Software Evaluation Research Articles

Computerized Optical Impression Making of Fully Dentate Upper and Lower Jaws: An In Vitro Study

Objectives: The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the accuracy of five intraoral scanners for digitizing fully dentate unprepared maxillae and mandibulae in vitro. Materials and Methods: One maxillary and one mandibular reference model with acrylic teeth, an industrial grade reference scanner, 3D evaluation software and the intraoral scanners CS 3500, iTero HD2.9, Planmeca PlanScan, TRIOS Standard and 3M True Definition were used. Scans of the entire arches, one front and two side segments of each arch scan of maxilla and mandibula were evaluated separately for trueness and precision. In addition, visual analyses of deviation patterns, surface properties and approximal areas were performed with the aid of 3D evaluation software. Results: The intraoral scanners CS 3500, TRIOS Standard and iTero HD2.9 showed a similar level of trueness. The True Definition scanner showed lower full arch trueness compared to the TRIOS Standard and to the iTero HD2.9 (p < 0.05). Full arch trueness of the PlanScan was lower compared to the other scanners. Video-based systems showed higher numbers of datapoints per scan (127,300–169,730) compared to single image-based systems (64,115–88,124). The acquisition of interproximal areas was insufficient across all scanners. Limitations: The intraoral scanners were not tested under clinical conditions in this study. Conclusions: Apart from interproximal areas, clinically acceptable full arch trueness was achieved by the CS 3500, the iTero HD2.9 and the TRIOS Standard.

Video clips in physics education

Film recordings – video clips – have been used in the teaching and learning processes for decades. At the very beginning, the dominant role was played by television and professionally prepared recordings on portable media (e.g. LaserDiscs). With the advancement of technology and the emergence of new media, as well as the revolution in access to image and sound recording and processing devices, video clips – including amateur ones – have become the dominant path of contemporary visual communication. The paper is of an overview character and discusses examples of educational use of video in physics education in the past and at present, including TV lectures, popular science programs, dedicated video materials and educational environments, software for video measurement and evaluation of learning outcomes. Various illustrations along with literature references are given to outline potential educational pathways in making use of video clips as didactically valuable medium in teaching - learning physics.

An integration protocol for aligning intraoral scans to facial scans using the nasal geometry reference in a fully dentate patient.

Advanced digital technologies have rapidly been integrated into prosthodontics to improve the digital workflow for prosthetic rehabilitation. The integration of 3D datasets acquired from various imaging sources such as intraoral scanners and facial optical scanners allows the creation of virtual patients to perform presurgical simulation and prosthetic rehabilitation. The presented technique introduced a straightforward protocol for aligning intraoral scans (Trios 4, 3Shape) to optical face scans (Face Hunter, Zirkonzahn) using a global best-fit algorithm of 3D evaluation software (GOM Inspect). Nasal geometry data were used as the matching reference to produce virtual dental patients. This integration protocol ensured that the intraoral scanner (Trios 4, 3Shape) was used not only to scan dental arches but also used effectively to scan the nose. These scans along with professional facial scans can be successfully aligned to produce virtual dental patients. As only a single fully dentate patient case with an alignment deviation of 243.6 µm was used, further research to evaluate the accuracy of this protocol is needed.

Laboratory and Theoretical Investigations of Petroleum Reservoir Rock Properties

The main objective of this study is to compare the characteristics obtained from the laboratory with the characteristics obtained from well logs and experimental correlations and determine the percentage of error in each method. Core Analysis of reservoir rock is operation of conducting laboratory tests on the core samples to determine their physical and petro physical properties. The Rock sample is first cleaned to be ready for laboratory test then it is used to obtain parameters of rock properties. Well logging is the practice of making a detailed record of the geologic formations penetrated by the well. The log may be either geological logs or geophysical logs in geothermal. Techlog Software is one of the most valuable formation evaluation software’s used by geologist and reservoir engineers. It is routinely used to evaluate well and field performance, and reservoir characteristics. After evaluating the results, the crude sample was characterized by using hydraulic unit technique its performing to estimate the units inside the reservoir and establish the correlations to estimate the permeability for each unit. The New Correlations can be used to evaluate the permeability nearby wells. In this study Four wells were selected from different locations in 103A which are A7, A11, A16, and A21 They are used to estimate the petro physical properties of the reservoir by both core analysis and well logging interpretation; the petro physical properties were evaluated like porosity, permeability, and water saturation.

Accuracy of Dental Implant Placement with Dynamic Navigation-Investigation of the Influence of Two Different Optical Reference Systems: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

This randomized prospective clinical study aims to analyze the differences between the computer-assisted planned implant position and the clinically realized implant position using dynamic navigation. In the randomized prospective clinical study, 30 patients were recruited, of whom 27 could receive an implant (BLT, Straumann Institut AG, Basel, Switzerland) using a dynamic computer-assisted approach. Patients with at least six teeth in their jaws to be implanted were included in the study. Digital planning was performed using cone beam tomography imaging, and the visualization of the actual situation was carried out using an intraoral scan. Two different workflows with differently prepared reference markers were performed with 15 patients per group. The actual clinically achieved implant position was recorded with scan bodies fixed to the implants and an intraoral scan. The deviations between the planned and realized implant positions were recorded using evaluation software. The clinical examinations revealed no significant differences between procedures A and B in the mesiodistal, buccolingual and apicocoronal directions. For the mean angular deviation, group B showed a significantly more accurate value of 2.7° (95% CI 1.6-3.9°) than group A, with a value of 6.3° (95% CI 4.0-8.7°). The mean 3D deviation at the implant shoulder was 2.35 mm for workflow A (95% CI 1.92-2.78 mm) and 1.62 mm for workflow B (95% CI 1.2-2.05 mm). Workflow B also showed significantly higher accuracy in this respect. Similar values were determined at the implant apex. The clinical examination shows that sufficiently accurate implant placement is possible with the dynamic navigation system used here. The use of different workflows sometimes resulted in significantly different accuracy results. The data of the present study are comparable with the published findings of other static and dynamic navigation procedures.

Unlocking cardiac motion: assessing software and machine learning for single-cell and cardioid kinematic insights

The heart coordinates its functional parameters for optimal beat-to-beat mechanical activity. Reliable detection and quantification of these parameters still represent a hot topic in cardiovascular research. Nowadays, computer vision allows the development of open-source algorithms to measure cellular kinematics. However, the analysis software can vary based on analyzed specimens. In this study, we compared different software performances in in-silico model, in-vitro mouse adult ventricular cardiomyocytes and cardioids. We acquired in-vitro high-resolution videos during suprathreshold stimulation at 0.5-1-2 Hz, adapting the protocol for the cardioids. Moreover, we exposed the samples to inotropic and depolarizing substances. We analyzed in-silico and in-vitro videos by (i) MUSCLEMOTION, the gold standard among open-source software; (ii) CONTRACTIONWAVE, a recently developed tracking software; and (iii) ViKiE, an in-house customized video kinematic evaluation software. We enriched the study with three machine-learning algorithms to test the robustness of the motion-tracking approaches. Our results revealed that all software produced comparable estimations of cardiac mechanical parameters. For instance, in cardioids, beat duration measurements at 0.5 Hz were 1053.58 ms (MUSCLEMOTION), 1043.59 ms (CONTRACTIONWAVE), and 937.11 ms (ViKiE). ViKiE exhibited higher sensitivity in exposed samples due to its localized kinematic analysis, while MUSCLEMOTION and CONTRACTIONWAVE offered temporal correlation, combining global assessment with time-efficient analysis. Finally, machine learning reveals greater accuracy when trained with MUSCLEMOTION dataset in comparison with the other software (accuracy > 83%). In conclusion, our findings provide valuable insights for the accurate selection and integration of software tools into the kinematic analysis pipeline, tailored to the experimental protocol.

CAFA-evaluator: a Python tool for benchmarking ontological classification methods.

https://pypi.org/project/cafaeval.

Evaluation Software and IT Integration for IoT-based Healthcare Radio Frequency Identification Network Planning

For Internet of Things (IoT)-based on healthcare systems to autonomously monitor patients, radio frequency identification, or RFID, its essential. It is difficult to guarantee complete coverage throughout sizable healthcare facilities with a small number of RFID readers, though Software for RFID network planning must be optimized. The purpose of this paper is about optimizing related software and suggest a topological RFID network planning strategy that will minimize reader interference while deploying the fewest possible readers. The best location for RFID tags on patients as well as readers depends on the layout of the institution and how the patients move. To dependably scan tags across a variety of locations, RFID network design software precisely calculates the number and positions of readers using algorithms. Software features and network planning goals are developed to efficiently track patient status by automating the gathering of medical data. in this paper to find the optimal number of RFID readers required and their location in the system. After the algorithm was tested, it was found that the algorithm can determine the true effectiveness of the coverage and reduce the area of interference between the areas of coverage of RFID readers. PSO is a superior algorithm for solving difficult problems (NP). The PSO algorithm has shown a high efficiency in finding the optimal solution, with some of weakness in the performance of the algorithm, represented in finding functional boundaries that serve the research problem. By providing constant access to health information, this plan raises the standard of care.

A software for water pollution treatment technology evaluation by supporting customisable indicator systems for specific scenarios

A software for water pollution treatment technology evaluation by supporting customisable indicator systems for specific scenarios

Experimental research and evaluation of mechanical properties of microstructural components of high strenght steels by quasistatic nanoindentation

The article solves the issue of evaluating the mechanical properties of the microstructural components of the C120U, 90MnCrV8 and X82WCrV9-5-2 tool steels. The reason for the choice of steels and their testing was the fact that on these tool steels are high demands and their properties using in industry, such as high strength, toughness, wear resistance, temperature stability, etc. Experimental measurements were performed on the device a Hysitron TI 950 Triboindenter with Triboscan evaluation software, which is part of CEDITEK Laboratories at Faculty of special technology. The Berkovich type was used as a test tip. Chapter 1 describes the research of foreign authors who in their studies dealt with the mechanical properties of selected types of high-strength steels. In chapter 2, the mechanical and chemical properties of the investigated materials, microstructural analysis and used methods are clearly presented. Based on the analysis, the methodologies of the performed experiments are described in sub-chapter 2.4. Achieved results of own experiments are presented in chapter 3. Realized experimental measurements and evaluation of measured data on selected locations of the investigated areas of tested steels using quasistatic nanoindentation are described in chapters 3 and 4.

Evaluation of cortical bone strength using a quantitative ultrasound measurement device in dogs.

This study was performed to evaluate cortical bone strength in dogs using a quantitative ultrasound measurement device. In this study, 16 clinically healthy dogs with no lameness underwent measurement of the ultrasound propagation velocity of cortical bone (namely, speed of sound [SOS]) at the radius and tibia. Additionally, computed tomography examination with a calibration phantom was performed in 10 dogs. We calculated the bone mineral density (BMD) and Young's modulus from the computed tomography data using bone strength evaluation software. SOS, BMD, and Young's modulus were statistically compared between the radius and tibia. In addition, we examined the correlation between SOS and BMD and between SOS and Young's modulus. We also examined the correlation between SOS and age in the 13 dogs whose age was known. BMD and Young's modulus were not significantly different between the radius and tibia, but SOS was significantly different (P<0.05). Moreover, SOS and BMD showed a positive correlation in both radius and tibia. Similarly, SOS and Young's modulus showed a positive correlation. In addition, SOS and age showed a strong positive correlation (radius: r=0.77, P<0.05, tibia: r=0.83, P<0.05). Our finding that SOS of the radius and tibia cortical bone was correlated with BMD and Young's modulus indicates that quantitative ultrasound can be useful for evaluating cortical bone strength in dogs.

Assignment of the biological value of solid breast masses based on quantitative evaluations of spectral CT examinations using electron density mapping, Zeffective mapping and iodine mapping

ObjectiveWe aimed to asses, in a clinical setting, whether the newly available quantitative evaluation of electron density (ED) in spectral CT examinations of the breast provide information on the biological identity of solid breast masses and whether ED maps yield added value to the diagnostic information of iodine maps and Zeff maps calculated from the same CT image datasets. MethodsAll patients at the University Breast Cancer Center who underwent a clinically indicated Dual Layer Computed Tomography (DLCT) examination for staging of invasive breast cancer from 2018 to 2020 were prospectively included. Iodine concentration maps, Zeff maps and ED maps were automatically reconstructed from the DLCT datasets. Region of interest (ROI) based evaluations in the breast target lesions and in the aorta were performed semi-automatically in identical anatomical positions using dedicated evaluation software. Case-by-case evaluations were carried independently by 2 of 4 radiologists for each examination, respectively. Statistical analysis derived from the ROIs was done by calculating ROC/AUC curves and Youden indices. ResultsThe evaluations comprised 166 DLCT examinations. In the ED maps the measurements in the breast target lesions yielded Youden cutpoints of 104.0% (reader 1) and 103.8% (reader 2) resulting in AUCs of 0.63 and 0.67 at the empirical cutpoints. The variables “Zeff” and “iodine content” derived from the target lesions showed superior diagnostical results, with a Youden cutpoint of 8.0 mg/ml in the iodine maps and cutpoints of 1.1/1.2 in the Zeff maps the AUCs ranging from 0.84 to 0.85 (p = 0.023 to <0.000). The computational combination of Zeff and ED measurements in the target lesions yielded a slight AUC increase (readers 1: 0.85–0.87; readers 2: 0.84–0.94). The ratios of the measured values in the target lesions normalized to the values measured in the aorta showed comparable results. The AUCs of ED derived from the cutpoints showed inferior results to those derived from the Zeff maps and iodine maps (ED: 0.64 and 0.66 for reader 1 and 2; Zeff: 0.86 for both readers; iodine content: 0.89 and 0.86 for reader 1 and 2, respectively). The computational combination of the ED results and the Zeff measurements did not lead to a clinically relevant diagnostic gain with AUCs ranging from 0.86 to 0.88. ConclusionsQuantitative assessments of Zeff, iodine content and ED all targeting the physical and chemical aspects of iodine uptake in solid breast masses confirmed diagnostically robust cutpoints for the differentiation of benign and malignant findings (Zeff < 7.7, iodine content of <0.8 mg/ml). The evaluations of the ED did not indicate any added diagnostic value beyond the quantitative assessments of Zeff and iodine content. Further research is warranted to develop suitable clinical indications for the use of ED maps.

Color Mapping using Ultrasound System-integrated Perfusion Software for Evaluation of Focal Liver Lesions: A Possible First Step for More Independent Reading.

To assess the value of using integrated parametric ultrasound software for contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) of liver tumors. 107 patients with liver tumors were studied. CEUS were performed to detect focal lesions. Parametric images were based on continuous CINE LOOPs, from the early-arterial phase (15 s) to the portal-venous phase (1 min) generated by perfusion software. The evaluations of the parametric images and their dignity for liver lesions were performed independently by an experienced and a less-experienced investigator. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging scans or histological analysis were used as references. High parametric image quality were obtained in all patients. Among the patients, 44% lesions were benign, 56% were malignant. The experienced investigator correctly classified 46 of 47 (98%) as benign, and 60 of 60 (100%) as malignant tumors based on the parametric images. The less-experienced investigator correctly classified 39 of 47 (83%) as benign, and 49 of 60 (82%) malignant tumors, acheaving a high statistical accuracy of 98% with this type of diagnostic. Parametric imaging for grading the malignant degree of tumor may be a good complement to existing ultrasound techniques and was particularly helpful for improving the assessments of the less-experienced examiner.

ECerto—versatile software for interlaboratory data evaluation and documentation during reference material production

The statistical tool eCerto was developed for the evaluation of measurement data to assign property values and associated uncertainties of reference materials. The analysis is based on collaborative studies of expert laboratories and was implemented using the R software environment. Emphasis was put on comparability of eCerto with SoftCRM, a statistical tool based on the certification strategy of the former Community Bureau of Reference. Additionally, special attention was directed towards easy usability from data collection through processing, archiving, and reporting. While the effects of outlier removal can be flexibly explored, eCerto always retains the original data set and any manipulation such as outlier removal is (graphically and tabularly) documented adequately in the report. As a major reference materials producer, the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) developed and will maintain a tool to meet the needs of modern data processing, documentation requirements, and emerging fields of RM activity. The main features of eCerto are discussed using previously certified reference materials.Graphical

New portable device for an examination of visual cognitive evoked potentials might extend their diagnostic applications in psychiatry

Despite positive prior results obtained by using event-related potentials (ERPs) in psychiatric patients, they are not routinely used in the clinical setting. This may in part be due to problems regarding a lack of transportable equipment availability. It can be difficult for these patients to repeatedly visit electrophysiological laboratories. To address this issue, we propose using a new, fully portable device for visually evoked potentials (VEP) and cognitive function assessment, that can be used for quick examinations (https://www.veppeak.com). Our device, called “VEPpeak”, is built into a headset with a color LED visual stimulator. It weighs 390 g and is connected to a notebook (PC) with evaluation software via USB. In this pilot study, we verified the device's usability in 31 patients with schizophrenia. We used the oddball paradigm with the recognition of colors for the P300 wave and choice reaction time evaluation. The examination lasted only about ten minutes. The results indicated good reproducibility of large cognitive potentials (P300) with prolonged P300 latencies and reduced amplitudes in patients compared to 15 control subjects. The P300 latency and reaction time prolongation in patients correlated with their age and the sedative effect of the pharmacotherapy.

Flood Estimation and Control in a Micro-Watershed Using GIS-Based Integrated Approach

Flood analyses when using a GIS-based integrated approach have been successfully applied around the world in large-sized watersheds. This study employed hydrological-hydraulic modeling to analyze flash floods by integrating HEC-HMS, HEC-RAS, and ArcGIS software for flood evaluation and control in a micro-watershed in the Samaru River, Nigeria. The watershed boundaries, its characteristics (soil and land use), the topographical survey, and the intensity duration frequency curve (IDF) of the study area were produced using data-driven techniques. The HEC-HMS model was used to derive the peak discharges for 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 200-year return periods with the frequency storm method. Afterward, the water surface profiles for the respective return periods were estimated using the HEC-RAS hydrodynamic model. The simulated design flood for the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 200-year return periods at the reference location (the NUGA gate culvert) were 3.5, 6.8, 9.1, 12.1, 14.3, 16.6, and 19.0 m3/s, respectively, while those at the watershed outlet for the respective return periods were 7.5, 14.9, 20.3, 27.3, 32.6, 38.0, and 43.5 m3/s, respectively (with a water height of 0.9 m, 1.1 m, 1.3 m, 1.33 m, 1.38 m, 1.5 3m, and 1.8 m, respectively), at the NUGA gate culvert cross-section. The maximum water depths of about 0.9 m and 1.0 m were recorded in the right and left overbanks, which were similar to the simulated water depth for the 2- and 5-year return periods. Hence, for the smart control of floods passing through the river and major hydraulic structures, a minimum design height of 1.50 m is recommended. For the most economic trapezoidal channel section, a normal depth of 1.50 m, a bottom width of 1.73 m, a top width of 3.50 m, and a free board of 0.30 m is proposed to curb the overtopping of floods along the channel sub-sections. The findings of this study could help hydraulic engineers minimize flooding in streams and rivers overbanks in a micro-watershed.

Software for evaluation of immune cell activation (Application note)

Biological processes involving immune response exhibit nonlinearity due to complex interactions between different cells. The presented mathematical model considers the temporal development of immune reactions, and corresponding kinetic processes, including the interaction of cells/soluble immune factors in vitro. According to the M1/M2 paradigm of macrophage polarization, unbalanced macrophage activation in the human body can cause an excessive response to an antigen and associated long-term deleterious processes. Therefore, our simulation is based on the evaluation of parameters that describe the interaction of diverse immune factors interconnected within the framework of the M1/M2 paradigm, and taking into account the kinetics of expression of immune factors. A specific program and related web tool to assess the intensity of immune reactions in cell system in vitro were developed. AvailabilityIt is accessible through a web-link: https://www.biodevicesystems.com/immunology. ContactUsers can get information and apply for the service at info@biodevicesystems.com.

Clinical comprehensive evaluation of Jinsang Sanjie Pills/Capsules in treatment of vocal nodule/polyp of vocal cord

This study used health technology assessment methods and multi-criteria decision analysis(MCDA) model, according to the guideline for clinical comprehensive evaluation of Chinese patent medicine, we developed this assessment tool. The comprehensive evaluation score of Jinsang Sanjie Pills/Capsules is calculated based on the additive model. This score is calculated by &quot;quantitative evaluation software v1.0 for clinical comprehensive evaluation of Chinese patent medicines&quot; which developed by the project team. The evaluation yielded the following results.(1)Effectiveness: compared with the control group, Jinsang Sanjie Pills/Capsules can improve the total effectiveness rate of vocal nodule/polyp of vocal cord, and improve the symptoms and signs.(2)Safety: Jinsang Sanjie Pills/Capsules did not show acute toxicity and long-term toxicity. The most common adverse reaction was gastrointestinal system damage, all of the adverse reactions were either improved or cured.(3)Economy: from the perspective of the health system, evaluating the single use or combination of Jinsang Sanjie Pills/Capsules with conventional medication in the treatment of vocal nodule/polyp of vocal cord is relatively effective and cost-effective compared to conventional medication, with a stable cost-effectiveness advantage.(4) Innovation: Jinsang Sanjie Pills/Capsules are used for the treatment of slow throat paralysis(vocal nodules, polyp of vocal cord, thickening of vocal mucosa) caused by heat toxin accumulation, Qi stagnation and blood stasis, and the resulting hoarseness. Jinsang Sanjie Pills/Capsules have good innovation and targeted indications.(5) Suitability: the investigated doctors, pharmacists and patients all believed that Jinsang Sanjie Pills/Capsules have good suitability.(6)Accessibility: Jinsang Sanjie Pills/Capsules are included in the category B of the National Basic Medical Insurance, Work Injury Insurance, and Maternity Insurance Drug Catalogue(2021 edition), which have good cost-effectiveness and affordability for medical insurance and self-paid patients. Jinsang Sanjie Pills/Capsules do not contain endangered animals and plants. The supply of raw materials can meet the demand of production at present. The comprehensive evaluation score is 76.06 points. Based on all dimensions of evidence, 71.4% experts consensus on Jinsang Sanjie Pills/Capsules is class A, which can be directly converted into decision making. This study comprehensively evaluated the clinical application value of Jinsang Sanjie Pills/Capsules in the treatment of vocal nodule/polyp of vocal cord, so as to provide evidence for their rational clinical use and regulatory decision-making.

AL360181.1 promotes proliferation and invasion in colon cancer and is one of ten m6A-related lncRNAs that predict overall survival.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) exerted a pivotal role in colon cancer. Nevertheless, the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) associated with this process have yet to be elucidated. The open-access data used for analysis was downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database for analysis, employing the R software for computational evaluations. The RNA level of specific molecules was assessed using the quantitative real-time PCR. CCK8, colony formation and transwell assay were used to evaluate the proliferation, invasion and migration ability of colon cancer cells. Here, we identified the m6A regulators from TCGA data and subsequently pinpointed lncRNAs with a -Cor->0.3 and P<0.05, categorizing them as m6A-associated lncRNAs. Moreover, we formulated a prognosis signature rooted in ten m6A-related lncRNAs, consisting of AL360181.1, PCAT6, SNHG26, AC016876.1, AC104667.2, AL114730.3, LINC02257, AC147067.1, AP006621.3 and AC009237.14. This signature exhibited notable predictive accuracy in gauging patient survival. Immune-related evaluations revealed varied immune cell infiltration patterns across different risk groups, with our findings suggesting superior immunotherapy response in low-risk patients. Biological enrichment analysis indicated that the high-risk patients had a higher activity of multiple carcinogenic pathways, including glycolysis. The previously unreported lncRNA, AL360181.1, displayed a connection to glycolytic activity and diminished survival rates, warranting further investigation. The result indicated that AL360181.1 was correlated with more aggressive clinical characteristics. Immune infiltration assessments found AL360181.1 to have a positive correlation with Tcm infiltration, but an inverse relationship with entities like Th2 cells, T cells, neutrophils and macrophages. Biological enrichment analysis indicated that the pathways of WNT/β-catenin, pancreas beta cells, hedgehog signaling and some metabolism pathways were upregulated in high AL360181.1 patients. In vitro experiments showed that AL360181.1 was upregulated in the colon cancer cells. Moreover, AL360181.1 significantly promotes the proliferation, invasion and migration of colon cancer cells. Our results can provide direction for future studies on m6A-related lncRNA in colon cancer.

Synthesis of dual p-n heterojunction of NiWO4/CdS/ZIF-67 photocatalyst as a highly efficient photo-assisted fenton-like catalyst for removal of doxycycline hydrochloride

There was no report about dual p-n junction photocatalyst activating persulfate to accelerate the photodegradation of organic pollutants until now. Therefore, there was a need to investigate dual p-n junction photocatalyst activating persulfate to accelerate photodegradation. In this paper, we synthesized a dual p-n junction photocatalyst, NiWO4/CdS/ZIF-67, which demonstrated superior degradation capabilities for doxycycline hydrochloride compared to pure NiWO4, ZIF-67 and NiWO4/CdS. NiWO4 exhibited p-type semiconductor properties, while CdS and ZIF-67 exhibited n-type semiconductor properties. By combining them into a composite photocatalyst, a conventional type II heterojunction formed at the interface of the p-n junction. This design established an internal electric field at both ends, effectively separating the photogenerated electrons and holes of each individual photocatalyst. Consequently, the photocatalytic activities of the materials were maximized. To further enhance the degradation of doxycycline hydrochloride, we employed NiWO4/CdS/ZIF-67 to activate persulfate under visible light irradiation. The results showed that the best degradation was achieved when 0.3 mmol persulfate was added with a k-value of 0.00681 min−1. We investigated the mechanism of activation of persulfate and the degradation pathway of doxycycline hydrochloride over the dual p-n heterojunction NiWO4/CdS/ZIF-67 catalysts. Additionally, we evaluated the toxicity of doxycycline hydrochloride and its intermediates using toxicity evaluation software.