Software Structure Research Articles

Research on the torpedo-shaped biomimetic MEMS vector wake detector

Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are a technological safeguard for executing marine tasks. However, traditional acoustic and optical technologies may fail to provide AUVs with precise near-field perception in complex, turbid environments. Inspired by the lateral line system of fish, a biomimetic MEMS vector wake detector is proposed. Based on the differential pressure sensing mechanism of the canal neuromasts, finite element software is utilized to optimize the shape and resistance performance of the detector's packaging structure. The geometric parameters are determined, and the integration and fabrication of the sensor are performed. The characterization results demonstrate that the detector's sensitivity is 1678 mV/(m/s), with a non-linear error of 3.73 % linearity and a detection threshold of 0.2 m/s. The angle and direction test results verify it possesses vector detection capability and can discern the wake direction. This wake detector could provide a valuable method of cluster perception for underwater vehicles.

Electrical and thermal characterization of (250 °C) SiC power module integrated with LTCC-based isolated gate driver

The high-voltage SiC MOSFET power modules enable high-frequency and high-efficiency power conversion. The parasitic inductances induced by traditional packages of this device technology significantly deteriorate device switching performance, especially in high-temperature applications. In this paper, a novel low-cost discrete SMD component gate driver embedded in a SiC MOSFET power module is introduced. A newly integrated packaging structure has been introduced and proved to be efficient in reducing package-related turn-on loss and turn-off parasitic ringing. However, the gate propagation delay and optocoupler on-chip weak output signal in such a structure become limitations for further pushing the operating frequency and the output current level for high-efficiency power conversion. The electrical characterization of low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) gate drivers is covered. Furthermore, a 1200 V/120A SiC MOSFET phase-leg power module utilizing high-temperature packaging technologies has been developed. The static characteristics, switching performance, and thermal behavior of the fabricated power module are fully evaluated under operating temperature variations of up to 250 °C.

Design and implementation of a kind of high precision temperature compensating system for silicon-on-sapphire pressure sensor

In order to reduce the temperature effects on the testing accuracy of the silicon-on-sapphire high-temperature large-range pressure sensor, a miniaturized portable silicon-on-sapphire pressure sensor temperature compensation system is designed and implemented after solving the following three issues: temperature compensation structure design, temperature compensation circuit fabrication, and temperature compensation algorithm implementation. The simulation results indicated that the temperature of the test circuit part of the package structure is close to 30 °C at an ambient temperature of 30 °C, with the sensor sensitive element at 250 °C working temperature and 28 MPa ultimate pressure. Regarding to the problem of large sensor drift in high-temperature environments, a temperature compensation algorithm combining least squares and Lagrange interpolation is designed based on the input and output characteristics of the sensor. The algorithm improves the computational efficiency while also increasing the hysteresis error and nonlinear deviation of the sensor to 0.028%. The test results of the NIM (National Institute of Metrology, China) show that the measurement accuracy of the sensor is higher than 1‰ FS within −20 °C to 140 °C and higher than 3‰ FS within 140 °C to 250 °C.

Simulation on an Advanced Double-Sided Cooling Flip-Chip Packaging with Diamond Material for Gallium Oxide Devices.

Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) devices have shown remarkable potential for high-voltage, high-power, and low-loss power applications. However, thermal management of packaging for Ga2O3 devices becomes challenging due to the significant self-heating effect. In this paper, an advanced double-sided cooling flip-chip packaging structure for Ga2O3 devices was proposed and the overall packaging of Ga2O3 chips was researched by simulation in detail. The advanced double-sided cooling flip-chip packaging structure was formed by adding a layer of diamond material on top of the device based on the single-sided flip-chip structure. With a power density of 3.2 W/mm, it was observed that the maximum temperature of the Ga2O3 chip with the advanced double-sided cooling flip-chip packaging structure was 103 °C. Compared with traditional wire bonding packaging and single-sided cooling flip-chip packaging, the maximum temperature was reduced by about 12 °C and 7 °C, respectively. When the maximum temperature of the chip was controlled at 200 °C, the Ga2O3 chip with double-sided cooling packaging could reach a power density of 6.8 W/mm. Finally, by equipping the top of the package with additional water-cooling equipment, the maximum temperature was reduced to 186 °C. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the proposed flip-chip design with double-sided cooling in enhancing the heat dissipation capability of Ga2O3 chips, suggesting promising prospects for this advanced packaging structure.

Study on the Manufacturability of X Dimension Fan Out Integration Package with Organic RDLs (XDFOI-O)

The concept of chiplet was proposed in the post- Moore era. How to layout the multiple chips with different processes and sizes in the package structure is a problem that needs to be considered as different layouts may significantly affect the manufacturability during the packaging process. XDFOI-O is a 2.5D organic interposer structure with a significant coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch in it. Different layouts may cause excessive stress concentration in the package structure, as well as large wafer warpage, which can affect the normal operations of the production line. Stress accumulation on specific chiplet during the wafer thinning process is another manufacturability problem, leading to chip cracking. Prospective finite element analysis can be applied to evaluate the various layouts. In simulation work, different placement processes of dummy chips as stiffeners, as well as different chiplet thicknesses and underfill coverage, can be used as factors for simulation studies, thereby making a reference for further chiplet package design.

Analysis of models and development of a software package for assessing the impact of vibration effects of vehicles on urban infrastructure

The direction associated with the construction and research of models that can be used to predict the impact of vibration effects of vehicles on surrounding infrastructure facilities is relevant given the increasing pace of civil engineering in large cities and taking into account the expansion of transport networks. The development of models for evaluating vibration effects and for subsequent use in monitoring and diagnostic systems requires the use of modern methods of nonlinear analysis, discrete mathematics, as well as tools for the development of expert systems and artificial intelligence technologies. The purpose of the article is to obtain the results of the analysis of a complex mathematical model of spatial interactions, the development of algorithmic support and a description of the structure of a software package for assessing the impact of vibration effects of vehicles on urban infrastructure. A model of spatial interactions is proposed to assess the levels of vibration exposure with the construction of a graph of the placement of objects connected by vibration propagation channels and using the mathematical apparatus of modeling hybrid dynamic systems, expert knowledge and fuzzy rules of logical inference. Examples of constructing a model of spatial interactions taking into account three objects of vibrational observation are considered. The VibCalcAlg algorithm has been developed to calculate the states of a three-component model. The structure of the VibCalc software package is described, which includes a block of fuzzy logic, a block of model construction and a block of visualization. The results can be used in solving mathematical modeling problems related to the assessment and prediction of vibration impacts in the field of transport and civil engineering, as well as in solving environmental protection problems. The results are aimed at improving intelligent monitoring systems and decision support systems in the design, construction and operation of transport facilities.

Organizational and technical prerequisites for effective agronomic interpretation of the results of remote sensing of the field surface

Annotation Purpose. Improving the efficiency of using remote sensing data on the field surface. Methods. Analysis of the prospects for the use of remote sensing information on the field surface in agro-industrial production. Synthesis of remote sensing data of the field surface with the system of their agronomic interpretation in accordance with DSTU 3956-2000. Technical means of measurement and control in industrial processes. Part 1. Basic concepts. Terms and definitions. Results. General algorithm and structure of software and hardware for the use of remote sensing information of the field surface and its agronomic interpretation. Conclusions. An important element of the effective use of remote field surface monitoring information is its agronomic interpretation. The efficiency of agronomic interpretation of the results of remote monitoring of the state of fields can be significantly increased through the use of appropriate software and hardware. The share of growth in agricultural efficiency in the world after the introduction of satellite technologies for sensing the field surface is more than 5 %. Keywords: remote sensing, field orthophotomap, agronomic interpretation, efficiency.

Thermal Analysis and Optimization of Vertical-cavity Surface-emitting Lasers with Different Packaging Structures

Thermal Analysis and Optimization of Vertical-cavity Surface-emitting Lasers with Different Packaging Structures

IIOT ПЕРЕДАЧА ДАННЫХ С БПЛА В ПРОМЫШЛЕННУЮ СРЕДУ АГРОКОМПЛЕКСОВ В РЕЖИМЕ РЕАЛЬНОГО ВРЕМЕНИ

Agricultural complexes, including agriculture, are a good environment for the introduction of modern technologies and methods of using unmanned aerial vehicles to solve various tasks. Currently, in distributed control systems in various agricultural complexes using unmanned aerial vehicles, the classical hardware and software architecture for building such systems has been established. However, this approach has a number of significant drawbacks. (Research purpose) The research purpose is selecting the IIoT of the wireless real-time communication protocol of unmanned aerial vehicles for irrigation of agricultural complexes with a ground-based industrial system and developing concepts of a hardware and software complex using modern technologies and practices of the industrial Internet of things. (Materials and methods) Used open sources of international communities in the field of automation and the industrial Internet of Things, as well as domestic and foreign scientific publications on these topics, as source data and materials for the analysis and design of the proposed hardware architecture of the IIoT platform. The method of decomposition according to automation levels was applied; the method of decomposition according to the functionality performed by individual hardware and software components of the system; the method of summarizing information from modern sources on the subject of research; formalization of the hardware and software structure in the form of schematic diagrams. (Results and discussions) Proposed the concept of information data transmission based on the IIoT protocol of DDS-real-time data transmission. (Conclusions) It has been shown that classical architectural approaches to data transmission in the conditions of wireless systems and agro-unmanned aircraft have proven themselves well, however, the need to introduce new architectural and software methods and protocols for data transmission in real time leads to the need to study promising ways to implement this functionality. We analyzed the existing global trends in the field under consideration and proposed an up-to-date and up-to-date concept of IIoT architecture of distributed data transmission systems within the framework of a distributed management and monitoring system for agricultural complexes based on unmanned aircraft.

Digital solutions for monitoring and control of solar power in off-grid farms

The primary challenge for agricultural operations is their remoteness from centralized power supply systems. This necessitates the construction of an appropriate infrastructure to connect them to the general grid. One potential solution to this problem is the use of solar energy. The infrastructure required to create such a system is relatively inexpensive and allows for the creation of an autonomous system that provides all the necessary needs of the consumer. The control of such a system necessitates the development of specialized software. The paper presents the development of the hardware and software structure, as well as fragments of the prototype of the graphical user interface and a description of the main functionalities.

ПРОТОКОЛ DDS КАК ЕДИНАЯ СРЕДА ПЕРЕДАЧИ ДАННЫХ В РЕЖИМЕ РЕАЛЬНОГО ВРЕМЕНИ

For the effective development of agricultural complexes, the introduction of a variety of advanced technologies, including unmanned aerial vehicles, is especially important. In the distributed control systems used in various agricultural complexes and logging industries using unmanned aerial vehicles, the classical hardware and software architecture for creating such systems has been established. However, this approach has a number of significant drawbacks, in particular, the presence of a large number of different data bus standards at different levels of the platform architecture, which quite often significantly complicates the integration of individual parts of the system. The lack of a single standard within the software protocol for real-time data transmission leads to data fragmentation at all levels of the system as a whole. (Research Purpose) The research purpose is developing the concept of a hardware and software architecture for transmitting information data based on the Data Distribution Service protocol in real time as part of monitoring, managing and distributing tasks between unmanned aerial vehicles, as well as at all levels of a distributed agroforestry system using modern technologies and practices of the industrial Internet of Things. (Materials and methods) Used open sources of international communities in the field of automation and the industrial Internet of Things, as well as domestic and foreign scientific publications on this subject. The method of decomposition by automation levels was applied; the method of decomposition by functionality performed by individual hardware and software components of the system; the method of summarizing information from modern sources on the subject of research; formalization of hardware and software structures in the form of schematic diagrams. (Results and discussion) We have developed a concept for transmitting information data based on the Industrial Internet of Things Data Distribution Service protocol to ensure real-time data transmission. The proposed system makes it possible to implement unified information flows for monitoring and controlling unmanned aerial vehicles at all levels of a distributed agroforestry system. This helps simplify the integration of unmanned aerial systems into agroforestry systems of various orientation and complexity, eliminating difficulties in the interaction of various system components at all levels, including cloud solutions and other Industrial Internet of Things platforms. (Conclusions) As a result of the study, the problems of integrating the information flows of the agroforestry system and data transmission at its various levels were identified. It is proposed to use the Data Distribution Service data transfer protocol as a single standard at all levels of the system, which in the future will ensure compatibility and ease of integration of unmanned aerial vehicles of various manufacturers within a single system.

МЕТОДИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ АНАЛІЗУ ФАКТОРІВ ФОРМУВАННЯ ПОКАЗНИКА ВАРТОСТІ ТУРИСТИЧНИХ ПАКЕТІВ

The article deals with the methodological aspects of the analysis of the factors of the formation of the cost of tourist packages as an important effective indicator of tourist activity. The positive dynamics of domestic and outbound tourism is manifested primarily in the increase in the number of tourist packages sold by tour operators and travel agents. On the other hand, the cost of realized tourist packages has a direct impact on the profitability of activities, the dynamics of tax payments in the industry and important characteristics of the financial and economic condition of enterprises in the field of tourism and recreation. It was determined that in the segment of the sale of tour packages by tour operators to other tour operators or travel agents for their further sale to tourists, the share in the structure in terms of quantity exceeds the share in the structure in terms of value. The same applies to tour packages that are sold to domestic and incoming (foreign) tourists for travel in Ukraine by all tour operators and travel agents. On the other hand, in the segment of the sale of tour packages to outbound tourists for trips abroad, the share in the structure by value exceeds the share in the structure by quantity. The cost of one tour package is a factor influencing the differences in the structure of the implemented tourist packages in terms of quantity and cost. Along with the number of realized tourist packages, the cost of one tourist package is a factor affecting the change in the total cost of realized tourist packages as a performance indicator. The decrease in the total cost of realized tourist packages in Ukraine in 2020 compared to 2019 is explained exclusively by the negative impact of the reduction in the number of realized tourist packages, while the cost of one tourist package showed growth. In our opinion, the most optimal option for the influence of factors on the positive dynamics of the total cost of realized tourist packages is the anticipatory growth of the number of tour packages compared to the growth of the cost of one tour package, which is a sign of the effective functioning of the tourist services market.

Development of a Healthy Body Image Package for Adolescents Aged 12 to 15 with Body Image Dissatisfaction: A Qualitative Thematic Analysis Approach

Objective: This study aimed to develop a healthy body image package for adolescents aged 12 to 15 years with body image dissatisfaction. Methods and Materials: The research method was a theory-driven deductive thematic analysis. In the qualitative content determination phase, the content, structure, and final form of the healthy body image package were developed using a five-step method based on theory-driven thematic analysis in line with Attride-Stirling's (2001) thematic network analysis. The statistical population included scientific texts related to a healthy body image and experts in the field of adolescent psychotherapy. Purposeful sampling was employed based on the content relevance of 30 scientific texts to strategies for promoting a healthy body image in adolescents until theoretical saturation was reached. Additionally, 6 expert psychotherapists with more than 10 years of experience in adolescent psychotherapy participated. Data were analyzed using theory-driven thematic analysis. Findings: The findings indicated that the content of the healthy body image package included four main concepts: perceptual strategies training, emotional strategies training, cognitive strategies training, and behavioral strategies training. The content validity of the educational package was equal to 1. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it is suggested that this educational package be taught to managers, teachers, and counselors to reduce body image dissatisfaction in adolescents.

Research on the Application of Augmented Reality Technology in Agricultural Product Packaging Design

Abstract In this study, we employ 3D modeling technology for the virtual prototyping of agricultural products. Utilizing Unity3D, we integrate data from both virtual and natural environments. This integration allows the 3D models to be visualized within a virtual setting. Additionally, leveraging Kinect somatosensory tracking technology, we have developed a gesture recognition interaction method. This enables packaging designers and users to modify packaging forms, colors, and structures in real-time within the virtual environment. The results of the survey show that consumers prefer multi-sensory, human-centered, and other types of packaging design when choosing packaging. The interaction effect of applying augmented reality agricultural packaging type and market type (R2= 0.079, p=0.001) affects consumer purchase intention. User experience (B=0.334, T=3.385***) was significantly and positively related to applying augmented reality packaging design type. The sense of experience of applying augmented reality to produce packaging use is overall sound, with a mean score of about 4.4. Except for the sense of texture, the mean values of the other nine indicators are all greater than 3, and the evaluations are all in favor of being more satisfied. The use of augmented reality technology in agricultural packaging design is enhanced by the method of this paper.

Research on the Nested Package Structure of a MEMS Vector Hydrophone

Research on the Nested Package Structure of a MEMS Vector Hydrophone

Experimental study on a new type of FBG-3D printed geogrid in embankment reinforcement

Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) has been widely used in many civil engineering applications to sense strains and deformations. Combining the advantages of geosynthetics and FBG, this paper creatively presents a new type of FBG-3D printed geogrid, which allows reinforcement and accurate deformation monitoring. Geogrid is directly used as the packaging structure of FBG sensor, and the complete coordinated deformation between the grating monitoring areas of FBG sensor and geogrid is obtained through calibration test. A series of model tests were carried out with FBG-3D printed geogrid to study the influence of reinforcement layers and reinforcement spacing on the bearing capacity and deformation of embankment under cyclic loading. The test results showed that geogrid effectively improved the footing settlement, slope displacement of reinforced embankment under cyclic load, and the effect was more obvious with the decrease of geogrid spacing. The strain data inside the embankment was accurately collected by FBG sensors. Relevant research provides valuable suggestions for the development and application of new geosynthetics.

Application and Practice of Intelligent Algorithms in Computer Software Design and Testing

With the rapid development of information technology, software has become a part of social life. However, for complex software systems, traditional design and testing methods face a series of problems such as low testing coverage and low efficiency. The main purpose of this article is to study the optimization of software design and testing processes using intelligent algorithms, in order to improve the quality and efficiency of software. This article established a real-time optimization and feedback adjustment mechanism during the software design and testing phase, enabling intelligent algorithms to respond promptly to the environment and requirements. Monitoring and control strategies were designed to ensure the algorithm runs stably for a long time. Test method 1 (traditional method) had 100 test cases, a total execution time of 1200 seconds, and an average execution time of 12 seconds per test case; test method 2 (Intelligent Algorithm Optimization) had 100 test cases, a total execution time of 800 seconds, and an average execution time of 8 seconds per test case. The research results of this article play a good promoting role in improving software testing coverage and software structure optimization, and also provide new ideas and methods for the promotion of intelligent algorithms in software engineering.

Overview and Perspectives of Air Mobility Operations and Simulation Tools

The rise of low-altitude passenger and delivery aircraft in urban areas will revolutionize urban mobility, requiring air mobility (AM) systems. This paper provides an overview of AM operations and simulation tools to facilitate research and development. It proposes a software structure for a simulation tool that can model and replicate the behavior of AM systems. By setting the foundation for AM tools and exploring varied concepts, this paper aims to inspire breakthrough research in this cutting-edge domain.

EVALUATION OF DIMENSIONAL ACCURACY AND DENSITY OF DENTAL STRUCTURES MANUFACTURED BY DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES

This study focuses on the fabrication and analysis of a total of 90 dental structures (metal parts of dental prostheses – coping, bridges) of 3 types made of cobalt-chromium alloy through different fabrication technologies which include casting, additive manufacturing by selective laser melting (SLM) and subtraction technology by CNC milling. The manufacturing accuracy analysis was carried out by comparing the nominal model and the actual model obtained by 3D scanning of the fabricated dental structures in GOM Inspect software. Density measurements were performed by helium-based gas pycnometry. The data obtained were statistically analysed and a statistically significant difference was confirmed between the subtraction and additive technology. Based on the available manufacturing technologies, materials and equipment used to fabricate the samples for this study, it can be concluded that dentures fabricated by 3D printing are more accurate than dental structures fabricated by milling or casting technology.

A Miniaturized Bandpass Filter with Wideband and High Stopband Rejection Using LTCC Technology

This paper designs an L-band wide stopband bandpass filter by applying low-temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) technology to the global positioning system (GPS) frequency band. Taking the Chebyshev filter as a prototype, an equivalent collector element (capacitive and inductor) structure is adopted to fully use the three-dimensional package structure of LTCC to reduce the filter size. The filter is integrated into an eight-layer LTCC dielectric, and the series–parallel connection of the collector elements in the resonance unit is utilized to produce out-of-band transmission zeros, while the input and output ports’ capacitance is adjusted to control the bandwidth. Harmonic suppression is achieved by cascading two new compact stopband filters, while the size increase is insignificant due to LTCC technology. The simulation results are as follows: the center frequency is 1.575 GHz, 1 dB relative bandwidth is 6.3%, insertion loss in the passband is as slight as 1.6 dB, return loss is better than 30 dB, rejection bandwidth up to 16 GHz is more than 44 dB, and the volume of the whole filter is 6.2 × 3.7 × 0.78 mm3.