the Tyumen Region of Russia

Soil cultivation without layers turnover impeded the process of nitrate nitrogen accumulation compared with plowing. The traditional scheme of mineral fertilization applying the averaged standard did not create a heterogeneous level of nutrient supply in primary soil cultivation systems. These factors set them in unequal conditions by default in terms of nitrogen supply to crops. Solid mineral fertilization with the use of precision farming systems in subcompartments, taking into consideration nutrient concentration in soil and the estimated crop yield changes the function of nitrogen status formation. The aim was to study nitrogen status while applying an innovative approach to primary soil cultivation using satellite navigation systems. The experiments were carried out on meadow-chernozem, and nitrogen status was studied in plowing, differentiated, subsurface tillage, and soil cultivation without layers turnover. Nitrate nitrogen was defined by the ionometric method. Moderate supply was registered in plowing and differentiated tillage in the 0-20 cm layer with 10.1-11.8 mg/kg. During the tillering phase, N-NО3 supply amounted to 16.6-15.2 mg/kg which indicated a high supply of crop plants. On fields with subsurface tillage and no primary soil cultivation, a moderate supply of nitrate nitrogen was observed-10.1-10.8 mg/kg. Innovative technology including differentiated mineral fertilization decreased spatial variability of N-NO3 supply to 8.2-10.4 mg/kg before spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeding, during tillering phase its variability dropped to 15.3%, having the benefit of accumulation with resource-saving tillage: 11.9-12.7 mg/kg. Optimization of nitrogenous nutrition in the case of differentiated mineral fertilization with precision farming systems application in off-line mode helped achieve the maximum spring wheat yield-3.63-4.03 t/ha in soil cultivation without turning over layers.

Assessment of some morphological and physiological parameters in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivated in hydroponic system

Lettuce is a valuable leaf vegetable for a well-balanced diet, since it is rich in nutrient elements, has low calories and provides dietary antioxidants. Compared to soil-based cultivation, the hydroponic system is an alternative associated with a shortening of growing cycles and a reduction of wasted water amount. The aim of this study was to analyze the growth of lettuce plants under hydroponic and soil cultivation systems, during three phenological growth stages (45; 47 and 49) according to BBCH scale. During the study different morphological and physiological parameters were evaluated: Plant height (PH); Stem diameter (SD); Fresh mass (FM); Dry mass (DM); Leaf area (LA); Chlorophyll content (CC); Transpiration rate (TR). The research was carried out using a complete randomized design with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of cultivation system and growth stages. Plants grown in hydroponic system presented higher values of most parameters, except for DM and TR. The cultivation system had the highest effect on PH, SD and LA. The highest variation between growth stages were observed for PH, LA and CC. Finally, we can conclude that lettuce plants cultivated under hydroponic system, presented better growth parameters associated with higher head weight and yield.

Optimization of Primary Metabolites and Antimicrobial Activity in Aronia Berries as Affected by Soil Cultivation Systems

Optimization of Primary Metabolites and Antimicrobial Activity in Aronia Berries as Affected by Soil Cultivation Systems

The influence of the systems of basic tillage and biological products on the agrochemical properties of the soil and productivity of field crops

The agrochemical properties of the soil make it possible to assess the level of its fertility. The search for new forage crops is an urgent task in agriculture. Under the conditions of a high anthropogenic impact of man on soils through the introduction of mineral fertilizers and pesticides, the use of biological products in the cultivation of field crops is a solution to most environmental problems in the soil. This article presents materials on the study of the influence of various systems of basic soil cultivation and biological products on the agrochemical properties of the soil, as well as the productivity of field crops. The content of organic matter, the content of mobile phosphorus, the content of exchangeable potassium, hydrolytic and exchangeable acidity, and the amount of absorbed bases were determined. The yield of green mass and the yield of feed units of new promising crops for the soil and climatic conditions of the Yaroslavl region - soybeans, amaranth and buckwheat - were assessed. The studies were carried out under the conditions of a field stationary three-factor experiment on sod-podzolic medium loamy gley soil of the experimental field of the Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy. The positive role of using Baikal EM-1 in the system of moldboard processing in buckwheat crops is shown. In this case, there is an improvement in most agrochemical indicators of fertility and it is possible to obtain maximum productivity.

Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Provides Insights into the Fruit Quality and Yield Improvement in Tomato under Soilless Substrate-Based Cultivation

The effects of soilless substrate-based versus soil cultivation on overall fruit quality and yield in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) were studied using the tomato cv. Zhonghua Lvbao. Experiments for tomato soilless cultivation were carried out under greenhouse conditions. Plant growth, fruit quality and yield, and physiologic traits were observed. RNA-seq and RT-PCR, as well as metabolomic analyses were performed to examine the expressed genes and metabolites under soilless substrate cultivation. The results showed that the plant height, stem diameter, and chlorophyll contents of tomato under substrate-based cultivation were increased by 37.3%, 19.8%, and 15.3%, respectively, compared with soil cultivation system. Leaf photosynthetic and transpiration rates, stomatal conductance, and root vitality of tomato, under substrate-based cultivation, increased by 29.0%, 21.2%, 43.9%, and 84.5%, respectively, compared with soil cultivation. The yield reached 7177.5 kg/667 m2, and the relative yield increased by 10.1%, compared with soil cultivation. The contents of total soluble sugar, soluble solids, and vitamin C increased by 35.7%, 19.7%, and 18.2%, respectively, higher than those of soil cultivation in tomato fruits, while nitrate content and titratable acid decreased by 29.4% and 11.8%, respectively. Therefore, substrate-based-cultivation can increase production and improve tomato fruit quality and taste. We examined the expressed genes and metabolites to explore the molecular mechanism of plant growth and overall fruit quality improvement in substrate-based cultivation. A total of 476 differentially expressed genes were identified by transcriptomes profiling, of which 321 and 155 were significantly up- and down-regulated, respectively. The results of metabolomics analysis showed that 441 metabolites were detected, where 24 and 36 metabolites were up- and down-regulated, respectively. By combining analyses of transcriptomic and metabolic groups, genes and metabolites related to the fruit quality were mainly concentrated in the vitamin B6/ascorbic acid/aldonic acidmetabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolic pathways. Therefore, substrate-based cultivation can elevate vitamin and soluble sugar contents and the expression of fruit flavor related genes, which lays an initial background for exploring the mechanism of substrate-based cultivation, in order to improve the quality of tomato in the future.

Influence of Agricultural Practices on Bacterial Community of Cultivated Soils

Bacterial communities play an important role in maintaining stable functioning of soil ecosystems, participating in decomposition of plant residues, accumulation of organic matter, formation of soil aggregates and in the cycle of nutrients. For agroecosystems, maintaining the diversity of microbiocenosis is especially critical because they are essentially less stable and are dependent on external control. The agricultural practices used today (plowing, application of synthetic fertilizers) can negatively affect the richness and diversity of the soil bacterial communities. The solution to this problem may be the application of alternative farming methods to preserve the structural and functional richness of soil (reduced tillage, conservation tillage, no tillage, organic farming). Data on composition and diversity of soil microbiocenosis are important for further forecasting the impact of agriculture and development of effective methods on preserving and increasing soil fertility. This review presents the results of recent studies on the impact of agriculture on the soil bacterial communities. Attention is mainly paid to the effects of applying inorganic and organic fertilizers on the structure and diversity of soil microbiocenosis; the influence of the farming system (different methods of soil cultivation, organic and traditional systems); the influence of cover crops and crop rotation on the microbial community of agricultural soils.

Effect of tillage on the content of nitrate nitrogen in the arable layer and the yield of spring wheat

Experimental data on the study of the content of nitrate nitrogen in the soil at the dump minimum and zero farming systems are presented. Evaluation of various systems of soil cultivation allows us to note the tangible energy efficiency of resource-saving technologies and assess the possibilities of introducing them into production. In our opinion, the use of new tools and mechanisms for soil cultivation will help to reduce the cost of soil cultivation.

WinRoots: A High-Throughput Cultivation and Phenotyping System for Plant Phenomics Studies Under Soil Stress.

Soil stress, such as salinity, is a primary cause of global crop yield reduction. Existing crop phenotyping platforms cannot fully meet the specific needs of phenomics studies of plant response to soil stress in terms of throughput, environmental controllability, or root phenotypic acquisition. Here, we report the WinRoots, a low-cost and high-throughput plant soil cultivation and phenotyping system that can provide uniform, controlled soil stress conditions and accurately quantify the whole-plant phenome, including roots. Using soybean seedlings exposed to salt stress as an example, we demonstrate the uniformity and controllability of the soil environment in this system. A high-throughput multiple-phenotypic assay among 178 soybean cultivars reveals that the cotyledon character can serve as a non-destructive indicator of the whole-seedling salt tolerance. Our results demonstrate that WinRoots is an effective tool for high-throughput plant cultivation and soil stress phenomics studies.

ЗМІНИ ВЕЛИЧИНИ Й СТРУКТУРИ БІОЛОГІЧНОЇ ВРОЖАЙНОСТІ СОЇ ЗА ОПТИМІЗАЦІЇ РЕЖИМУ ЖИВЛЕННЯ І РІЗНИХ СИСТЕМИ ОСНОВНОГО ОБРОБІТКУ ҐРУНТУ

The purpose of the research work is to determine the influence of the soil cultivation system and the Groundfix biofertilizer on the size and structure of the biological yield of soybeans and to justify the feasibility of using the Groundfix biofertilizer in the technology of growing soybeans using different systems of the main soil cultivation in the conditions of the forest-steppe of Ukraine.

Dynamics of soil properties under cotton - alfalfa crop rotation

The aim of the study: Monocrop cultivation is known to affect negatively soil physical properties and decrease soil fertility. To eliminate these undesirable consequences, application of mineral and/or organic fertilizers, as well as other agricultural practices, are employed. Other aspects of agronomy (soil cultivation, fertilizer and plant protection systems, the acquisition of new seeds) require significant material costs. Increasing the yield of agricultural crops, and cotton in particular, can be achieved by crop rotation. The aim of the study was to analyze some physico-chemical soil properties and dynamics of soil processes under cotton-alfalfa crop rotation. Location and time of the study. The research was carried out in 2014-2018 in the Northern Mugan in the Republic of Azerbaijan, as the region is one of the largest agricultural regions of the country, supplying cotton and grain. The studies were carried out on irrigated meadow serozem, or Endogleyic Calcisol, according to the WRB, soils of the Kura-Araks lowland of Azerbaijan. Methodology. Field and laboratory work was carried out according to generally accepted methods of soil science. The particle size distribution was determined by the pyrophosphate method; density, humus content, humidity, temperature, and morphological characteristics were determined using conventional methods. Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out using the Microsoft Office Excel program. Main results. The long-term cotton crop was found to decrease agrophysical and agrochemical properties of soil. After three years of cotton production the humus content decreased by 20%, whereas the content of water-resistant aggregates increased by 40%, and soil permeability decreased three-fold, soil bulk density increased by 7%, all these resulting in the reduced cotton productivity. Crop rotation showed that soil fertility, decreased after three consecutive years of cotton growth, could be almost fully restored by following with two years of alfalfa crop. Conclusion. Compared with a monoculture of crops, crop rotation leads to a rearrangement in soil microflora and a change in soil biological and biochemical activity, helps to reduce the possibility of a unilateral influence of plants on soil, which in turn helps to restore soil fertility and obtain high sustainable crop yields in the cotton system. Therefore, the use of cotton-alfalfa crop rotations is very important for attaining the goal of increasing two-fold the production of all types of feed in Azerbaijan. To maintain potential fertility, obtain high sustainable yields of soil-protective, resource-saving crops, five-field cotton-alfalfa crop rotation is recommended for the farmers of the Mugan steppe.

Influence of basic treatment of irrigated land on Fertility indicators and harvest formation of sweet pepper

The purpose of the research was to establish the most rational soil cultivation system for irrigated conditions, contributing to the preservation of ecological balance and increasing the profitability of pepper production. Experimental studies were carried out on meadow-chestnut soils of the plain zone of the Republic of Dagestan in 2017-2019. in a two-factor experiment to determine the most effective combination of soil cultivation and irrigation regime. The paper presents the results of the influence of plowing and disc cultivation on the water-physical properties of the soil and its biological activity, as well as on the yield of sweet pepper under drip irrigation. The results of three-year research have established that, under irrigation conditions, the most effective method of basic soil cultivation is moldboard soil cultivation to a depth of 0.23 ... 0.25 m, which contributed to the improvement of soil density, its permeability, structural state and increased biological activity in the treated layer. On plowing, the yield of sweet pepper fruits was obtained at the level of 6.23 t/ha. The use of disc processing by 0.10 ... 0.12 m leads to a deterioration of agrophysical indicators of fertility, phytosanitary state of irrigated fields by 1.7 ... 2.2 times, a decrease in yield by 5.1 ... 9.6% and profitability of pepper fruit production by 25.3 ... 31.0%.