Soil Conservation Structures Research Articles

Assessment of implemented physical designs and determinant factors of soil and water conservation measures: Wenago district, southern Ethiopia

Soil erosion and its consequences is one of the major serious problems in Ethiopia. Even though adoption of soil and water conservation (SWC) measures has been underway for the past three decades, the implementation and use of introduced technologies were below the expectation and the problem is still has continued in the country. The study was aimed at assessing the implemented physical designs of soil and water conservation structures in respect to the standards and identifying the major adoption determinant factors in Wenago district, southern Ethiopia. The data for this studywas collected from a survey of 262 total household farmers selected through simple random sampling techniques in the year 2020/21 and the datawas analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square and logistic regression model via SPSS and Stata soft wares. Focus group discussion, key informant interview and personal observation were also undertaken to gather data having qualitative nature. (i) About 55.6% of the implemented physical design failed to meet the standards (ii) Adoption of SWC measures were determined by 47.4% of the tested variables (iii) 55.5% of the variables were significantly associated at 5% probability level between adopters and non-adopters in terms of adoption of SWC measures in the study area. Overall, we conclude that construction of conservation structures should be focused on minimizing the observed mismatch of the implemented physical designs against the standards. This study is expected to contribute in achieving sustainable land management schemes, agricultural productivity and smallholder farmers livelihood improvement in international, national, regional and local level and it is strongly recommended that policy makers and technical institutions should address SWC related issues to ensure rural farmers food security.

Economic Evaluation of Mudimadagu Sub- Watershed project in Kolar District of Karnataka, India

The study was undertaken in Srinivaspura taluk, Kolar district of Karnataka to analyse the economic benefits derived by watershed beneficiaries of Mudimadagu sub-watershed project implemented under Credit Institute for Reconstruction-watershed area project (KfW). Primary data of the study was collected from randomly selected 60 farmers from the project area which includes 30 watershed beneficiaries and 30 nonbeneficiaries. Data Collected were examined using Simpson’s index, cost and returns analysis and Garett’s ranking. Higher crop diversity was found among watershed beneficiaries than the non - beneficiaries with Simpson’s index values of 0.84 and 0.79 respectively. Production, productivity and net returns of the major crops cultivated was found higher in watershed area compared to Non-watershed area. Average Annual income for unit farm was found higher in watershed area with Rs. 2,98,855 compared to Non-watershed area with Rs1,73,189. Lack of awareness about benefits of watershed technology among the beneficiary farmers and poor participation by the farmers during training programmes conducted by the implementing agencies were the major constraints faced during the watershed project implementation. From the results it was clear that the watershed activities benefited farmers by enhancing their yield, net returns and overall income. It was also found that formation of watershed area farmers’ associations is necessary for the maintenance of soil and water conservation structures by watershed area development department.

Site Suitability Analysis for establishing Soil and Water Conservation Structures in Dapoli Tehsil using Geoinformatics

Site Suitability Analysis for establishing Soil and Water Conservation Structures in Dapoli Tehsil using Geoinformatics

Economic Evaluation of Yeldur Nala Sub - Watershed Project in Kolar District of Karnataka

The study was taken in Srinivaspura taluk, Kolar district of Karnataka to analyse the economic benefits derived by watershed beneficiaries of Yeldur nala sub watershed project implemented under Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayi Yojana-Watershed Development (PMKSY-WD). Primary data of the research was gathered from randomly selected 60 farmers from the project area which includes 30 watershed beneficiaries and 30 non-beneficiaries. Data collected was analysed using Simpson’s index, Cost and Returns analysis and Garret’s ranking. Higher crop diversity was found among beneficiaries of watershed project with Simpson’s index value of 0.85 compared to non-watershed farmers(0.77). Production, productivity and net returns of the major crops were observed higher in watershed area than in Non- watershed area. Annual income per farm was also found higher inwatershed area with Rs. 2.84 lakh acre-1 than in Non- watershed area (Rs.1.70 lakh acre-1).Lack of awareness about benefits of watershed technology among the beneficiary farmers and poor participation by the farmers during training programmes conducted by the implementing agencies were the major constraints faced during the implementation of watershed projects. Results have sufficiently indicated that the watershed activities benefited farmers by enhancing their yield, net returns and overall income. Majority of sample farmers maintained farm pond when compared to trench cum bund as weed growth on these bunds was a major problem. It was also found that formation of watershed area farmers’ associations is necessary for the maintenance of soil and water conservation structures by watershed area development department.

Trophic Status of Shanti Sagara Reservoir: Implications on Nutrient Management in Reservoir Catchment

Water quality assessment of Shanti Sagara reservoir for drinking water supply and for water allocation to meet the demands in the semiarid climate is aimed. Seasonal water sampling (Pre monsoon, December 2021 & Post monsoon, May 2022) at 2 depths to investigate physico-chemical parameters and assess the Water Quality index based on IS 10500: 2012 is found to be poor in pre monsoon, December 2021 and very poor in post monsoon, May 2022. Trophic status of the reservoir assessed based on Carlson’s Trophic State Classification (Secchi Depth, Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorous) indicated that the reservoir is Hypereutrophic for Post Monsoon. This calls for assessment of internal nutrient load (silt characteristics) and external loading from the reservoir catchment (fertilizer from agriculture land) and the domestic water and the sewage water has contributed to high concentration of phosphorous (P) in Rudrapura and Jakli near Somalapura.
 Soil texture (sandy clay, silty loam, silty clay and sandy clay loam) in the reservoir catchment compliments high concentration of suspended sediment that increasers the turbidity in the reservoir. Turbidity present in the water alters the taste, colour and odour of the water and oxygen from the surface cannot be mixed to the bottom layer and oxygen is not released by photosynthesis in absence of light penetration (high turbidity levels) resulting in anoxic condition. Total Nitrogen (TN) in the catchment soil that contributes to the bottom of the reservoir is found to be high (201-217 kg/acre). Agriculture runoff in the month of (May, 2022) owing to precipitation results in high sediment concentration, that contributes to high nitrogen levels in the reservoir.
 Nutrients in suspended Sediments that have entered the reservoir altered the nutrient cycle in the reservoir ecosystem. High nutrient concentration in the silt characteristics i,e total nitrogen (159-168 kg/acre) and phosphorous (10.1-13.4 kg/acre) is due to stratification caused do level to low in hypolimnion layer and anoxic condition during summer resulting in growth of Phytoplankton the eutrophication. The suggested nutrient management strategies for the reservoirs catchment are optimizing nutrient application to the crop land, microbial water treatment before supplying it for drinking purpose, soil conservation structures in the reservoir catchment to restrict sediment entry to the reservoir and sewage treatment plant for the rural settlement.

Sustainable Agricultural Management of Land Using Technology for Soil and Water Conservation within the Central Rift Valley, Central Ethiopia

Ethiopia has used several techniques for conserving water and soil. However, different sociocultural and technical problems have been affecting their implementation. The study is aimed at assessing sustainable agricultural management of land implementations through traditional and modern conservation of soil and water technologies in the central Rift Valley, Ethiopia. The research approach used was a descriptive survey using a cross-sectional research design. Household heads were chosen at random from the three kebeles, while representatives were chosen using a proportionate sample technique. Furthermore, kebeles and key informants were selected by using a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through questionnaires, key informant interviews, and field observation. The results show that both traditional and contemporary methods for conserving soil and water have advantages and disadvantages of their own, and some of them have been combined. A number of factors, including age, family size, education, topography, distance from the homestead, income, and the availability of training, have a big impact on whether or not soil and water conservation methods are adopted. The majority of farmers use mixed farming followed by crop production to meet their livelihood needs. The most widely implemented physical measure was terracing, followed by stone bunds. The farmers practiced traditional waterways, furrows, check dams, terracing, and stone bunds as traditional conservation practices. Agroforestry, followed by grass strip and area closure, was the most commonly implemented vegetative measure. Besides, animal manure, followed by animal parking, was the most implemented agronomic measure. The concerned stakeholders need to pay more attention to community mobilization for the conservation, upkeep, and development of traditional and modern soil and water conservation structures. In order to employ traditional and contemporary soil and water conservation measures for sustainable agricultural land management practices, experts need to instruct the local farmers.

Planning of Suitable Soil and Water Conservation Structures Using Remote Sensing and GIS Approach: A Case Study of Madar Watershed

Planning of Suitable Soil and Water Conservation Structures Using Remote Sensing and GIS Approach: A Case Study of Madar Watershed

EFFECTS OF SELECTED SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION STRUCTURES ON SOIL PHYSIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES, LEMO WOREDA, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA

Soil erosion is now almost universally recognized as a serious threat to man's well-being, if not his very existence. As a result, we assessed the soil physicochemical properties of two possible levels of level bund and fanya juu. The experiment assessed from seven locations with three replications was used to collect soil samples from each soil conservation structure. Five composite soil samples were collected from each soil structure based on slope (0-30cm). Soil physicochemical properties such as erosion index, dispersion ratio, and erodibility proportionality ratio were investigated. The effect of different soil structure levels revealed that soil properties differed significantly (P≤0.05) for all parameters studied. The control plots had significantly higher (P≤0.05) dispersion ratio, erosion indexes, and erodibility proportionality than the soils treated by the level bund and level Fanya juu structures. On the control plot, this result showed lower clay content and higher sand content. The level of soil bund and fanya juu had a significant (P≤0.05) effect on selected soil parameters. As a result, all related soil properties show a positive relative change when the level of soil bund and fanya juu is compared to the control plot. Aside from this result, the dynamic natures of the sciences compel us to conduct additional research based on the agro-ecological zones of the study area.

Area exclosure with moisture harvesting structures relative to only exclosure facilitates the restoration of woody plants in a degraded area in Alaba Kulito, Southern Ethiopia

<p>The study aimed to evaluate the effect of area exclosure established in a degraded area with moisture harvesting structures (EX-SWC) relative to the adjacent exclosure area without moisture harvesting structures (EX) in restoring the woody plants. Vegetation data from a total of 30 plots that has an area of 20 m x 20 m, in the EX-SWC and the adjacent EX area were collected, independently. The density of trees and seedlings, diversity, vegetation structure and Importance Value Index (IVI) were analysed. Pearson’s correlation was also used for the data analysis. The Shannon diversity index was 1.6 and 1.57 in the EX-SWC and EX area, respectively. The relative density of trees (578 stems/ha) and seedlings (1530 stems/ha) in the EX-SWC area were relatively higher than the relative density of trees (466 stems/ha) and seedlings (1202 stems/ha) in the adjacent EX area. There was no significant relationship between the number of moisture harvesting structures established in each plot and the relative density of seedlings per plot (p <0.05, R<sup>2</sup>=0.18). The relative density of seedlings at the lower height classes (1 – 60 cm) in the EX-SWC area was relatively higher than the adjacent EX area. The IVI result for most of the recorded species in the EX-SWC area was also relatively higher than in the EX area. The overall results showed that the implemented moisture harvesting structures facilitated the regeneration of woody plants in the degraded area. Therefore, we recommend implementing soil and water conservation structures in degraded area restoration projects to facilitate the regeneration of woody plants. </p>

Erosion intensity and check dam size affect the horizontal and vertical distribution of soil particles, carbon and nitrogen: Evidence from China’s Loess Plateau

Check dams are effective soil and water conservation structures worldwide that play an important role in preserving sediments containing carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). However, in terms of the depositional characteristics of C and N in check dams, research on the relative effects of erosion intensity and depositional area is limited, hindering our understanding of the fates of eroded C and N. This study compared the horizontal and vertical distributions of soil particles, organic C (OC), and total N (TN) in check dams of various sizes and erosion intensities in the Loess Plateau. The results showed greater variations in the horizontal and vertical patterns of soil particles of smaller check dams and highly serious erosion (erosion modulus = 15040 t km-2 a-1) than those that of larger check dams and strong erosion regions (erosion modulus = 5151 t km-2 a-1). Soil OC and TN contents decreased from the dam body to the gully head, especially in the highly serious erosion region. Notably, the effect of smaller check dam on the vertical distributions of soil OC and TN was more intense than that of the larger check dam in the strong erosion region. In contrast, a minor effect of check dam size was observed in the highly serious erosion region. Moreover, a closer relationship between the distribution of OC and TN with silt content rather than with clay content in check dams was observed, and this relationship was enhanced by an increase in erosion intensity. Overall, the synergistic effects of erosion intensity and check dam size affected the spatial patterns of OC and TN in sediments on the Loess Plateau. Careful consideration of these two factors is beneficial for accurately assessing the C and N fates in depositional areas.

ASSESSMENT OF MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION

Climate change by providing anopportunity for reducing of climatic hazards by targeting with multiple objectives.The objective of this study is to investigatemanagement practices on climate change adaptation and its roleon soil and water conservation practices.The study was conducted in one rural Kebeles of lemoWoreda, Hadiya zone. Out of the 30 respondents, the majority of the respondents were adapted to soil and water conservation practiceson climate change; while few of them were not adapted the climate change on soil and water conservation practices. This study revealed that identified that the majority of the respondents were able to adopt the soil and water conservation practices. The response of the informants indicates that the adaptation measures of climate change insoil and water conservation practices contribute to agricultural productivity. The result from the binary logistic regression analysis and linear regression analysis indicates that educational level, sex, farming experiences, income, frequency of extension contact, market distance, access to information on climate, agro-ecology, farm size, age, adoption of terrace, adoption of stone bund, adoption of stone faced soil bund, adoption of livestock have a significant effect on practicing of climate change in soil and water conservation structures and an agricultural productivity.

Assessment of the Effectiveness of Biophysical Soil and Water Conservation Structures: A Case Study of Offa Woreda, Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia

Soil erosion is a serious environmental and natural resource issue in Ethiopia, posing a significant threat to agricultural productivity and being one of the principal drivers of land degradation and soil fertility reduction. Evaluating the biophysical soil and water conservation structures’ effectiveness in Offa Woreda, Wolaita Zone, was the focus of the study. Purposive sampling was used to select the three kebeles that make up this watershed. W/Dekeya, Wareza, and Yakima are the three watersheds chosen for the selected study area. To meet the objective of this study, 504, 325, and 442 family heads were sampled. They comprised the overall 17% (227) of the study participants that were selected. Those who knew how to conserve soil and water, causes of degradation, and sensitive areas of their own plots of land in the study area received preference. The lack of capital, a short stretch of land, and various socioeconomic and physical conditions impeded the use of soil and water conservation systems. As a result, farmers have a reasonable position of the current biophysical soil and water conservation systems. Farmers in the study communities are aware of some traditional soil and water conservation practices as a measure to protect and restore the fertility and productivity of their farmlands. Community participation in encouraging farmers to participate in soil and water conservation practices is critical to resolving the issue of cutting-edge poverty, food insecurity, and environmental deterioration. From the study, we recommend that the government implements specific coverage and techniques as well as corrective intervention from nongovernmental organizations.

A Binomial Logit Analysis of Factors Affecting Adoption of Soil Conservation Structures in Kericho County, Kenya

Kericho is one of the forty-seven counties of Kenya and one that is characterized with steep areas prone to soil erosion. A number of organizations have for a long time promoted soil conservation technologies in soil erosion prone parts of Kenya. The paper provides findings of a study carried out to analyze the factors affecting adoption of the various soil conservation technologies by farmers. Cross sectional data was collected from respondents who were selected using multistage sampling procedure. Data was collected from a random sample of 115 farmers in Kericho County. Questionnaires were used to collect primary data from selected households. The binomial logit models were used to analyze the factors believed to affect adoption of the selected soil conservation technologies. Most of the variables postulated to affect the promoted soil conservation practices were found to be statistically significant in determining adoption of the promoted soil conservation technologies. Based on the study findings, it can be said that economic, social and cultural factors are important in soil conservation promotion strategies and should be considered in implementation and sustainable use of soil conservation technology. Soil conservation and other environmental conservation efforts are controversial issues that politicians rarely talk about in political rallies. Since politicians hold a high position in the eyes of farmers, they should be encouraged to support environmental conservation through championing soil conservation support efforts. Keywords: Binomial Logit, Factors, Adoption, Soil Conservation . DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/14-5-01 Publication date: March 31 st 2022

Land and water conservation technologies for building carbon positive villages in India

AbstractContinuous and unabated land degradation in India is a threat to agricultural sustainability while increasing temperatures, changing rainfall patterns and precipitation intensification are going to further aggravate degradation in future. The timely adoption of integrated land and water conservation technologies minimises erosion and provides significant adaptation and mitigation co‐benefits. The objectives of this study were to assess the mitigation potential of soil and water conservation technologies and also the feasibility of making villages carbon positive. The extent of minimisation of soil loss due to soil conservation technologies ranges from 0.10 to 21.65 Mg ha−1 yr−1, while carbon emissions minimised range from 0.73 to 158.77 kg ha−1 yr−1. Emission minimisation from various water management technologies in rice ranges from 73.0 to 507.9 kg CO2equivalents ha−1 yr−1. Agroforestry practices can sequester 8.64 to 52.77 Mg CO2ha−1 yr−1besides enhancing system productivity, arresting soil erosion and carbon loss through erosion. Integration of multiple technologies in a farming system further enhances the adaptation and mitigation benefits. Adoption of conservation technologies resulted in a net carbon balance of 0.05–1.23 CO2Mg ha−1 yr−1in 9 villages in India, indicating net positive carbon balance due to reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration. Building carbon positive villages is a potential approach for preventing land degradation, while enhancing productivity, mitigating climate change and realising the sustainable development goals. Building capacities of communities and establishing institutions in villages are essential for upscaling and maintaining of soil and water conservation structures and community assets in the village. Furthermore, prioritisation and scaling of location specific land and water conservation technologies hold the key to establish carbon‐positive villages.

Osobine zemljišta uzrokovane objektima za zaštitu zemljišta i vode, oblast Ikot Akpan ravine, Uyo, Nigeria

Land degradation is a major challenge to agriculture in Nigeria. Soil conservation practices have been put in place to reclaim degraded landscapes. The effectiveness of these measures in improving soil properties have not been really studied in Nigeria, particularly in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State. This research assessed the effect of soil and water conservation structures (Gabions and Mattresses) in Ikot Akpan ravine on selected soil properties. A total of 12 soil samples were collected from the conserved (plots treated with gabions and mattresses) and non-conserved (plots with no treatment). Soil tests to determine soil properties were done. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistics using a general linear model at a=0.05 was used to show significant difference exists between the two landscapes. The results showed that sand (80.84 ± 1.26%, 81.07 ± 1.90%), silt (13.70 ±3.30%, 11.41 ± 2.53%), and pH (6.51 ± 0.26) were positively affected by the conservation structure. However, bulk density (2.33± 0.27g/cc, 2.38 ± 0.16g/cc) and electrical conductivity (00.12 ± 0.02ds/m) were negatively impacted by the conservation structure. Other soil properties such as clay (7.71 ±2.54%, 7.79 ± 1.02%), available phosphorus (30.12 ±4.55mg/kg, 44.81 ± 9.28mg/kg), total nitrogen (0.05 ±0.01%, 0.05±0.02), moisture content (5.48 ±0.96%, 5.68 ± 0.85%), organic carbon (1.97 ± 0.04%, 1.95 ± 0.11%), effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) (13.85±4.30 cmol/kg, 15.76 ± 2.06 cmol/kg) and exchangeable bases were not affected by the conservation practice. The conservation structure was very effective in controlling soil erosion and reducing soil loss. Soil conservation practices should be encouraged.

GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Evaluation to Identify Areas for Soil and Water Conservation in Lower Lake Bogoria Landscapes, Baringo County, Kenya

This study was meant to ensure that there is proper and efficient conservation of soil and water using geospatial tools to enable us identify priority areas to carry out conservation. Over the past years, various fields of study have established how critical it is to conserve these natural resources in the ecosystem and to ensure sustainability in not only green livelihoods but also to enhance living conditions of the life on earth. The aim of this research was to generate high priority sites for establishing soil and water conservation techniques in the Lower Bogoria Landscapes in Baringo, Kenya using GIS-based multicriteria decision analysis. Various criteria were analyzed to generate the final conservation priority sites, such as land use land cover, rainfall runoff, soil erosion and slope. The criteria were assigned weights using the AHP technique and overlayed using the weighted overlay tools to produce the final outputs. Land use land cover maps were generated using supervised maximum likelihood technique, rainfall run-off maps were generated using the SCS-CN method and soil erosion maps were generated using RUSLE model. The final soil and water conservation maps showed that high and moderate priority areas requiring the establishment of techniques and mechanisms to control soil erosion and conserve water increased from 1990 to 2020. In 2020, more than 50% of the total study area was classified as moderate to high priority for water and soil conservation. Soil and water conservation structures such as water pans, percolation tanks, farm ponds and stop dams should be constructed in such areas.

Assessment of the effectiveness biophysical soil and water conservation structures: A case study of Kiramuworeda, East Wollega Zone, Ethiopia

Soil erosion is one of the most serious global environmental issues affecting agriculture and soil fertility. On a global scale, water erosion is the most common type of soil erosion in agricultural areas, reducing the soil's ability to support productive agriculture. The efficiency of biophysical soil and water conservation systems must be evaluated before solutions for limiting soil losses may be considered. To promote sustainable land use in the study area, it is critical to understand farmers' knowledge of soil and water conservation structures, as well as the factors that influence their land management practices. Farmers in the study region are well-informed about soil and water conservation structures in general, as well as their causes, indications, and the amount of their plot of land that is susceptible to soil erosion in particular. Furthermore, they feature both traditional and modern soil conservation structures that are successful. However, several impediments to implementing the Soil and Water Conservation structures were found, including a lack of finance, the small area of their land, and other socio-economic and physical aspects. Furthermore, farmers had a highly positive attitude regarding the importance of contemporary Soil and Water Conservation structures. Their awareness, on the other hand, appears to be incorrect. Because they believe that the present SWC Structure is a government-led initiative to rehabilitate highly degraded areas rather than a mechanism of soil and water conservation on agricultural land. They believe that the structures take up a huge portion of a relatively small plot of land, preventing them from properly utilizing it. As a result, it is suggested that the government's policies and strategies, as well as corrective intervention from non-governmental organizations aimed at this issue and community participation in encouraging farmers to participate in soil and water conservation practices, are critical to resolving current poverty, food insecurity, and environmental degradation in the study area.

Modelling the impact of soil and water conservation structures at various scales in Tunisian semi-arid region

Modelling the impact of soil and water conservation structures at various scales in Tunisian semi-arid region

Exploration of groundwater potential zones using analytical hierarchical process (AHP) approach in the Godavari river basin of Maharashtra in India

Total natural and groundwater resources play the most crucial role in developing ecological, biological and socioeconomic doings. Various parameters like land use, geology, elevation, slope, lineament, lineament density, drainage density and geomorphology affect the groundwater development of recharge and its accessibility. In this research, geographical information system (GIS), remote sensing, weighted overlay analysis and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) methods have been used for groundwater prospects mapping, and identifying suitable solutions site for soil and water conservation structures. To calculate the weights were assigned to every layers component in the determination of affecting factors. The weighted overlay analysis (WOA) tool is applied to give the sub-parameter ratings based on the scientific literature. The final map of potential groundwater zone map has prepared using Arc GIS 10.1 software and AHP methods. About 49.71% of the areas fall under the 'good potential zone, 41.05% falls under the 'moderate potential zone', and 9.22% falls under the 'poor zone by using AHP technique. Groundwater potential zone map is depend on the weighted overlay analysis and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) methods. The highest GWP is located in the lower part of the basin due to the best surface runoff gathering, infiltration situations and subsurface storage volume. The present study procedure, methods and outcomes can be valuable to estimate the suitable groundwater zones parallel to improve the dry land area in the semi-arid and arid regions of India.

Water Budget Estimation in Water Resources Management in Drought Prone Areas in Rayalaseema Region, South India

Water is a valuable natural resource, fresh water is vital for health and to the economy, and reliable access to it is becoming increasingly important as the India’s population rises. Yet its availability is limited, per capita accessibility of useable water is depleting, but with increasing living standard of people, all around fast industrial development and expansion, necessity of fresh water is raising high continuously. Water audit is a successful tool for minimizing losses, working on different utilizations and in this way empowering water conservation in irrigation, domestic, power and industrial as well. Water audit controls the measure of water lost from a distribution system because of spillage and different reasons like burglary, unapproved withdrawals from the organizations and the cost of such misfortunes to the utility. Water budget is a bookkeeping of all the water that streams into and out of an undertaking region of project area. Water budget gives the financial aspects on the distribution of quantity of water in Rayalaseema region. The study area this paper to calculate the water budget in the study area of 51 Mandal of Rayalaseema region and based on the water quantity analysis to prepare water, soil conservation structures in study area, for effective water management