Softening Rate Research Articles

Effect of Tapioca and Tragacanth based edible coatings on the physiological, chemical, microbial, and phytochemical quality of Tomato fruits

AbstractIn recent years, edible coatings have emerged as a promising solution to extend the shelf life, and maintain the quality of fruits and vegetables. The purpose of the study was the development and application of gum Tragacanth and Tapioca‐based edible coatings to extend the storability and quality of tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L). Different treatments were prepared with combinations of Tragacanth gum (0.5, 1, 1.5 g) and Tapioca (1, 1.5, 2 g). Parameters such as weight loss, sugars, decay percentage, pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, antioxidant capacity, phenolic and flavonoid contents, microbial counts, and sensory evaluation were measured during 14 days storage. Results revealed that the application of gum Tragacanth and Tapioca‐based coatings significantly reduced weight loss, decay percentage, and microbial counts of treated tomatoes as compared to the control group. The coated tomatoes exhibited improved sensory features, with a slower rate of softening, during the storage. There was a significant increment in total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity of coated fruits during 7 days of storage. The observed improvements in the postharvest quality attributes suggest that the gum Tragacanth and Tapioca‐based edible coatings have the potential to retain and enhance the nutritional and bioactive contents and shelf life of tomato.

Extending Raspberry Shelf Life and Maintaining Postharvest Quality with CO2 Atmospheres

Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) fruit are known for their extremely short shelf life. Decay, leakiness, and loss of firmness are the most common limiting factors contributing to their short storage life. However, storage in elevated CO2 and reduced O2 atmospheres can delay senescence in fruit by reducing softening, respiration and ethylene production rates, and pathogen growth. In this study, raspberries were exposed to four different CO2 atmospheres—15 kPa CO2 and 6 kPa O2 (15 kPa); 8 kPa CO2 and 13 kPa O2 (8 kPa); 5 kPa CO2 and 16 kPa O2 (5 kPa); or 0.03 kPa CO2 and 21 kPa O2 (0.03 kPa)—and were evaluated for their postharvest quality periodically during two weeks of storage in 2020 and 2021. Raspberry fruits kept in a 15 kPa CO2 atmosphere followed by 8 kPa CO2 had higher firmness, brighter red color, and the least fungal decay or leakiness. In all atmospheres, the total anthocyanin content increased over time, although the rate of increase was slowed by high CO2. The raspberries’ visual attributes deteriorated over time in all atmospheres, but high CO2 atmospheres slowed the rate of deterioration. After five days, the quality of air-stored raspberries was significantly degraded, while the raspberries stored in elevated CO2 maintained good quality for up to ten days.

Deformation and microregion fracture mechanisms in type 316L welded joint under isothermal and thermo-mechanical fatigue loadings

Isothermal (IF) and thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) tests were conducted on 316L welded joints to investigate the effects of phase angle (in-phase (IP), clockwise-diamond (CD), and out-of-phase (OP)) and mechanical strain amplitude (±0.4 %, ±0.5 %, ±0.6 %) on deformation and microregion fracture mechanisms. Results reveal that increasing strain amplitude induces a higher softening rate, reduced fatigue life, and more pronounced dynamic strain aging (DSA). Nevertheless, there is a complicated discrepancy in the cyclic deformation between various phase angles. At high strain amplitudes, local embrittlement along the austenite/δ-ferrite interface induces cracking in the weld metal (WM) under both IF and TMF loadings, with TMF life increasing with phase angle. At a lower strain amplitude of 0.4 %, however, fracture location migration and different TMF life were observed. Microstructural analysis reveals that during TMF a lower strain amplitude of 0.4 %, the microstructure in both base metal (BM) and WM evolves from simple planar structures to low-energy substructures, characterized by an increase in kernel average misorientation, geometrically necessary dislocations, and low-angle grain boundaries, together with a reduction in high-angle grain boundaries and twin boundaries. In the WM, increasing phase angle tends to reduce dislocation density and reproduces planar dislocation structures due to enhanced DSA, thereby lowering cellular structure maturity. Conversely, in the BM, dislocation proliferation and interaction intensify, enhancing cellular structure maturity and de-twinning effect, which reduces BM fracture resistance and causes fracture migration from the WM to the BM. Moreover, active DSA under CD loading improves deformation resistance in both microregions, prolonging fatigue life and contributing to the observed different TMF life.

Dynamic constitutive model of Fe–Cr–Ni stainless steel based on isothermal true stress-strain curves

Austenitic Fe–Cr–Ni stainless steel is widely used in aviation, chemistry, energy, due to its excellent properties of high-temperature performance. In this study, the splitting Hopkinson pressure bar with high-temperature system was employed to evaluate the dynamic mechanical properties of Fe–Cr–Ni stainless steel. The true stress-strain curves were obtained under varying conditions, including variable strains, strain rates and temperatures. The true stress increases and levels off as the true strain increases, while increases as the strain rate increases, but decreases sharply as the deformation temperature rises. The deformation temperature is consist of healing temperature and adiabatic temperature. The adiabatic temperature rise related to the specific heat capacity was calculated. The actual deformation temperatures were calculated under different strains by combining the true stress-strain curves. The true stress-strain curve under variable temperature was corrected to the stress-strain curve under isothermal state by using the thermal softening rate, which decoupled the strain and temperature. The Power-Law and Johnson-Cook constitutive models were fitted based on the real stress-strain isothermal curve. The fitting accuracy of Power-Law model was 1.61% for different strain rates at room temperature in average, 3.51% for fixed strain rate at different temperatures. While the fitting accuracy of Johnson-Cook model was 2.94% for different strain rates at room temperature in average, 6.18% for fixed strain rate at different temperatures.

Numerical analysis of downward progressive landslides in long natural slopes with sensitive clay

Landslides occurring in sensitive clay often result in widespread destruction, posing a significant risk to human lives and property due to the substantial decrease in undrained shear strength during deformation. Assessing the consequences of these landslides is challenging and necessitates robust numerical methods to comprehensively investigate their failure mechanisms. While studies have extensively explored upward progressive landslides in sensitive clays, understanding downward progressive cases remains limited. In this study, we utilised the nodal integration-based particle finite element method (N-PFEM) with a nonlinear strain-softening model to analyse downward progressive landslides in sensitive clay on elongated slopes, induced by surcharge loads near the crest. We focused on elucidating the underlying failure mechanisms and evaluating the effects of different soil parameters and strain-softening characteristics. The simulation results revealed the typical pattern for downward landslides, which typically start with a localised failure in proximity to the surcharge loads, followed by a combination of different types of failure mechanisms, including single flow slides, translational progressive landslides, progressive flow slides, and spread failures. Additionally, inclined shear bands occur within spread failures, often adopting distinctive ploughing patterns characterised by triangular shapes. The sensitive clay thickness at the base, the clay strength gradient, the sensitivity, and the softening rate significantly influence the failure mechanisms and the extent of diffused displacement. Remarkably, some of these effects mirror those observed in upward progressive landslides, underscoring the interconnectedness of these phenomena. This study contributes valuable insights into the complex dynamics of sensitive clay landslides, shedding light on the intricate interplay of factors governing their behaviour and progression.

Reliability-based evaluation of ultimate embedment depths of torpedo anchors in spatially variable clay

In this study, a large deformation random finite element (LDRFE) method was used to investigate the dynamic penetration of anchor piles in spatially variable clay. Validation of the rationality of the proposed methodology using data from published studies. The randomness of the undrained shear strength of the soil in the system is considered by three-dimensional random fields to investigate the anchor penetration mechanism and quantitatively assess the ultimate embedment depths (Hran ) of the anchor in spatially variable clay. The strain softening and strain rate effects of the soft clayey soil were considered. The findings indicate that the variability in soil strength significantly affects the flow pattern and failure mechanism of the soil, consequently influencing the Hran of the anchor. Furthermore, according to the computed Hran results, a coefficient of variation of soil shear strength φ can be used to connect the deterministic (Hdet ) and random analysis results. This correlation may facilitate further development of reliability-based designs.

Improved low cycle fatigue property of Ti–6Al–4V alloy by trace Fe addition

The low-cycle fatigue properties of titanium alloys suffering cyclic loading determines the safety in service for their components used in submarine shells. It has been reported that tensile property could be improved by making use of Fe alloying element partitioning effect. However, the fatigue property and mechanism of titanium alloys with Fe addition remain unknown. In this study, the low-cycle fatigue property and cyclic deformation mechanism of Ti–6Al–4V-0.55Fe and Ti–6Al–4V ELI with a duplex microstructure were systematically investigated. With the addition of Fe element, Ti–6Al–4V-0.55Fe with longer lasting cyclic hardening behavior and lower cyclic softening rate, showed higher fatigue life under selected strain amplitudes. Under low strain amplitude, effect of Fe on dislocation motion, interface resistance, lattice distortion, and micro strain were responsible for the enhanced fatigue life. While under high strain amplitude, Fe brought out the pinning effect on interface. Besides, Fe addition also limited the fatigue crack propagation.

Numerical modelling of downward progressive landslides in sensitive clay

Landslides in sensitive clays are catastrophic events that threaten life and property. When plastic strain occurs in sensitive clays, there is a significant reduction in the undrained shear strength. Consequently, even minor triggers can lead to multiple progressive landslides, causing extensive devastation. Investigating landslides in sensitive clay presents challenges, necessitating robust numerical methods to comprehend failure modes and collapse behaviors, particularly in the post-failure phase. Although several numerical methods have been utilized for simulations, most have primarily focused on upward progressive landslides. In this study, we adopted the nodal integration-based particle finite element method to simulate downward progressive landslides triggered by surcharge loads from an embankment near the crest in sensitive clay on a long slope. We also considered nonlinear strain softening in sensitive clays. The effects of the strain softening rate and strength gradient of the sensitive clay layer on the failure mechanisms and destruction extent were investigated. The simulation results reveal that a downward progressive landslide initiates with a localized flow slide surrounding the embankment and usually involves a combination of various failure modes.

Transcriptome analysis integrated with changes in cell wall polysaccharides of different fresh-cut chili pepper cultivars during storage reveals the softening mechanism

Cell wall disassembly and transcriptomic changes during storage of two fresh-cut chili pepper cultivars displaying contrasting softening rates were investigated. Results showed that Hangjiao No. 2 (HJ-2) softened more rapidly than Lafeng No. 3 (LF-3). Compared with LF-3, HJ-2 had a higher content of WSP, more side chains of RG-I in three pectin fractions, and higher activities of PME, PL, and β-Gal at day-0. During storage, HJ-2 showed more markable pectin solubilization, more severe degradation in CSP and NSP, and greater loss of side chains from RG-I in three pectin fractions, which were correlated with increased activities of PG and α-L-Af. Furthermore, the higher up-regulation of PG (LOC107870605, LOC107851416) and α-L-Af (LOC107848776, LOC107856612) were screened in HJ-2. In conclusion, the different softening rate between cultivars was not only due to the fundamental differences in pectin structure but also pectin degradation regulated by related enzymes and gene expression levels.

The strain ratio-dependent multiaxial low cycle fatigue behaviour and life prediction of 316L stainless steel based on critical plane at elevated temperature

The study mainly investigates the effect of strain ratio on the multiaxial low cycle fatigue behaviour of 316L at 550 °C. The evolution of both axial and torsional stress amplitude is observed to go through three stages: cyclic hardening, softening and fracture. What's different is that the torsional loading experiences fewer cyclic hardening cycles compared to the axial loading. Regarding the interaction between axial and torsional stresses, it is observed that as the torsional strain increases, the axial deformation response presents a lower peak stress and a higher softening rate, while the torsional peak stress and softening rate hardly changes with the increase of axial strain amplitude. The fracture pattern is obtained through three-dimensional (3D) depth-of-field observation. It is discovered that as the strain ratio increases, the fracture pattern transits from tensile failure mode to shear failure mode. Furthermore, the orientation angle of the fracture surface increases and lies between the critical plane angle of maximum shear strain and maximum normal strain, indicating a mixed failure mode. Additionally, a comparison of nine representative critical plane models reveals that the energy-based models can better predict the multiaxial fatigue life influenced by the strain ratio. Finally, based on the analysis of deformation and failure mechanisms, a normal damage parameter weakening factor (NDWF) is introduced into the KBM-R model, and an improved normal stress component (INSC) is introduced into the Wu-R model. The two modified models well capture the impact of strain ratio and accurately predict the multiaxial fatigue life of both 316L and P92 steel.

Molecular dynamics simulation of bonding role of cyclic borate ester in improving mechanical properties of the HTPB propellant

Excellent mechanical properties are the fundamental requirement for the practical application of solid propellants. However, solid oxidant fillers such as hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitros triazine (RDX) seriously weaken the mechanical strength of the propellant due to poor adhesion with the binder matrix. In this work, novel cyclic borate ester (CBE) bonding agents with long-chain alkyl moiety were designed by the molecular dynamics (MD) method to improve the unfavorable interfacial bonding effect. The interface models, which consist of RDX substrate and binder matrix where hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) crosslinked with curing agents, were constructed to reveal the interface enhancement mechanism by CBE bonding agents. The results indicate that the designed CBE bonding agents with appropriate solubility parameters (SPs) can migrate from the binder matrix to the RDX surface. Besides, CBE bonding agents exhibit strong interaction with RDX compared to the binder matrix due to the formation of hydrogen bonds. Finally, the simulated tensile tests with two tensile modes showed that CBE bonding agents can enhance the interfacial strength and reduce stress softening rates by the calculation of debonding work. Moreover, this improvement can be controlled by adjusting the chain length of CBE bonding agents. The results obtained in this work deepen the understanding of the interfacial strengthening mechanism of bonding agents for solid propellants and provide a framework for designing high-performance bonding agents based on the MD method.

Ultrasonic monitoring of softening in solid foods during in-vitro gastric digestion

This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using non-destructive ultrasound to monitor textural softening in potato and cheese during in vitro gastric digestion. Textural measurements were taken after different digestion times (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min) at 37 °C, while in vitro digestion was non-destructively monitored using ultrasound in through-transmission mode.The textural softening resulted in a substantially greater variation in hardness, ranging from 0.418 to 1.241 N for potato and from 0.200 to 0.534 N for cheese. Meanwhile, the ultrasonic velocity increased during gastric digestion from 745 ± 106.6 m/s to 1342.9 ± 131.5 m/s in potato and from 1377.4 ± 3.8 m/s to 1502.8 ± 4.6 m/s in cheese. Both the softening and velocity increase were attributable to the compositional variation occurring within the food structure due to gastric fluid diffusion into the food matrix. The Weibull model kinetic parameter “k” indicated that potato exhibited a higher softening rate than cheese, due to a faster gastric fluid migration. This was also evidenced by the effective diffusivity of gastric fluid (Deff) obtained by modeling the evolution of the ultrasonic velocity during digestion (Deff, potatõ2.5 Deff, cheese). A noticeable relationship was found between the softening of both food matrices and the change in the ultrasonic wave velocity. Additionally, it should be highlighted that the measurement of the ultrasonic velocity by ultrasound presented a lower degree of variability than instrumental texture assessment. Therefore, ultrasound proves to be an accurate technique for the on-line monitoring of textural changes in foods during in vitro digestion. This non-destructive approach provides a powerful instrumental tool in the design of new products with enhanced nutritional properties by better monitoring how in vitro digestion affects their mechanical properties.

Modelling of failure and fracture development of the Callovo-Oxfordian claystone during an in-situ heating experiment associated with geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste

To ensure the safety of geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste, in-situ experiments have been carried out to examine the behavior of rocks in underground research laboratories (URLs). At the Meuse/Haute-Marne URL in France, the French National Radioactive Waste Management Agency (Andra) has been assessing the Callovo-Oxfordian claystone (COx) as potential host rock of geological disposal by subjecting the COx to in-situ heating mimicking exothermic radioactive waste. Results of the in-situ experiments are used to validate and bolster the numerical simulators for predicting the thermo-hydromechanically (THM) coupled behavior of the COx. The numerical simulators are, however, yet to be tested for predicting the failure and fracture development of the COx during heating, which is of paramount importance to the safety of the geological disposal. In this research, we modelled a recently carried out in-situ experiment at the Meuse/Haute-Marne URL using the TOUGH-FLAC simulator to predict the failure and fracture development of the COx during heating. The objectives are to examine the effects of (i) the weak bedding planes, (ii) the softening rate of matrix/weak plane strengths, and (iii) the stiffness anisotropy of the COx on the development of shear and tensile fractures during heating. Results show that considering failure along the weak planes enabled accurate predictions of fracture development. Also, fracture development intensified at a softening rate beyond a threshold level and the geometry of fractures was significantly affected by the stiffness anisotropy. These results will help boost the reliability of the safety and performance assessment of geological disposal in claystone.

Numerical modelling of vibratory extraction of monopiles from clayey seabed

Understanding and optimizing the extraction of offshore monopiles from the seabed in decommissioning operations give both environmental benefits and cost reduction. The literature highlights the significance of utilizing a vibratory hammer for the complete removal of monopiles in granular or non-cohesive seabed, e.g., sandy soil, offering a cost-effective alternative to the conventional cutting method. However, the available knowledge for applying this method to cohesive soil is limited. The present study examines vibratory pile extraction from cohesive soil, for both soft and stiff clays, with the aim of assessing the resulting extraction force required for pile removal. Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) analyses with two domains of pile and soil are performed using the finite element package ABAQUS. A modified Mohr-Coulomb (MCC) soil model is coded into a VUSDFLD subroutine to properly simulate the soil softening and shear strain rate dependency of seabed soil in an Eulerian domain. The importance of shear strain and softening effects is underscored for soft clay by demonstrating an approximately 20% reduction in the force needed to initiate cyclic extraction of the monopile compared to scenarios where these effects are not included. However, incorporating these effects does not affect the behavior of stiff clay. The present numerical findings show that adopting vibratory extraction method leads to more soil resistance in cohesive soils at the beginning of the extraction. Considering the added weight og the vibratory hammer which should be clamped to the monopile top head leads to exceedance of the required force than the one required for removal of the monopile without vibration (i.e., the pulling-out method). This demonstrates that the vibratory extraction method is not an efficient method for monopile extraction from clayey seabed despite its beneficial effects reported in the literature for sandy soil.

Experimental study on low cycle fatigue behavior of TWIP steel under cyclic shear loading condition

This study investigated the low-cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of Twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steel based on the twin bridge shear specimen and cyclic shear loading condition. The cyclic shear experiments were conducted with different strain amplitudes, and we compared their softening and hardening behaviors, cyclic stress-strain curves, and fatigue life. Through studying the crack morphology and the damage mechanism of shear specimens the role of cyclic shear stress on the damage evolution of TWIP under cyclic shear conditions was shown. The results indicate that the cyclic hardening and softening capacities of TWIP steel are highly affected by the strain amplitude. With increasing the load amplitude, the hardening rate increases, and its fatigue life is negatively correlated with the strain amplitude. Meanwhile, the hardening rate is positively correlated with the strain amplitude, and the softening rate is negatively correlated. The magnitude of strain amplitude affects the ratio of cyclic softening and cyclic hardening periods. Through analyzing the obtained microstructure characteristics, it is found that there is a high density of dislocations around the crack zone which causes the final failure of TWIP.

Ohmic cooking of carrots: Limitations in the use of power input and cooking value for process characterization

Ohmic cooking is considered a fast and homogeneous process. However, achieving heating uniformity depends on several process parameters and intrinsic product characteristics. Furthermore, reference indicators for evaluating the ohmic process and generating reliable comparisons with conventional cooking are still lacking. The objective of this study was to investigate the reliability of the use of power input and cooking value as process indicators. The results showed that the specific ohmic power did affect only the heating rate but not the heating uniformity and the tissue softening rate. Therefore, the power input as process acceleration tool is not sufficient as stand-alone process indicator because other critical parameters (i.e., electrical conductivity) need to be taken into account to display the complex product-process-interactions. The cooking value was proven to be not valid as indicator for ohmic heating, as it does not take into account additional effects not attributable to only thermal exposure.

Genome-wide identification of MAPK family in papaya (Carica papaya) and their involvement in fruit postharvest ripening

BackgroundPapaya (Carica papaya) is an economically important fruit cultivated in the tropical and subtropical regions of China. However, the rapid softening rate after postharvest leads to a short shelf-life and considerable economic losses. Accordingly, understanding the mechanisms underlying fruit postharvest softening will be a reasonable way to maintain fruit quality and extend its shelf-life.ResultsMitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are conserved and play essential roles in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the MAPK family remain poorly studied in papaya. Here, a total of nine putative CpMAPK members were identified within papaya genome, and a comprehensive genome-wide characterization of the CpMAPKs was performed, including evolutionary relationships, conserved domains, gene structures, chromosomal locations, cis-regulatory elements and expression profiles in response to phytohormone and antioxidant organic compound treatments during fruit postharvest ripening. Our findings showed that nearly all CpMAPKs harbored the conserved P-loop, C-loop and activation loop domains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CpMAPK members could be categorized into four groups (A-D), with the members within the same groups displaying high similarity in protein domains and intron–exon organizations. Moreover, a number of cis-acting elements related to hormone signaling, circadian rhythm, or low-temperature stresses were identified in the promoters of CpMAPKs. Notably, gene expression profiles demonstrated that CpMAPKs exhibited various responses to 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon), 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and the combined ascorbic acid (AsA) and chitosan (CTS) treatments during papaya postharvest ripening. Among them, both CpMAPK9 and CpMAPK20 displayed significant induction in papaya flesh by ethephon treatment, and were pronounced inhibition after AsA and CTS treatments at 16 d compared to those of natural ripening control, suggesting that they potentially involve in fruit postharvest ripening through ethylene signaling pathway or modulating cell wall metabolism.ConclusionThis study will provide some valuable insights into future functional characterization of CpMAPKs, and hold great potential for further understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying papaya fruit postharvest ripening.

FISIOLOGÍA DE LA MADURACIÓN Y MANEJO EN POSTCOSECHA DE FRUTILLA CHILENA (Fragaria chiloensis)

The Chilean strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis) is a native species to Chile. Consumers value this fruit for its organoleptic properties, but it is highly perishable. Since it is a non-climacteric fruit, harvesting at the optimum ripening stage is essential to ensure its quality during commercialization. In this fruit, quality is determined by appearance, flavor, aroma, nutritional value, and firmness, which changes during ripening. The species presents a high rate of firmness loss or softening, associated with the elevated enzymatic activity of cell wall-modifying enzymes of the pectin and hemicellulose fractions, such as polygalacturonase, α-arabinofuranosidase, β-galactosidase, endo-glucanase, β-xylosidase, xyloglucan endotransglycosilase/hydrolase and rhamnogalacturonan lyase at different ripening stages. Firmness is a key trait for commercialization and organoleptic quality; hence, its management during storage is necessary. Different studies have investigated the effects of pre or postharvest treatments, such as modified atmosphere packaging and exogenous applications of calcium, auxin, methyl jasmonate, chitosan, and hydrogen sulfide, which maintain fruit firmness by reducing pectin solubilization and improve other attributes responsible for organoleptic and nutritional quality during storage. This literature review focuses on the ripening biology of Fragaria chiloensis and recent findings regarding softening and its biochemical and molecular basis, as well as interventions oriented to maintain the quality and extend the shelf-life of this fruit.

94 Fully quantitative operator-independent numeric cervical softening device: Cervical softening rate associated with mode of delivery

94 Fully quantitative operator-independent numeric cervical softening device: Cervical softening rate associated with mode of delivery

Fatigue and anisotropic behavior of wire-arc additive manufactured TC17 titanium alloy

Wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) was used in aeronautical engineering due to its low equipment cost and ability to create complex shapes. However, the fatigue behavior of WAAM titanium alloy, specifically for low cycle fatigue (LCF), was poorly studied. This paper investigated the microstructure and mechanical behavior of WAAM TC17 in both vertical and horizontal orientations. Fully reversed LCF tests were conducted on specimens with varying strain amplitudes from ±0.4 % to ±1.2 %. The results found that the ultimate tensile and yield strength were similar for both vertical and horizontal samples, but the elongation in the horizontal orientation was approximately 60 % lower than that in the vertical orientation. Considering the cyclic loading behavior, both vertical and horizontal samples exhibited cyclic softening characteristics at high strain amplitudes (0.8%–1.2 %). Additionally, the cyclic softening rate (CSR) of horizontal samples exhibited a higher than that of vertical samples at high strain amplitude. The LCF cracks of WAAM TC17 were initiated from the surface and internal defects of the samples. The LCF performance of the horizontal samples was found to decrease than that of vertical samples. Specifically, the fatigue performance of the horizontal samples is lower by 36.7 % compared to the vertical samples when the number of cycles is 103.