Software Filter Research Articles

Методика вибору гіперкомплексних числових систем для моделювання цифрових реверсивних фільтрів

Digital filter is a digital system, which is used for filtering a discrete signal. It can be implemented as a software method, and with the help of specialized equipment. In both cases, the digital filter can be used for filtering, both in real time and for a pre-stored signal value. In this paper, we consider only the algorithms for the synthesis of the software filter structure. However, it should be noted that on the basis of these structures, implementations and hardware solutions of digital filters can beat. The use of HNS for the synthesis of digital filter structures can give a tangible advantage. Digital filters with hyper complex parameters have greater momentum and better characteristics in integrated parametric sensitivity.The paper discusses the definition of hyper complex digital filter and the conversion of its transfer function to the form of hyper complex function. A technique for selecting a hyper complex number system has been developed for the equivalent of a hyper complex filter to a real analogue. It is shown that the main method for determining the expediency of using one or another HNS for the synthesis of the structure of a hyper complex digital filter is the general form of the normic denominator of the hyper complex transfer function of the filter. This turn should be a complete polynomial of the shift operator, and also contain all the components of the multiplier with the shift operator in the denominator.However, these conditions are only necessary in the synthesis of the hyper complex filter, since the system of equivalence equations may not have real solutions when fulfilling these conditions. In this case, it is necessary to switch to another HNS, if there is such an opportunity, or to switch to HNS of higher orders. The latter path needs further research.

High Resolution Satellite Images for Instantaneous Shoreline Extraction Using New Enhancement Algorithms

Knowledge of a territory is an essential element in any future planning action and in appropriate territorial and environmental requalification action planning. The current large-scale availability of satellite data, thanks to very high resolution images, provides professional users in the environmental, urban planning, engineering, and territorial government sectors, in general, with large amounts of useful data with which to monitor the territory and cultural heritage. Italy is experiencing environmental emergencies, and coastal erosion is one of the greatest threats, not only to the Italian heritage and economy, but also to human life. The aim of this paper is to find a rapid way of identifying the instantaneous shoreline. This possibility could help government institutions such as regions, civil protection, etc., to analyze large areas of land quickly. The focus is on instantaneous shoreline extraction in Ortona (CH, Italy), without considering tides, using WorldView-2 satellite images (50-cm resolution in panchromatic and 2 m in multispectral). In particular, the main purpose of this paper is to compare commercial software and ACM filters to test their effectiveness.

Advanced Robotic Angiography Systems for Image Guidance During Conventional Transarterial Chemoembolization

The aim of this study was to compare 2 advanced robotic angiography systems for real-time image guidance in terms of radiation dose and image quality (IQ) during conventional transarterial chemoembolization (C-TACE) of hepatic malignant tumors. One hundred six patients (57 women/49 men; mean age, 60 ± 11 years) who had undergone C-TACE using 2 generations of robotic angiography platforms for image guidance were included in this retrospective study. Patients were divided into 2 groups (n = 53, respectively): group 1 (first generation) and group 2 (second generation). Radiation dose for fluoroscopy and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was compared between first-generation and second-generation angiography equipment, respectively. Among several features of the second-generation compared with the first-generation system, improvements included a refined crystalline detector system for enhanced noise reduction and advanced CARE filter software for lowering radiation dose. Radiation dose was measured using an ionization chamber. Image quality was assessed by 3 radiologists using 5-point Likert scales. Both groups were comparable in terms of number and location of lesions, as well as body weight, body mass index, and anatomical variants of feeding hepatic arteries (all P > 0.05). Dose-area product (DAP) for fluoroscopy was significantly lower in group 2 (1.4 ± 1.1 Gy·cm) compared with group 1 (2.8 ± 3.4 Gy·cm; P = 0.001). For DSA, DAP was significantly lower (P = 0.003) in group 2 (2.2 ± 1.2 Gy·cm) versus group 1 (4.7 ± 2.3 Gy·cm). Scores for DSA IQ indicated significant improvements for group 2 by 30% compared with group 1 (P = 0.004). Regarding fluoroscopy, scores for IQ were 76% higher in group 2 compared with group 1 (P = 0.001). Good to excellent interrater agreement with Fleiss kappa coefficients of κ = 0.75 for group 1 and κ = 0.74 for group 2 were achieved. Most recent generation robotic angiography equipment allows for considerable radiation dose reductions while improving IQ in fluoroscopy and DSA image guidance during C-TACE treatment.

Improved fast vertical control in KSTAR

Fast vertical control of shaped plasmas is essential for the successful realization of plasma operation near the limit of vertical control to achieve maximum confinement and stable, disruption free operation. In KSTAR, the normal conducting in-vessel vertical control coil (IVC coil) is employed to respond to vertical transients much faster than the superconducting coils are capable. The power supply for the IVC coil is capable of responding in a time commensurate with the expected vertical growth rates on KSTAR. The diagnostics used for the fast vertical control since the first operation with shaped plasmas in KSTAR, however, have a low signal-to-noise ratio which limits the gains that can be used successfully in the proportional and derivative control loops and thus the speed of the control loop. The successful use of relative flux for the Z-position estimate and of the loop voltage difference from a pair of up-down symmetric loops to provide sensitive and less noisy vertical estimate will be discussed. In addition, the control loop for the IVC coil is decoupled from the slow motion controlled by the superconducting coils using a high-pass filter in the control software. Finally the noticeable improvement in plasma control for plasmas near the vertical stability limit will be discussed.

Method to Determine the Root Canal Anatomic Dimension by using a New Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Software.

This study discusses a method to determine the root canal anatomic dimension by using e-Vol DX software. The methodology consists in initially establishes the correct positions which will be measured, define the point on the edge of the anatomical structure, and next adjust the intermediate position in the grayscale of CBCT image. Afterward, thin sections (0.10 mm) are obtained from 3D reconstructed slices in the filter for the measurements, in order to determine the edge of the anatomical surface in the axial plane. A replication of positions in 3D mode is done in multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) of CBCT images, where the correct position is established with the aid of a positioning guide. The 3D density is adjusted so that it is in the same dimension as the 2D image, and a dimension calibration occurs to the point where there is a coincidence between 3D and 2D. This calibration is done only at the beginning of the measurement. Next, the intermediate position of the division between the grayscale is verified in the CBCT scan. Once one side has been completed, it is moved to the other side and follows the same guidelines described above. When setting the position of the courses in the other margin, being that 2D mode is used as reference. Thus, one obtains the required measure, being checked in the two points. The creation of this filter in the e-Vol DX software for measurement, and its appropriate management, allows more effective applications when it is desired to obtain diameters of anatomical structures.

Translations and translation gaps: the gunshot acoustic surveillance experiment in Brazil

ABSTRACT This article examines crime prevention as it relates to recent developments in audio monitoring for gun crime control. More specifically, I discuss the adoption of ShotSpotter, a device that detects and locates impulsive sounds. ShotSpotter can alert the police promptly whenever gunshots are fired, providing the location, number and exact time of the rounds fired, the number of shooters and even the shooters’ direction of motion. To convert sound monitoring into crime control, the technology needs to perform a series of delicate translations (a term I borrow from actor-network theory) between a range of actors. The actors include concealed sensors distributed across urban space, software for filtering and analysing sounds, and experts working 24/7 to analyse and classify data. In the early 2010s, ShotSpotter was installed in two urban areas in Brazil with high rates of gun violence: Canoas (in southern Brazil) and Rio de Janeiro. Public officials and private companies involved with the project stated that the technology would revolutionise crime control in the country. However, I argue that several local translation gaps ended up affecting ShotSpotter’s performance.

Considerations on the optimization of natural gas deliveries by using automated control systems

The current paper aims at optimizing the natural gas deliveries from an underground storage by implementing automated control systems and fiscal measurement systems according to the harmonized European legislation in the area of metrology. In the first part, the authors have carried out an analysis regarding the state of the art at international level with regard to technical solutions for optimizing the deliveries of natural gas by means of a constriction element of a measurement panel. In the following, a software application was created for monitoring the parameters taken from the process gas chromatograph and transferring them to the flow computer by implementing software filters. The novelty element here is that it allows the trading of the nominated natural gas amount in a set period of time.

Smart Integrated Optical Rotation Sensor Incorporating a Fly-by-Wire Control System

In this work, a first prototype smart optical rotary sensor is demonstrated for fly-by-wire applications to detect cockpit inceptors or flight control surface movement. A rotary encoder, optical setup, electronic circuits, and a microcontroller, with built-in analog-to-digital converters, are packed into a single housing with dimensions of 80 mm × 80 mm × 50 mm to propose a smart sensor. To simulate cockpit inceptors or flight control surface displacement, an actuator is rotated by a computer-controlled driver and the output voltages are sent to the computer using a universal serial bus. Signal processing is done in two steps: software filtering followed by optical powers extraction from the measured digitized voltages. Experimental results show that the sensor has the sensitivity of 17.5 mW · W–1/° and an accuracy of 0.5% over the full range of 180°. Moreover, we test the sensor's reliability by examining the sensor response while varying the input power of the light source and we demonstrate that the sensor is highly reliable, a vital requirement for avionic applications. The sensor not only meets the requirements for avionic applications but it is also smart which leads to less maintenance, less electromagnetic interference (EMI) (instead of ∼100 twisted wire pairs, four buses are used which are more EMI resistant), and significant weight reduction.

Research on ON-LINE Insulation Monitoring Instrument of IT Power System in the Down Hole Mine

Base on The characteristics of IT power distribution system in metal mine downhole, on the basis of the analysis and comparison of existing insulation monitoring methods, with the low-frequency power injection method, the online insulation monitoring instrument of the IT power distribution system is designed in the metal mine down hole. By injecting the low-frequency power in the IT power distribution system, urge Low frequency signal source and insulation resistance and ground make up of circuit, Real-time detect voltage and current in the circuit. Sampling signals filtered By means of hardware and software filter, extracting low-frequency voltage and current in the circuit, implement ON-LINE insulation monitoring of IT power distribution system. Proved by experiment, the instrument is highly accurate and can complete the insulation performance monitoring of the whole IT power system.

Реєстрація параметрів автоматизованого програмно-апаратного комплексу медичного призначення

The main modules of the control unit of the automated software and hardware complex for carrying out medical diagnostic procedures, namely interval normobaric hypoxic training are considered. There are described methods for collecting and processing data in real time during training with measu-ring instruments for determining the composition of a gas hypoxic mixture (an oxygen sensor and a carbon dioxide sensor) and the state of the respiratory system (the air volume flow sensor) and hemodyna-mics (pulse oximeter) of the human. The following practical and scientific results have been obtained. A method for maintaining a given concentration of the respiratory mixture and controlling the compressor using a modified PID regulator is implemented. Taking into account the special features of the subject domain, the differential component of the PID regulator is defined as a function of the minute volume of breathing.The existing algorithms of frequency filtration are studied and comparison of different types of software filters is made. The possibility of their use in the system of hypoxic training is analyzed. For the subsystem of pulsoximetry the Butterworth 2nd order program filter has been selected. So it does not require significant computing resources and uses signal values only up to the last two iterations.The system of hardware timers and interrupts has been used. The functional purpose and modes of operation of which can be programmed to provide real-time work and solve problems of varying complexity and with different priorities. The created complex with the examined software was tested and recommended by the Ministry of Health to use in medical and sports institutions.

Trigger Study on the AMoRE-Pilot Detector

We present a systematic trigger study for the Advanced Molybdenum-based Rare process Experiment (AMoRE), an international project searching for the neutrinoless double beta decay ( $$0\nu \beta \beta $$ ) of $$^{100}\hbox {Mo}$$ . AMoRE utilizes a heat and light detection method at millikelvin temperatures. A detector module of AMoRE is composed of a large crystal absorber and metallic magnetic calorimeter temperature sensors. We applied a software filter with various conditions to the continuously saved data from the current AMoRE setup. With a trigger level set to 5 times the standard deviation of the noise signals resulting from a Butterworth filter, an energy threshold, defined as the energy of the signals leading to a 50% trigger efficiency, was found to be 2.2 keV.

Label-Free, Flow-Imaging Methods for Determination of Cell Concentration and Viability

PurposeTo investigate the potential of two flow imaging microscopy (FIM) techniques (Micro-Flow Imaging (MFI) and FlowCAM) to determine total cell concentration and cell viability.MethodsB-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) cells of 2 different donors were exposed to ambient conditions. Samples were taken at different days and measured with MFI, FlowCAM, hemocytometry and automated cell counting. Dead and live cells from a fresh B-ALL cell suspension were fractionated by flow cytometry in order to derive software filters based on morphological parameters of separate cell populations with MFI and FlowCAM. The filter sets were used to assess cell viability in the measured samples.ResultsAll techniques gave fairly similar cell concentration values over the whole incubation period. MFI showed to be superior with respect to precision, whereas FlowCAM provided particle images with a higher resolution. Moreover, both FIM methods were able to provide similar results for cell viability as the conventional methods (hemocytometry and automated cell counting).ConclusionFIM-based methods may be advantageous over conventional cell methods for determining total cell concentration and cell viability, as FIM measures much larger sample volumes, does not require labeling, is less laborious and provides images of individual cells.

Adaptive Commutation Error Compensation Strategy Based on a Flux Linkage Function for Sensorless Brushless DC Motor Drives in a Wide Speed Range

This paper presents a novel adaptive commutation error compensation strategy for the sensorless brushless DC (BLDC) motor based on the flux linkage function. It addresses the two key challenge problems on the sensorless control of the BLDC motor. The one is presenting a novel detection method for the BLDC motor rotor position signal to filter out the interference and the noise by the high frequency. The other one is proposing a commutation error compensation strategy to improve the system efficiency. In traditional sensorless control strategy, a deep low-pass filter is usually used to obtain the BLDC motor rotor position signal from the high-frequency interference. However, the delayed angle caused by the low-pass filter may be more than 90 electrical degrees in the high speed range. Therefore, a novel sensorless control strategy based on the speed-independent flux linkage function was proposed in this paper. The interference of the diode freewheeling was filtered by the software filter, and a closed-loop compensation algorithm based on the deviation of line-to-line voltages was illustrated to correct the commutation error in the high speed range. The stability and accuracy of the method was confirmed by a series of experiments.

Mapping Subsurface Structure at Guar Kepah by using Ground Penetrating Radar

A Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) survey was conducted at Guar Kepah to detect buried object before commencement of archaeological gallery construction. The study area covered around 20 m length and 14 m width. 15 GPR lines were constructed from north to south with 20 m length, 1 m spacing and parallel to each other. The 500 MHz closed antenna had been used in this study. The surface findings were noticed before started GPR survey. The data was analysed and interpreted by using Groundvision software and several filters were applied to radargrams to enhance the data. Based on the result, several anomalies were detected. The surface findings also detected by GPR which cause hyperbolic curve in radargrams. The subsurface layer was detected by GPR survey. The anomalies are assigned to several classes based on the pattern of signals obtained in radargrams.

Joint Probabilistic Data Association and Smoothing Applied to Multiple Space Object Tracking

A foundational aspect of space domain awareness is the ability to identify and track space objects, including space object discovery and custody. This paper demonstrates the power of combining an efficient multiple hypothesis joint probabilistic data association (MH-JPDA) algorithm with a fixed-interval smoother to simultaneously track multiple space objects. For newly discovered objects, statistical initial orbit determination (SIOD) is possible with a single short optical tracklet, but results in large initial uncertainties. Combining these uncertainties with closely spaced objects can result in highly ambiguous data associations, which can lead to poor state estimates and even filter divergence. This paper invokes MH-JPDA to probabilistically update multiple tracks with multiple simultaneous observations in a sequential filter, while avoiding assigning one-to-one associations. Once sufficient information has been collected, the space objects become uniquely distinguishable among each other. Subsequently, the smoother is applied to achieve improved association of the prior observations. MH-JPDA allows for immediate track formation (using SIOD) and sequential processing of incoming observations, providing statistically rigorous real-time state estimates, whereas smoothing produces a more-refined, higher-confidence overall track estimate at user-defined intervals. This paper demonstrates this approach within the Constrained Admissible Region, Multiple Hypothesis Filter (CAR-MHF) software by tracking a simulated break-up scenario.

HyPaFilter+: Enhanced Hybrid Packet Filtering Using Hardware Assisted Classification and Header Space Analysis

Firewalls, key components for secured network infrastructures, are faced with two different kinds of challenges: first, they must be fast enough to classify network packets at line speed, and second, their packet processing capabilities should be versatile in order to support complex filtering policies. Unfortunately, most existing classification systems do not qualify equally well for both requirements: systems built on special-purpose hardware are fast, but limited in their filtering functionality. In contrast, software filters provide powerful matching semantics, but struggle to meet line speed. This motivates the combination of parallel, yet complexity-limited specialized circuitry with a slower, but versatile software firewall. The key challenge in such a design arises from the dependencies between classification rules due to their relative priorities within the rule set: complex rules requiring software-based processing may be interleaved at arbitrary positions between those where hardware processing is feasible. Therefore, we discuss approaches for partitioning and transforming rule sets for hybrid packet processing. As a result, we propose HyPaFilter+, a hybrid classification system consisting of an FPGA-based hardware matcher and a Linux netfilter firewall, which provides a simple, yet effective hardware/software packet shunting algorithm. Our evaluation shows up to 30-fold throughput gains over software packet processing.

Disease Free Margins Assessment Using Enhanced Methylene Blue Video Contact Endoscopy with SPIES Filters in Vocal Fold Malignancies

Vocal fold carcinomas represent a pathology that has an important incidence. Recent studies showed that 70% of the dysplastic lesions can skip the phases of mild and severe dysplasia directly to carcinoma. For that reason early detection of a malignancy of the vocal fold is mandatory. If the lesion is discovered in an early stage it must be aggressively treated using CO2 LASER surgery and disease free margins must be obtained. Because frozen sections are not always available in all medical centers we are proposing a new protocol to assess disease free margins during CO2 LASER assisted laryngoscopy. Methylene blue contact endoscopy is not a new method, as it was introduced in laryngology by professors Oscar Diaz and Mario Andreea in 1994. We are proposing a protocol designed to assess disease free margins using an enhanced video contact endoscopy with SPIES software filters. The SPIES filters technology is a relatively new technology proposed by Karl Storz in 2013. A critical analysis of the method will be done comparing the results with paraffin histopathology exam.

Methylene Blue Video Contact Endoscopy Enhanced with SPIES Filters in Early Detection of Malignancies of the Vocal Fold

Methylene blue video contact endoscopy was imagined for the first time in the early �70s by a gynecologist named Hamou. He was the first one to perform contact colposcopy using methylene blue staining. Because of the poor medical optic technology at that time the method was abandoned. Prof. Mario Andreea and Oscar Diaz preformed in 1994 the first video contact endoscopy of the vocal fold. We propose a new way to enhance the video contact endoscopy�s power to detect early malignancies of the vocal fold using SPIES software filters. The method will be critically analyzed.

A Filter-Based Dynamic Resource Management Framework for Virtualized Data Centers

Data centers adapt their operation to changing run-time conditions using energy-aware and SLA-compliant resource management techniques. In this context, current paper presents a novel filter-based dynamic resource management framework for virtualized data centers. By choosing and combining properly software filters performing the scheduling and resource management operations, the framework may be used in what-if analysis. The framework is evaluated by simulation for deploying batch best-effort jobs with time-varying CPU requirements.

Global Positioning System Navigation Above 76,000 KM for NASA'S Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission

NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission, launched in March of 2015, consists of a controlled formation of four spin-stabilized spacecraft in similar highly elliptic orbits reaching apogee at radial distances of 12 and 25 Earth radii (RE) in the first and second phases of the mission. Navigation for MMSis achieved independently on-board each spacecraft by processing Global Positioning System (GPS) observables using NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)'s Navigator GPS receiver and the Goddard Enhanced Onboard Navigation System (GEONS) extended Kalman filter software. To our knowledge, MMS constitutes, by far, the highest-altitude operational use of GPS to date and represents a high point of over a decade of high-altitude GPS navigation research and development at GSFC. In this paper we will briefly describe past and ongoing high-altitude GPS research efforts at NASA GSFC and elsewhere, provide details on the design of the MMS GPS navigation system, and present on-orbit performance data from the first phase. We extrapolate these results to predict performance in the second phase orbit, and conclude with a discussion of the implications of the MMS results for future high-altitude GPS navigation, which we believe to be broad and far-reaching.