Bone Softening Research Articles

An Analytical Model of Joint Contact

The stress distribution in the region of contact between a layered elastic sphere and a layered elastic cavity is determined using an analytical model to stimulate contact of articulating joints. The purpose is to use the solution to analyze the effects of cartilage thickness and stiffness, bone stiffness and joint curvature on the resulting stress field, and investigate the possibility of cracking of the material due to tensile and shear stresses. Vertical cracking of cartilage as well as horizontal splitting at the cartilage-calcified cartilage interface has been observed in osteoarthritic joints. The current results indicate that for a given system (material properties mu and nu constant), the stress distribution is a function of the ratio of contact radius to layer thickness (a/h), and while tensile stresses are seen to occur only when a/h is small, tensile strain is observed for all a/h values. Significant shear stresses are observed at the cartilage-bone interface. Softening of cartilage results in an increase in a/h, and a decrease in maximum normal stress. Cartilage thinning increases a/h and the maximum contact stress, while thickening has the opposite effect. A reduction in the indenting radius reduces a/h and increases the maximum normal stress. Bone softening is seen to have negligible effect on the resulting contact parameters and stress distribution.

Effect of vapor pressure on the rate of softening of fish bone by super-heated steam cooking.

The softening process of fish bone was studied to utilize fish bone as a calcium source in human diet. To reduce the loss of soluble components of fish tissue during cooking, heating by super-heated steam was examined. Since drying of fish tissue might occur during super-heated steam cooking, the softening rate of mackerel spine and the moisture loss of mackerel meat cooked in super-hated steam were determined for samples cooked at 120°C and 130°C under pressures in the range from 1.2kgf•cm-2 to 2.7kgf•cm-2 (absolute pressure). The softening reaction conformed to an apparent first-order reaction. The softening rate constant apparently depended on the pressure of the super heated steam and not on the temperature of the steam. It is interpreted from the results that the temperature of the spine was the saturation temperature of the super-heated steam which depends only on the total pressure and is independent of the temperature of the super-heated steam. The softening rate constant was represented by an Arrhenius type equation, as following: log (k)=12.2-5.96×103 (1/T ?? ), k: the softening rate constant (s-1), T ?? : the saturation temperature of the super-heated steam. The loss of moisture during cooking was small (2.5%-7.9%).

SOFTENING OF FISH BONE. II. EFFECT of ACETIC ACID ON SOFTENING RATE AND SOLUBILIZATION RATE OF ORGANIC MATTER FROM FISH BONE

The rates of fish bone softening and solubilization of organic matter from it were determined in dilute acetic acid of concentration ranging from 0.0% to 3.0% at temperatures ranging from 80°C to 140°C. the first-order constant of softening, kh(min−1), was described by the following experimental equation. where T is absolute temperature, °K, Ca is acetic acid concentration, %, and R is the gas constant, 8.314J K−1mol−1. the hardness of the bones was approximately proportional to the fourth power of the normalized weight of residual organic matter (the ratio of organic matter in the cooked bone to that in the raw bone). On the other hand, the dissolution of ash from the fish bone was hardly observed.

LITERATURE ABSTRACTS

Elasticity and Failure in Composite Gels. G. J. Brownsey, H. S. Ellis, M. J. Ridout and S. G. Ring Slender Viscosities Fiber Flow. William W. Schultz The Use of Tensors to Describe and Predict Fiber Orientation in Short Fiber Composites. S. G. Advani and C. L. Tucker Mathematical and Computational Aspects of a General Viscoelastic Theory. A. Markovsky, T. F. Soufles, V. Chen and M. R. Vukcevich Sensory, Acoustical and Force‐Deformation Measurements of Potato Chip Crispness. Z. M. Vickers Post‐denatured Exothermic Transition in Soya Isolate. P. R. Sheard, D. A. Ledward and J. R. Mitchell Functional Aspects of Blood Plasma V. Viscosity. N. K. Howell and R. A. Lawrie Physical Stability of Chocolate Milk. Th. Vanden Boomgard, T. Van Vliet and A. C. M. Van Hooydonk Glutamic Acid Reactivity in Heated Protein and Protein‐Alginate Mixtures. C. G. Oates, D. A. Ledward, J. R. Mitchell and I. Hodgson A Model System for Studying Protein Binding to Hydrophobic Surfaces in Emulsions. Christoper J. Brock and Michael Enser Viscosity Studies on the Polysaccharide Gum from Rhizobiurn Strain CB744. Richard Beyer, Laurence D. Melton and Lawrence D. Kennedy The Effect of Concentration and Botanical Source on the Gelation and Retrogradation of Starch. Paul D. Orford, Stephen G. Ring, Vincent Carroll, Mervyn J. Miles and Victor J. Morris Calculated Molecular Weight Distribution for Glutenin. John A. D. Ewart Studies in Pectin Degradation. W. H. Van Deventer ‐ Schriemer and W. Pilnik Texture Evaluation of Some Italian Cheeses by Instrumental Texture Profile Analysis. M. Lucisano, C. Pompei and E. Casiraghi Suitability of the Warner‐Bratzler Shear for Textural Measurements of Fish Protein Gels. K. Vareltzis and E. M. Buck A Comparison of Techniques for Measuring Yield Stresses. A. S. Yoshimura and R. K. Prud'Homme and H. M. Princen and A. D. Kiss Determination of the Yield Stress of Semi‐Liquid Foods from Squeezing Flow Data. O. H. Campanella and M. Peleg Sensory Characteristics of Ham and Their Relationships with Composition, Viscoelasticity and Strength. G. R. Nute, R. C. D. Jones, E. Dransfield and O. P. Whelehan Softening of Fish Bone. I. Relation Between Softening Rate and Solubilization Rate of Organic Matter from Fish Bone. M. Ishikawa, S. Mori, H. Watanabe and Y. Sakai Yield and Tenderness of Cured Chicken Roll Products as Affected by Water Addition. S. W. Wang and T. C. Chen Texture Profile Analysis, Expressed Serum, and Microstructure of Heat‐Formed Egg Yolk Gels. S. A. Woodward and O. J. Cotterill Improvement by Oxidising Agents of the Baking Performance of Pure and Composite Flours from Nigerian‐Grown Wheats (Lee X and Inia 66). Eric C. Okoli, Linus O. Ezenweke and Anthony Alaedu Effect of Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen on Fish Fillets. L. Bellau and R. E. Simard Processing and Freezing of Steaks from Re‐Rigor Beef Muscle. B. W. Berry, L. K. Leddy and K. Ono Microstructure of Yoghurt as Affected by Heat Treatment of Milk. E. Parnell‐ Clunies, Y. Kakuda and A. K. Smith Comparison of Several Blanching Methods on the Texture and Ascorbic Acid Content of Frozen Potatoes. W. Canet and M. A. Hill The Effects of Iota Carrageenan, Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Xanthan Gum on the Stability of Formulated Minced Fish Products. D. J. B. de Ponte, J. P. Roozen and W. Pilnik Effects of Changes during Ripening and Frozen Storage on the Physicochemical and Sensory Characteristics of Cabrales Cheeses. L. Alonso, M. Juarex, M. Ramos and P. J. Martin‐Alvarez Effect of Water from Different Sources in Saudi Aradia on the Rheological Properties of Wheat Flour and Bread Quality. A. S. Mesallam, M. I. El‐Shaarawy, and A. I. Mustafa

Restoration of the softness and flexibility of cadavers preserved in formalin.

Submerging parts of cadavers in a 5% aqueous solution of glacial acetic acid eliminates the undesirable properties of formalin and formalin-containing fixatives such as the irritating and unpleasant smell of formalin and phenol. It also considerably softens the tissues, renders the articulations flexible and makes dissection much easier. No significant bone softening occurs if the process is stopped at a suitable time. Parts of the bodies softened in this way can be kept for years in 70% alcohol without any signs of a loss of flexibility or decomposition.

What is osteomalacia?

A commonly accepted answer to this question given in many textbooks is ‘softness of bones caused by an increase in the relative amount of unmineralized bone matrix’. This definition is still valid, but only as long as the physical characteristics of a softening of bone are respected. The histological assessment of an increase in the relative amount of osteoid alone is not sufficient as a diagnostic criterion. This limitation became obvious when reliable staining procedures for the detection of osteoid in undecalcified sections were introduced. Based on his experience with such specimens, Frost1 proposed a distinction between ‘histological osteomalacia’ and what he called ‘dynamic osteomalacia’. According to his definition, histological osteomalacia characterizes bone with more osteoid seams than normal and therefore includes, besides such conditions where osteoid accumulates because of a mineralization delay, a variety of states with increased bone turnover such as thyrotoxicosis, hyperparathyroidism, Paget’s disease etc. Histological osteomalacia corresponds to ‘hyperosteoidosis’, a term used by Meunier and his group2, and with some restriction to ‘osteoidosis’ coined by Delling.3

Basilar impression of the skull in patients with adult coeliac disease and after gastric surgery.

Chamberlain's, McGregor's and Bull's angle measurements for basilar impression of the skull were made on 22 adult patients with idiopathic steatorrhoea (probable gluten enteropathy), 24 patients who had had previous gastric surgery, and 48 control subjects. For each of the three measurements a value greater than the mean plus two standard deviations was taken as the upper limit of normal. In seven patients with adult steatorrhoea all three measurements were abnormal suggesting basilar impression, while basilar impression was probable in only one patient who had gastric surgery. The trend towards abnormal measurements was significant in the steatorrhoea patients but not in those who had gastric surgery. Basilar impression also was present in patients who did not have rickets or present evidence of osteomalacia. It was argued that this study could support a hypothesis that some cases of primary basilar impression of the skull are secondary to bone softening associated with malabsorption in early life, the evidence of which may have disappeared in adult life.

True aneurysm of the middle meningeal artery, cranial Paget's disease and hypertension: A triad

A further case presenting the triad of findings, aneurysm of the middle meningeal artery, Paget's disease of the skull and chronic vascular hypertension has been reported. This brings the number of such cases to three. In each, the patient was a female in the later years of life. This additional example lends support to the hypothesis previously presented by the author, that an aneurysm is unlikely to develop in this rare locus unless, in addition to weakening of the arterial wall by intrinsic factors (developmental defects of media and atherosclerotic changes), there is also a loss of osseous support due to softening of overlying bone. Paget's disease, by producing not only bone softening but increased arterial stress due to the greatly increased meningeal arterial blood flow, seems particularly likely to predispose to aneurysm formation. That atherosclerotic involvement of the vessel is also a significant factor is indicated by the consistent finding of hypertension and by the advanced age of all 3 patients reported. A further case presenting the triad of findings, aneurysm of the middle meningeal artery, Paget's disease of the skull and chronic vascular hypertension has been reported. This brings the number of such cases to three. In each, the patient was a female in the later years of life. This additional example lends support to the hypothesis previously presented by the author, that an aneurysm is unlikely to develop in this rare locus unless, in addition to weakening of the arterial wall by intrinsic factors (developmental defects of media and atherosclerotic changes), there is also a loss of osseous support due to softening of overlying bone. Paget's disease, by producing not only bone softening but increased arterial stress due to the greatly increased meningeal arterial blood flow, seems particularly likely to predispose to aneurysm formation. That atherosclerotic involvement of the vessel is also a significant factor is indicated by the consistent finding of hypertension and by the advanced age of all 3 patients reported.

British Food Journal Volume 45 Issue 9 1943

British Food Journal Volume 45 Issue 9 1943

Roentgen Changes in the Cranial Vault Accompanying Diseases Resulting from Metabolic Disturbances

DISEASES associated with metabolic disturbances frequently produce changes in the osseous system which, with improved roentgen technic and increasing experience, are more frequently recognized and successfully diagnosed than previously. Naturally, the degree of bony change and the ease with which it is demonstrated roentgenologically depend upon the stage of the disease and whether it is localized or generalized. It is becoming increasingly apparent to roentgenologists that there are more diseases which affect the osseous system than was previously realized and that a definite diagnosis from the roentgenogram alone is not warranted. The various metabolic disturbances which may lead to changes in the cranial vault are given in Table I, with some of the laboratory findings. Hyperparathyroidism.—The symptoms and signs of hyperparathyroidism are now generally recognized. It is a progressive disease associated with weakness, backache, progressive round back, and ease of fatigue. Loss of height is common, due to bone softening. The physical findings are frequently negative except for the dorsal round back, the increased lumbar lordosis, and loss of height. A palpable tumor in the region of the parathyroids may or may not be present. The laboratory findings are significant in that there is an increased serum calcium, a lowered serum phosphorus, and an elevated serum phosphatase value. Metabolic studies reveal a negative calcium balance. Roentgen changes apparent in the vault are: (1) cystic changes and (2) osteoporosis in which there is a granular decalcification accompanied by thickening of the diploetic portion with or without cystic alterations and with a loss of the usual table markings (Figs. 1 and 2). In most instances the jaw bones are also involved. A study of two cases which were followed roentgenologically after removal of the parathyroid adenoma revealed that the cranial vault undergoes changes along with a return of the patient to normal. In both instances the bone became quite dense and the table markings were lost. The appearance was similar to the productive phase of osteitis deformans. It is interesting that in neither case did the bones of the remaining osseous system return to normal, although there was some improvement as denoted by an increase in the calcium content of the bone. Hyperparathyroidism.—This disease brings about changes in bone due to high metabolic activity. It has been demonstrated by Aub and others that the calcium excretion in this condition is 231 per cent greater than normal. It is also noted that in most instances of hyperthyroidism, because of a increased appetite, the diet has a high caloric content and the calcium intake is therefore greater than normal so that osteoporosis is a late phase of the disease. In two instances the bones have become so soft that pathologic fractures have occurred.

JUVENILE OSTEOMALACIA

The diagnosis of juvenile osteomalacia as an entity apart from juvenile rickets has its proponents and opponents. Hess¹personally felt that the difference in the pathologic lesions is quantitative rather than qualitative and that the underlying pathologic process is the same although there is as yet no satisfactory explanation for the softening of bone which forms so characteristic a phenomenon in osteomalacia. <h3>ETIOLOGY</h3> Locke²classified the various forms of osteomalacia with regard to age and etiology as follows: The puerperal form occurs particularly in women who have had numerous and frequent pregnancies. The maternal pelvis, spine and femurs are particularly attacked by the disease. In this form the calcium content of the blood is low and tetany is common. Because of the association of this type with pregnancy, ovarian dysfunction has in the past been thought to be the cause of the disorder and oophorectomy has been

Clinical and Therapeutic Consideration of Osteitis Deformans

THIS rare and interesting condition, the exact nature of which is still unknown, was first described by Sir James Paget in 1876. It begins usually after the age of 40. The youngest case that the authors have been able to find reported is that of a patient in Dr. LeWald's series who was 31 years of age when the disease was first noted. The essential feature of the disease is an associated softening and overgrowth of bone, with persistent bone pains forming the chief subjective symptom in the earlier stages. As to clinical features, the bones principally affected are the skull, the vertebrae, and the bones of the leg, but almost any bone may be involved. As a rule the disease manifests itself in a number of bones, but in rare cases it may be confined to one, the diagnosis being then a matter of great difficulty. The bones of the lower limbs are usually the first to be affected, but in a number of cases the disease has been known to commence in the skull. The softened bones of the leg, having to bear the weight of the body, become bent; the femur bends outward, the tibia forward. The patient, therefore, becomes bow-legged. In addition to the bowing there may be a marked twisting, so that, as DaCosta remarks, “The femur comes to look as though it had been grasped by the hands of a giant, bent into a bow, then twisted.” Other factors, in addition to that of body weight, must be responsible for the deformity, for the bones of the arm also become bent, although to a lesser degree. In this case the curve is backward. Associated with the bending, or even before it occurs, there is a characteristic thickening of the bone. The bone pains, which are so constant a feature of the disease, are felt particularly in the legs, seldom in the arms or head. They may be continuous or periodic and may appear many months before any gross lesion can be detected. Enlargement of the skull is almost always present at some stage of the disease. It may be the first sign to appear, and may attract attention through the patient noticing that he has to buy hats of ever-increasing size. The deformity in typical cases is so characteristic that it can be recognized at a glance. The head becomes a triangle, with the base above, the face usually escaping almost completely. The enlargement is due to an enormous deposit of bone on the outside of the cranium; there is no endocranial thickening. To those cases in which the facial bones and the bones of the skull are thickened whilst the other bones escape, the name “leontiasis ossea” is given. The vertebral column is almost always involved, and marked kyphosis develops in the dorsal and lower cervical regions. As a result of the kyphosis, the patient shrinks in height, a condition which is aggravated by the bowing of the legs. There are cases in which a man has lost as much as a foot in stature. The clavicles may be affected, and, in exceptional cases, the bones of the hands and feet.

Calcium and Phosphorus Studies in a Case of Clinical Hyperparathyroidism.

The subject of this study was a boy of 19, with progressing bowing of the legs, and other evidence of bone softening. On admission the serum calcium was 16.8, serum inorganic phosphorus 3.0 mg. per 100 cc. Notwithstanding a high calcium intake, the patient was losing about 0.5 gm. of calcium a day. The urinary calcium was 2 to 3 times the normal output while the fecal calcium nearly equalled the intake. There was a retention of phosphorus but the urinary phosphorus was above normal. On the basis of the laboratory and roentgenological findings, a clinical diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism with resultant generalized osteitis fibrosa, , , was made. Exploration revealed an adenoma of the left lower parathyroid, which was removed. Just prior to operation, serum calcium was 17.5 mg., serum phosphorus 2.2 mg. per 100 cc.; 18 hours after operation the serum calcium had fallen to 12.3 mg. per 100 cc. It continued to fall, but more slowly, the values for the succeeding days being 10.7 and 8.5 mg. per 100 cc. respectively. The inorganic phosphorus of the serum remained low. From the second to the sixth day after operation a total of 6 cc. of parathyroid extract was given hypodermically. Ten days after the removal of the adenoma, with the same diet as during the period of preoperative observation, the patient was retaining about 0.25 gm. of calcium and 0.6 gm. of phosphorus a day. The urinary secretion of calcium had fallen to below normal values; the urinary phosphorus also was decreased, but to a lesser extent. At this time the serum calcium was 5.0 mg., phosphorus 3.0 mg. per 100 cc. Chvostek's sign became strongly positive the second day following operation and remained so for several days; no further signs of tetany were noted.

Surgical correction of rickety curvatures of the lower extremities. Stracker (Münch. med. Woch., 1921, No. 68)

Surgical correction of rickety curvatures of the lower extremities is currently achieved either by a staged osteotomy followed by plastering, or by subperiosteal extirpation of the curved bone (Springer), or by redressing after preliminary bone softening by fixing it in a plaster cast (Anzoltti, Roehrke), or by some other less popular methods.