Software Analysis Research Articles

Impact of Social Media Influencers Credibility on Destination Brand Trust and Destination Purchase Intention: Extending Meaning Transfer Model?

This study is intended to know the effect of sub-dimensions of social media influencer’s credibility (SMIC) on destination purchase intention (DPI) of visitors, and the mediating role of destination brand trust (DBT) in the relationship. Grounded in the positivism paradigm, the study adopts a quantitative approach. A total of 356 tourists during their Kashmir trip participated in the questionnaire survey. Descriptive analysis using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 22.0) software and structural equation modelling to test the proposed model was conducted by using Analysis of Moment Structures software (AMOS 23.0). Results of this study revealed that SMIC (trustworthiness, similarity, attractiveness) significantly impacted DBT and DPI. Additionally, the relationship between SMIC and DPI was considerably mediated by DBT. Further, Meaning Transfer Model is also validated, as the results of this study were in resonance with this theory. The results of this study will facilitate tourism policy makers in framing policies and choosing the most appropriate social media influencer (SMI), as well as guide people who looking forward at influencer marketing as a career and researchers working on social media marketing within tourism.

Development of novel SSR markers and validation by assessing the genetic diversity of endangered Deccan mahseer, Tor khudree.

The Deccan mahseer, Tor khudree (Sykes, 1839) is a potential game and food fish species belonging to the family cyprinidae and is categorized as endangered. Its distribution is restricted to southern part of India, specifically to Peninsular Rivers. This study is first to assess the genetic diversity and differentiation in Tor khudree by developing novel simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Low depth next generation sequencing followed by sequence analysis in MISA software identified 187,649 SSRs. The novel fourteen validated SSR loci were used for population genetic analysis. All of the SSR loci were highly informative with mean PIC > 0.5. High mean allelic richness (9.29) observed heterozygosity (0.98) and expected heterozygosity (0.79) were observed across the loci. However, genetic differentiation was low but significant (0.052). Negative FIS values were observed in both locus-wise and populations indicating the presence of high heterozygosity. Intrapopulation variation was found to be high (96.29%). The population structure revealed two genetic stocks. The results from the present study including the highly polymorphic markers developed would be a useful resource for further research on population genetics and conservation genetics of the species.

Cannabigerol Induces Autophagic Cell Death by Inhibiting EGFR-RAS Pathways in Human Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most frequent infiltrating type of pancreatic cancer. The poor prognosis associated with this cancer is due to the absence of specific biomarkers, aggressiveness, and treatment resistance. PDAC is a deadly malignancy bearing distinct genetic alterations, the most common being those that result in cancer-causing versions of the KRAS gene. Cannabigerol (CBG) is a non-psychomimetic cannabinoid with anti-inflammatory properties. Regarding the anticancer effect of CBG, up to now, there is only limited evidence in human cancers. To fill this gap, we investigated the effects of CBG on the PDAC cell lines, PANC-1 and MIAPaCa-2. The effect of CBG activity on cell viability, cell death, and EGFR-RAS-associated signaling was investigated. Moreover, the potential synergistic effect of CBG in combination with gemcitabine (GEM) and paclitaxel (PTX) was investigated. MTT was applied to investigate the effect of CBG on PDAC cell line viabilities. Annexin-V and Acridine orange staining, followed by cytofluorimetric analysis and Western blotting, were used to evaluate CBG's effect on cell death. The modulation of EGFR-RAS-associated pathways was determined by Western blot analysis and a Milliplex multiplex assay. Moreover, by employing the MTT data and SynergyFinder Plus software analysis, the effect of the combination of CBG and chemotherapeutic drugs was determined.

The Impact of Performance Appraisal System (PAS) on Employee Performance in Banks Operating in South East Nigeria Post-Covid-19 Pandemic

This study examined the impact of the performance appraisal system (PAS) on employee performance in banks operating in South East Nigeria post the Covid-19 pandemic. The study's broad objective was to examine the impact of performance appraisal on employees' work performance in South East Nigeria. This research also looked into the important components of performance appraisal, such as setting performance criteria, communicating those goals, measuring actual performance against those standards, discussing the appraisal with employees, and providing feedback. The required data for this investigation was acquired using a closed-ended structured questionnaire. Many related studies were used to create the questionnaire, which was then modified. The following approaches were used to select the comprehensive sample from a total population of 1745 employees: The target demographic was first determined, and then the sample size was calculated using a formula. Basically, 325 questionnaires were distributed to the employees that were sampled, and 260 of them were returned, representing 80% response rate. The 260 completed surveys were then analysed with smart PLS, a programme designed specifically for Structural Equation Modeling, path analysis, and confirmatory component analysis. It is also known as causal modelling software or analysis of covariance software. Correlation analysis and descriptive statistics were used. The study's findings revealed that performance appraisal had a primarily favourable impact on employee performance in Nigeria's banking sector. There was some positive and a negative (very significant) relationship between performance appraisal and employee performance, according to the correlation study.

Analysis of surgical site infection and tumour-specific survival rate in patients with renal cell carcinoma after laparoscopic radical nephrectomy.

Surgical site infections (SSIs) may pose a significant risk to patients undergoing surgery. This study aims to explore the risk factors for SSIs in patients undergoing laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma and the impact of infection on tumour-specific survival (CSS) after nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. To explore the risk factors for SSIs in patients undergoing laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma and the impact of infection on tumour-specific survival (CSS) after nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 400 patients in our hospital from June 2021 to June 2023. This study divided patients into two groups: those with SSI and those without SSI. Collect general data and information related to the operating room. Clearly defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Select surgical time, laminar mobile operating room use, and intraoperative hypothermia as observation indicators. Perform statistical analysis using SPSS 25.0 software, including univariate, multivariate, and survival analyses of wound-infected and uninfected patients. Out of 400 patients, 328 had no SSIs, 166 died during follow-up, 72 had SSIs, and 30 died during follow-up. There was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) in comparing primary data between individuals without SSIs and those with SSIs. There were statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in surgical time, nonlaminar flow operating room use, and intraoperative hypothermia. The postoperative survival time of SSI patients with a tumour diameter of 7.0-9.9 cm was significantly longer than that of SSI patients, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The occurrence of severe infection in patients with other tumour diameters did not affect postoperative survival, and the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). After multiple factor analysis, it was found that severe infection can prolong the postoperative survival of patients with tumour diameter exceeding 7 cm (HR = 0.749, p < 0.05). This study identified nonlaminar flow operating rooms, prolonged surgical time, and intraoperative hypothermia as significant risk factors for SSIs. After nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma patients with a tumour diameter of 7-9.9 μ m, perioperative infection can prolong their survival. However, it has no significant effect on patients with other tumour diameters.

Persepsi dan Keputusan Wisatawan dalam Membeli Produk Berlabel Green Product di Desa Wisata Panglipuran, Bali

The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of tourist perceptions and decisions on the purchase of green products labeled products in Panglipuran Bali Tourism Village and to determine the influence of tourist decisions on and purchases of green products labeled products in Penglipuran Bali Tourism Village, in this study using quantitative research using data analysis from software from smartPLS 4.0, then in testing conducted by researchers among others as follows, the number of latent variables in this study is 4 variables, namely Perception (PR), Tourist Decision (TD) is an endogenous variable, while exogenous variables are Purchase (PMB) and Green Products. (GP). Furthermore, the results of respondents' answers will be processed and analyzed with smartPLS-SEM 4.0 software analysis techniques. The formulas are tested for convergent and discriminant validity, reliability, construct multicollinearity, R Square Test, F-Square Model Conformity Test (F2) and Path Coefficient Test. Based on the results of the hypothesis test, it shows that the hypothesis test in this study was carried out by looking at the t-statistical value and p-value. A research hypothesis is considered acceptable if the t-statistic value is greater than 1.65 and the p value &lt; 0.05. Furthermore, it is known to test the hypothesis that this study shows the results for the results of H1 analysis, namely the perception of a significant effect on the purchase of green product-based products in Panglipuran Tourism Village Bali, by looking at the statistical value of T of 2.3150, then at the P value of 0.0113 smaller than 0.05, in other words that H1 is accepted. Then on H2 about the influence of tourist decisions that have a significant effect on the purchase of products labeled green products in Panglipuran Tourism Village Bali can be seen with a statistical value of T of 2.4835, then for the P veleus value of 0.1201, with the results of this hypothesis test that for H2 is acceptable.

Financial Distress: Identifying Influencing Factors and Moderating Dynamics in Manufacturing Companies

In order to adapt to changes in the economy and reduce possible losses, financial distress plays a critical strategic role. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the characteristics that reduce financial distress as well as the factors that moderate it. All manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange between 2017 and 2021 are included in this quantitative study. A total of 79 companies were chosen for observation during a five-year period using the purposive sample method, yielding 395 observations. Using Stata software, linear regression and moderated regression analysis (MRA) were used to analyze the data. This study demonstrates that the factors of leverage and ROA each have a significant impact on financial distress. It wasn't demonstrated that operating cash flow significantly affects financial distress, nevertheless. Additional findings revealed that size significantly moderates the association of leverage on financial distress. This study makes a significant contribution to our understanding of the variables that lead to financial distress, particularly in light of the manufacturing sector's poor performance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, revealing this moderating influence might benefit investors significantly by enabling them to take business size into consideration when assessing corporate investments.

EXPLORING THE EFFICACY OF DIGITAL MEME MARKETING CAMPAIGNS IN GENERATING LEADS WITHIN THE GENERATION Z DEMOGRAPHIC

Quite recently, marketers have used memes because they entice customers’ attention. It serves as a means to have a dialogue between customers and companies. Some companies would even hire people to browse the internet for relevant memes. The emergence of Generation Z, who are digital natives, has brought significant changes to how businesses interact with their target audience. One potential strategy is to use digital memes as a marketing tool to engage them. The study, using 271 respondents, investigates the use of the aforementioned tool to determine its appropriateness in lead generation based on the Attention, Interest, Desire, Action (AIDA) model. Using the software Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS), a descriptive exploratory design using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to investigate the relationship between the different variables in the study. The findings show that attention impacts interest, interest influences desire, and desire significantly affects action at a significance level of p &lt; 0.01. The study revealed that Digital memes are an effective tool that can be utilized to generate leads. Businesses can use digital memes to engage with the Generation Z segment. However, prudence in creating memes must align the message with corporate values and be relevant to the target audience.

AUTOMATION OF ACCOUNTING

This article discusses current trends and problems of automation implementation in accounting of organizations. The main stages of the automation process are described, starting from the analysis and selection of suitable software to staff training and process optimization. The article emphasizes the importance of automation to improve the efficiency, accuracy and efficiency of accounting. Common programs and technologies are considered, as well as the advantages and challenges faced by enterprises when implementing automation in accounting processes are highlighted. The article emphasizes the importance of a balanced use of technology and the human factor for the successful fusion of automation with accounting practice.

Tax Sanction by Reward and Punishment Mechanism as A Part of Tax Law in Increasing Tax Morale

Background: Taxation is an important source of revenue for a country. Research in many developing countries has recently demonstrated that tax can play a significant role in the development of power of state and society. This is seen on two principles, namely the imposition of a tax as a negotiation process based on social contract (revenue-bargaining policy) and taxes for institutional development to strengthen the capacity of the state to perform its functions. Unfortunately, countries with tax systems still have problems with tax compliance because of low tax morale and low tax sanction enforcement.&#x0D; &#x0D; Purpose: The study’s purpose was to conduct research related to the effect of tax sanction by combining reward and punishment against tax morale to increase tax compliance.&#x0D; &#x0D; Theoretical reference: Tax morale is the intrinsic motivation and willingness of individuals and businesses to comply with tax obligations voluntarily. Rewards can be framed as gains, leveraging prospect theory to enhance the perceived benefits of tax compliance. Punishments function as deterrents to non-compliance by increasing the perceived costs of evasion. Rewards and punishments can be balanced to create an optimal incentive structure. The perceived fairness in the distribution of rewards and punishments contributes to tax morale.&#x0D; &#x0D; Method: Research is undertaken through online surveys. In this study, besides conducting descriptive analysis to see the characteristics of respondents and the mean and frequency of each variable, data is also analyzed by Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis. In the implementation, descriptive analysis is realized by Qualtrics Software and verification analysis, consisting of assessing outer model and assessing inner model.&#x0D; &#x0D; Results and Conclusion: The study highlighted the respondent’s agreement toward reward and punishment mechanism in the tax sanction and this mechanism can enhance tax morale. The findings emphasize the significant impact the tax sanction via reward and punishment on tax morale.&#x0D; &#x0D; Implications of research: The implementation of tax sanctions, as a part of tax law, in the form of easiness (reward) and uneasiness (punishment) in obtaining public services. It is considered more humane than imprisonment sanction to people, who have contributed to the country by taxes paid and smoother to increase tax morale, so that the green economy and sustainable developments in the tax sector can be realized.&#x0D; &#x0D; Originality/value: Reward and punishment mechanism in enhancing tax morale.

Integrated Visual Software Analytics on the GitHub Platform

Readily available software analysis and analytics tools are often operated within external services, where the measured software analysis data are kept internally and no external access to the data is available. We propose an approach to integrate visual software analysis on the GitHub platform by leveraging GitHub Actions and the GitHub API, covering both analysis and visualization. The process is to perform software analysis for each commit, e.g., static source code complexity metrics, and augment the commit using the resulting data, stored as git objects within the same repository. We show that this approach is feasible by integrating it into 64 open source TypeScript projects. Furthermore, we analyze the impact on Continuous Integration (CI) run time and repository storage. The stored software analysis data are externally accessible to allow for visualization tools, such as software maps. The effort to integrate our approach is limited to enabling the analysis component within a project’s CI on GitHub and embed an HTML snippet into the project’s website for visualization. This enables a large amount of projects to have access to software analysis as well as provide means to communicate the current status of a project.

WELLNESS TOURISM SERVICES INNOVATION: A BIBLIOMETRIC REVIEW AND FUTURE RESEARCH AGENDA

This research analyzes 657 studies in the Web of Science (WOS) and 288 studies in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database from 2010 to 2023. This research employs the scientific quantitative knowledge graph method to analyze literature characteristics, core author, institution network, hotspots, and trends. The CiteSpace software analysis results show that the number of published papers is rising but fluctuates slightly. A core group of authors has not yet formed in this field, and the cooperation density between authors and institutions is low. Their distribution spreads in space with significant regional differences, mainly in European and Asian countries. The causes, impacts, and solutions of multi-actor engagement in service innovation are the focus of WOS and CNKI literature. However, scholars discuss the enterprise supply side, customer demand side, and government policy side in WOS, while scholars mainly discuss the interaction between variables in CNKI. A lack of an evaluation system for service innovation in wellness tourism restricts further research on service innovation. There is an essential potential for topics such as multi-actor engagement in the wellness tourism service innovation, digital technology, knowledge management, service innovation ecosystem performances, and wellness tourism development in developing countries. This study promotes an overview and reference for future scholars' research of service innovation in the wellness tourism industry.

Seasonality of Reproduction in a Subtropical Free-Living Finch Amandava amandava: Plasticity of Adenohypophyseal Gonadotropes, Lactotropes, and Thyrotropes

Introduction: This study sought to decipher the mechanism of transitions between life-history stages in a seasonally reproducing subtropical finch, Amandava amandava delineating the plasticity of the gonadotropes (LH cells), lactotropes (PRL cells), and thyrotropes (TSH cells) in the pituitary gland including the pars tuberalis, with regard to the in situ expression, morphological characteristics, and alteration in the plasma levels of hormones. Methods: Immunohistochemistry of LH, PRL, TSH cells, morphometry and densitometry of expressed hormones (Image J software analysis), and ELISA for plasma hormonal levels were performed. Results: LH, PRL, and TSH cells showed remarkable plasticity during the annual seasonal reproductive cycle. In the PT, all the 3 cell types were detected during the breeding phase, with additional detection of the TSH immunoreactivity during the pre-breeding and the PRL immunoreactivity during post-breeding phases. Pars distalis (PD) expressions and the plasma levels of the LH and TSH were at the peak during the breeding phase, but the PRL peak was during the post-breeding phase. In addition to PRL in the neurohypophysis and in the median eminence, hypothalamic PRL, and TSH were also elucidated. Conclusions: This study suggests activation of the gonadal axis by the PT TSH which might transduce seasonal cues, but not specifically photoperiod, in the birds of the tropics/subtropics. Post-breeding phase sustained high plasma TSH and peak plasma PRL might coordinate the transition to the non-breeding phase including the trigger of parental care as the later hormone assigned with. Hypothalamic TSH and PRL might influence events of seasonality through central modulation.

Analysis of available software for material tracking at mines: An approach for data verification and reconciliation

A comprehensive approach for material measurement, tracking, and reconciliation of actual and planned is required for a successful metal accounting system. For ore and metal accounting, the mining industry has mostly relied on spreadsheets to track material flow. The broad use of spreadsheets in metal accounting and mining operations is investigated in this paper. The paper also provides a comparative review of four commonly used software packages, namely (a) Deswik, (b) MineRP, (c) Snowden, and (d) Mapteks’ MRT systems. The capacity to track materials in real-time from the pit or underground to the surface is a standout feature for all the applications. Although there are limitations in dealing with discrepancies in production variables such as mass, grade, fragmentation, density, spatial coordinates, and moisture content, a conceptual data verification and reconciliation process with an improvement strategy aligned with best practices for effective ore tracking at mines is proposed.

Combined Prognostic Impact of Low Muscle Mass and Hypoalbuminemia in Patients Hospitalized for Heart Failure: ARetrospective Cohort Study.

Sarcopenia and hypoalbuminemia have been identified as independent predictors of increased adverse outcomes, including mortality and readmissions, in hospitalized older adults with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). However, the impact of coexisting sarcopenia and hypoalbuminemia on morbidity and death in adults with ADHF has not yet been investigated. We aimed to investigate the combined effects of lower muscle mass (LMM) as a surrogate for sarcopenia and hypoalbuminemia on in-hospital and postdischarge outcomes of patients hospitalized for ADHF. A total of 385 patients admitted for ADHF between 2017 and 2020 at a single institution were retrospectively identified. Demographic and clinical data were collected, including serum albumin levels at admission and discharge. Skeletal muscle indices were derived from semi-automated segmentation software analysis on axial chest computed tomography at the twelfth vertebral level. Our analysis revealed that patients who had LMM with admission hypoalbuminemia experienced increased diagnoses of infection and delirium with longer hospital length of stay and more frequent discharge to a facility. Upon discharge, 27.9% of patients had higher muscle mass without discharge hypoalbuminemia (reference group), 9.7% had LMM without discharge hypoalbuminemia, 38.4% had higher muscle mass with discharge hypoalbuminemia, and 24.0% had LMM with discharge hypoalbuminemia; mortality rates were 37.6%, 51.4%, 48.9%, and 63.2%, respectively. 1- and 3-year mortality risks were highest in those with LMM and discharge hypoalbuminemia; this relationship remained significant over a median 23.6 (3.1-33.8) months follow-up time despite multivariable adjustments (hazard ratio, 2.03 [95% CI, 1.31-3.16]; P=0.002). Hospitalization with ADHF, LMM, and hypoalbuminemia portend heightened mortality risk.

The Natural Centella asiatica Extract Acts as a Stretch Mark Eraser: A Biological Evaluation

Stretch marks are far from exclusively appearing on pregnant women and appear whenever the body experiences rapid growth. Collagen fibres are altered in the dermis, which is associated with a loss of orientation, and the elastic network is disrupted, leading to a fibrotic organisation. This results in epidermal tearing that produces skin lesions. Centella asiatica (CAST) is a well-known medicinal plant rich in active triterpenic molecules and traditionally used to treat wounds and help skin repair. The aim of this study was to evaluate CAST extract as a natural way to solve stretch mark concerns and understand its mechanism of action. Fibroblast proliferation based on scratch assay model and their gene expression by RT-qPCR was first evaluated. At the ex vivo level, elastin fibres were quantified by immunofluorescence. The orientation of the collagen fibres and their occupation of the dermis were analysed after Sirius red staining and specific software analysis. We showed that CAST stimulated fibroblast proliferation and reduced extracellular matrix degradation and fibrosis. On a stretch-marked skin explant, CAST increased the occupation of collagen fibres and elastin production. Based on the mechanisms behind the formation of stretch marks, CAST restored the dermis network by optimising fibre organisation for a visible skin remodelling effect.

The Effectiveness of Therapy Based on Acceptance and Commitment regarding Reducing Hopelessness and Anxiety of Working Children in Yazd city

Introduction: The phenomenon of working and street children is one of the problems that plagues most big cities. Working children means children and teenagers who, according to social laws, under the age of 18 engage in activities to earn money. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment regarding reducing hopelessness and anxiety of working children in Yazd City.&#x0D; Method: The method of the current research was semi-experimental, and its design was pre-test-post-test with a control group and a four-week follow-up. The statistical population included working children in the age group of 8 to 12 who were covered by the welfare management of Yazd city in the spring of 2019. The study sample included 30 working children who were placed randomly in 2 control and experimental groups using convenience sampling. Data collection tools included Kazdin's Children’s Hopelessness Scale and Spence's Children’s Anxiety Scale. The experimental group received 8 one and half an hour sessions of treatment based on commitment and acceptance, but the control group was placed on the waiting list. Data analysis was done using analysis of covariance test and SPSS software.&#x0D; Results: The results of the present study, according to the analysis of covariance, showed that the treatment based on acceptance and commitment significantly reduced the level of frustration and anxiety in working children (p&lt;0/05).&#x0D; Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the treatment based on commitment and acceptance has been able to reduce hopelessness and anxiety of working children. It is suggested to organize psychological interventions and trainings with the help of relevant organizations in order to improve working children’s mental health and reduce their anxiety and frustration.

Analisis Riset Harga Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Es Krim Aice Pada Mahasiswa Universitas Bina Bangsa

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of price research on purchasing decisions for ice cream products.This research uses quantitative methods and takes a sample of 150 Bina Bangsa University students who consume Aice ice cream. Data was collected by distributing questionnaires and processed using SPSS software analysis tools. Test selected results and quantitative analysis include validity test, reliability test, simple linear aggressiveness test, t test, f test, and coefficient of determination test.Based on the research results, it is concluded that the price variable has a positive and significant effect on consumer purchasing decisions for ice cream.

A new approach to assessing and forecasting the stock of sprat in the Baltic Sea in modern conditions

The aim of this article: analysis of information and software for forecasting of the Baltic Sea sprat stock Sprattus sprattus balticus at 22–32 ICES subdivisions in the context of the suspension of Russia’s activities in the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES).Methods used: The data of estimates of sprat abundance and biomass by hydroacoustic methods, commercial and biostatistical characteristics of the species were used to assess the stock and predict its catch in the Baltic Sea. Estimation of the sprat stock was carried out using the traditional method of virtual population analysis (VPA) adjusted according to the method of extended survival analysis (XSA) using the internationally approved VPA module software within the framework of ICES and the R software environment. The recruitment calibration program RCT3 (Recruitment calibration) was used for the abundance of recruitment (age 1 year) according to XSA and forecast. A multivariate short-term forecast was carried out at different levels of development of the total allowable catch (TAC) under the MFDP program (Multi Fleet Deterministic Projection). As an alternative, the domestic software «KAFKA» was tested.Novelty: for the first time, estimates of the sprat stock were made in the conditions of limited access of Russian specialists to primary data in ICES in full.Result: modern methodological and informational support of scientific research in the Baltic Sea in the conditions of the suspension of the activities of Russian experts in ICES makes it possible to obtain information in the minimum necessary amount for assessing the stock of sprat and predicting its catch. Modeling with the «KAFKA» software showed satisfactory results.Practical significance: The current level of information support for forecasting the state of the stock and catch of sprat in the Baltic Sea will allow solving a complex of problems of managing this resource in modern conditions.

Advancements in high-resolution 3D microscopy analysis of endosomal morphology in postmortem Alzheimer's disease brains.

Abnormal endo-lysosomal morphology is an early cytopathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have implicated genes involved in the endo-lysosomal network (ELN) as conferring increased risk for developing sporadic, late-onset AD (LOAD). Characterization of ELN pathology and the underlying pathophysiology is a promising area of translational AD research and drug development. However, rigorous study of ELN vesicles in AD and aged control brains poses a unique constellation of methodological challenges due in part to the small size of these structures and subsequent requirements for high-resolution imaging. Here we provide a detailed protocol for high-resolution 3D morphological quantification of neuronal endosomes in postmortem AD brain tissue, using immunofluorescent staining, confocal imaging with image deconvolution, and Imaris software analysis pipelines. To demonstrate these methods, we present neuronal endosome morphology data from 23 sporadic LOAD donors and one aged non-AD control donor. The techniques described here were developed across a range of AD neuropathology to best optimize these methods for future studies with large cohorts. Application of these methods in research cohorts will help advance understanding of ELN dysfunction and cytopathology in sporadic AD.