Triticum Aestivum Research Articles

Effect of Different Urea Doses on the Performance of Wheat Under the Agro-Climatic Conditions of Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

The research conducted aimed to evaluate the impact of varying urea doses on the performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum), with a focus on growth, yield, and nitrogen use efficiency. Urea, a common nitrogen fertilizer, is crucial in enhancing crop productivity. The experiment was conducted in 2022-2023 at the Agriculture Research Station Baffa Mansehra in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The research material consisted of a Wheat variety. The Seeds were sown in RCBD design on 15th October 2022 at an Agriculture Research Station Baffa Mansehra. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with three replications. In the agro-climatic conditions of Mansehra, comprehensive data were gathered on various morphological and yield-related attributes. These included morphological parameters such as days to heading, leaf area index (cm), days to maturity, number of tillers/ plant-1, plant height (cm), spike length (cm), spikelet /spike, thousand-grain weight (g), grain yield kg/ha-1, and biological yield kg/ha-1. The study concludes that from experiments that wheat on different urea applications gives significant results from germination to till harvesting under the agro-climatic condition of Mansehra. It means that the wheat on different Urea applications shows improvement in Plant height, Spike length, Spikelet /spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and biological yield. Based on these results, it is recommended to apply urea at optimal rates to enhance wheat growth and yield, with the most effective rate being 65 grams per 6 m².

Insights into Non-Additive Type of Gene Action for Grain Yield and Yield-Related Traits in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its Breeding Implications

Insights into Non-Additive Type of Gene Action for Grain Yield and Yield-Related Traits in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its Breeding Implications

Characterization of herbicide use pattern and factors responsible for herbicide resistance against Phalaris minor in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in north–western, India

Characterization of herbicide use pattern and factors responsible for herbicide resistance against Phalaris minor in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in north–western, India

Coinheritance Studies of Yield and Yield Related Traits in Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) Preliminary Lines

A field trial was performed to explore the genetic diversity and coheritability among the 64 bread wheat genotypes. These lines/genotypes were analyzed for days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, flag leaf area, spikelet Spike-1, grain per spike, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Based on the mean performance, the best genotype for early maturity was CCRIA1-10, CCRIA1-1, and CCRIA1-11. Likewise, for the flag leaf area, desirable genotypes were CCRIA1-16 and CCRIA1-27, and for grain spike-1, CCRIA1-28 and CCRIA1-22. In addition, the best genotypes for 1000-grain weight were CCRIA1-64 and CCRIA1-37. The highest genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV = 1054.40%, GCV = 446.68%) were recorded for grain yield, followed by grain spike-1 (PCV = 125.29 and GCV = 123.39). The highest heritability (0.97) was indicated by spike weight and grains spike-1(0.97), while plant height (0.58), 1000 grain weight (0.44), and flag leaf area (0.31) showed moderate heritability. The lowest heritability estimates were recorded for the length of the peduncle (0.01), length of spikes (0.13), grain yield (0.18), days to heading, and spikelet spike-1 (0.25). High coheritability was observed among day to maturity and spike weight (0.99), on the contrary, minimum coheritability was observed for the flag leaf area with heading (0.12). The most desired inheriting pairs were spikelet spike-1 with grains spike-1 (0.97), weight of spike with spikelet spike-1(0.92), and flag leaf area with spike weight (0.86), spike length with grains spike-1, spike weight with grains spike-1 and flag leaf area with grains spike-1.

Molecular characterization of a novel photoperiod-insensitive allele Ppd-B1a.3 and its effect on heading date in Chinese wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivar Qingchun 37.

Breeders adjust wheat heading dates to improve regional adaptability and reduce or mitigate yield losses caused by meteorological disasters, pests and diseases. The Ppd-1 genes play a crucial role in determining wheat sensitivity to changes in day-length and serve as key regulators of heading dates once the vernalization requirement is satisfied. In this study, we identified a new allelic variant of the promoter region, Ppd-B1a.3, in the Chinese wheat cultivar Qingchun 37. Compared to the Ppd-B1b.1 (carried by Chihokukomugi), the main mutation sites in Ppd-B1a.3 include a substitution of C with G at the -505-bp, a T base insertion at the -625-bp, a mutation of TCG to GGT at the -632 to -634-bp, and a 163-bp insertion at the -691bp. Analysis of F2 populations indicated that Ppd-B1a.3 promotes heading and flowering (approximately 6days earlier in population 1 and 17days in population 2) under short-day conditions in a greenhouse. However, the evaluation of Ppd-B1a.3's effect under field conditions may be influenced by the copy number of the Ppd-B1 locus inherited from the other parent in the F2 populations. Ppd-B1a.3 disrupts circadian rhythm expression and exhibits a stronger effect on heading and flowering than the three-copy Ppd-B1 allele carried by Jing 411. Origin analysis suggests that Ppd-B1a.3 may have derived from non-native germplasm. These results deepen our understanding of wheat photoperiod genes and provide useful genetic resources for fine-tuning wheat heading dates during breeding.

Gelatinization Behavior, Morphological, and Chemical Properties of Flour of Cassava, Sago, and Wheat

Gelatinization is an important property tailoring the functionalities of starch present in flour. This study aimed to investigate the gelatinization properties of Indonesian cassava and sago flours, namely tapioca, modified cassava flour, modified cassava starch, sago starch, and from soft and hard wheat. The gelatinization properties were investigated based on pasting and thermal properties, which were analyzed by means of a rapid visco analyzer (RVA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. In addition, the morphological property was investigated using polarized microscopy, and chemical properties, namely solid, protein, lipid, ash, and crude fiber, were analyzed respectively using thermogravimetry, Kjeldahl, solvent extraction, and acid hydrolysis. It is found that flours of cassava, wheat and sago show pasting temperature (°C) of 69 – 71, 83 – 85, and 74; peak viscosity (cp) of 5400 – 5800, 2400 – 2700, and 2065; breakdown viscosity (cp) of 2600 – 4000, 900 – 1200, and 1493, setback viscosity (cp) of 1000 – 1500, 1000 – 1100, and 1063, final viscosity (cp) of 2800 – 3100, 2500 – 2700, and 1635. For gelatinization temperature (°C), they show onset temperature of 66 – 69, 54 – 60, and 72.04; peak temperature of 70 – 74, 60 – 64, and 75.93; conclusion temperature of 78 – 81, 66 – 69, and 80.99; and enthalpy change (J/g) of 8 – 12, 3 – 6, and 9.78. It can be concluded that flour and starch of cassava show the highest pasting profile (temperature and viscosity), while sago shows the lowest among the samples. Sago shows the highest gelatinization temperatures but the lowest enthalpy among samples. Starches of cassava show a round granular shape, smaller than wheat, while sago shows an oval shape. Considering the chemical composition, higher protein leads to higher pasting temperatures, and higher amylopectin content leads to higher peak and breakdown viscosities that might influence the gelatinization properties of flours.

Comparative Study of Commercial Bread Wheat Varieties and Advance Wheat Lines to Explore Superior Attributes for Variety Development and Future Breeding Guidelines

Knowledge about the potential and performance of advance wheat lines and commercial bread wheat varieties are vital for implicit variety adaptation. Comparative study was designed to quantify the performance of advance wheat lines, sixteen commercial wheat varieties and fourteen advance wheat lines were tested in randomized complete block design with 3 replications at Agricultural Research Station Baffa, Mansehra during wheat growing season 2022-23. The study evaluated wheat advance lines yield and resistance against powdery mildew disease, as compared to commercial varieties for adaptability and variety development. Days to 50% heading, plant height (cm), grain yield (kgha-1), disease scoring and % severity of disease data was subjected to analysis of variance using statistical software R. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for all parameters. Advance wheat lines identified for early heading were PR-115 (131) and PR-106 (132). Similarly, commercial variety Hashim-2010 (133) showed early heading. Commercial wheat varieties PS2013 (95.6cm), Janbaz (96cm), PS2005 (96.6cm) and advance wheat lines PR106 (95.6cm), PR115 (95.6cm), IBGE (96.6cm) were found semi dwarf. Grain yield of commercial wheat variety Janbaz 6566.6 (kgha-1) was at par with advance wheat line PR118 6500(kgha-1). Commercial bread wheat varieties (PK2015, PS2005) and an advance line (PR115) showed lowest severity (2%) to powdery mildew disease. An advance line (PR115) and four commercial bread wheat varieties (PS-2005, PS-2008, PK-2015, Faisalabad-2008) were found resistant against powdery mildew disease. Commercial bread wheat varieties PS-2005, PS-2008, PK-2015, Faisalabad-2008 and advance wheat line PR115 can be utilized as resistant source of powdery mildew in future breeding programs

Comparison of DNA Methylation and Changes in the Expression of Certain Cadmium-induced Genes in Bread Wheat Exposed to Cadmium (Cd) Accumulation in Soil

As a result of natural phenomena and anthropogenic activities, cadmium (Cd) accumulation in the soil has been increasing in recent years, and plants are directly exposed to this heavy metal, which is not essential for their life. In our study, UGT-3 (UDP-Glycosyltransferase-3), LTP-4 (Lipid Transfer Protein-4), Plasma Membrane PIP-1 (Plasma Membrane Protein-1) genes were investigated in Triticum aestivum L. plants exposed to Cd stress. It was aimed to determine the changes in expression levels in these genes and their methylation percentages for the first time using Real-Time PCR-based quantitative DNA methylation analysis (qAMP). In this context, DNA and RNA were isolated from the roots and stems of wheat grown by exposure to control, 100, 250 and 500 µM CdCl2 doses. Then, gene expression levels were determined by gene expression analysis with cDNAs obtained from RNA samples. DNA methylation percentages were determined by applying the qAMP technique. As a result, it was observed that the highest methylation percentage in the UGT-3, LTP-4 and PIP-1 genes was at 250 µM concentration in both the stem and the root. While the expression level of the UGT-3 gene was highest at a concentration of 250 µM in the stem, overexpression of the LTP-4 gene was observed at a concentration of 250 µM in the root changes in the methylation rates of UGT-3, LTP-4 and PIP-1 genes were investigated for the first time with qAMP, a new technique used in plants. A significant relationship was found out between the expression levels and methylation status of genes

Interactive Effects of Location and N- Fertilizer Rates on Grain Quality Traits of Bread Wheat Varieties at Arsi Zone, South-Eastern Ethiopia

Nowadays it is not only the amount of yield that is important, but also the quality of the grain produced, because the quality of the grain determines the direction of use. In view of this, the current work was conducted in 2017/2018 cropping season with factorial combinations of two bread wheat varieties (Lemu and Wane), five N-rates (0, 46, 92,138 and 184 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup>) and two different locations (Lemu-Bilbilo and Tiyo). The experiment was laid down using a RCBD with three replications. The results explained that, with the exception of 1000 grain weight (TGW) and hectoliter weight (HLW), the remaining parameters included in this study are significantly influenced by the interactions of location x N-rate x variety, while the two-way interactions of location x variety and N-rate x variety were affected all studied parameters except HLW which didn’t affected by the interaction effects of location x variety. The maximum grain yield (7721 and 7481 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) was achieved from Wane and Lemu at Lemu-Bilbilo and Tiyo at N-rates of 184 and 92 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. The peak value of gluten index (GI) (87.9 and 87.4%) was determined in Wane and Lemu varieties, respectively, in unfertilized plot and at N rate of 138 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>, sequentially and at par with 138 and 184 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> for wane and at par with N rate of 46 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> plus with unfertilized plot for Lemu variety in Lemu-Bilbilo. The value of GI recorded at unfertilized plots and N-rate of 46 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> was significantly at par for Lemu variety, while for wane significantly the same as the GI obtained at N-rate of 46 and 92 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> at Tiyo. The effects of N rates at Lemu-Bilbilo was significantly on the same level, but the peak value of wet gluten (55.1%) and dry gluten (20.7%) were gained at 184 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> in Tiyo and significantly the level of 46, 92 & 138 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> for dry gluten and 138 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> for wet gluten. In Lemu-Bilbilo the HLW was increased with an increased N-rate, while in Tiyo it had increased to 92 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup>. Based on parameters examined, the N rates of 92 and 138 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> for both varieties at the Tiyo and Lemu-Bilbilo study sites were therefore economically justifiable.

Chromosome-scale assembly and annotation of the wild wheat relative Aegilops comosa

Wild relatives of wheat are valuable sources for enhancing the genetic diversity of common wheat. Aegilops comosa, an annual diploid species with an MM genome constitution, possesses numerous agronomically valuable traits that can be exploited for wheat improvement. In this study, we report a chromosome-level genome assembly of Ae. comosa accession PI 551049, generated using PacBio high-fidelity (HiFi) reads and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) data. The assembly spans 4.47 Gb, featuring a contig N50 of 23.59 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 619.05 Mb. A total of 39,057 gene models were annotated through a combination of homoeologous proteins, Iso-seq, and RNA-seq data. Comparative genome analysis revealed a terminal intrachromosomal translocation on chromosome 2 M in Ae. comosa. This newly constructed reference genome of Ae. comosa will serve as an important genomic resource for comparative genomic studies and the cloning of agriculturally important genes.

Growth and yield components of bread wheat as affected by seed and nitrogen‐phosphorous fertilizer rates in Burie District, Northwestern Ethiopia

AbstractAchieving high bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity in a specific region is challenging without clear guidelines on optimal seeding rates and nitrogen‐phosphorus (NP) fertilizer levels. The study aimed to determine the optimal seeding rate and NP fertilizer levels for maximizing bread wheat productivity in Burie District, Northwestern Ethiopia, during the 2021 and 2022 main cropping seasons. Factorial combinations of four seed rates (100, 120, 150, and 200 kg ha−1) and four NP fertilizer rates (64–46, 87–46, 96–69, and 119–69 kg ha−1 of N‐P2O5) were examined in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on various growth and yield parameters were collected and analyzed using SAS 9.4, with mean separation for significant treatments determined by the least significant difference. The combined analysis revealed significant interactions between seed and NP fertilizer rates, affecting parameters such as days to 90% physiological maturity, plant height, number of effective tillers, spike length, number of kernels per spike, 1000‐kernel weight, aboveground dry biomass yield, and grain yield. Days to 50% heading, straw yield, and harvest index were significantly influenced by the main effects of seed and NP fertilizer rates. The highest values for days to 90% maturity, number of effective tillers, and 1000‐kernel weight were observed with the lowest seeding rate (100 kg ha−1) combined with the highest NP fertilizer level (119–69 kg ha−1). The highest grain yield (3.70 t ha−1) was achieved with a seeding rate of 150 kg ha−1 and NP fertilizer level of 96–69 kg ha−1, which also yielded the highest net benefit ($1355.60 ha−1) with an acceptable marginal rate of return (8.98%). This treatment combination is recommended for bread wheat production in the Burie district and similar agroecology.

Tiller production by bread wheat seed (Triticum aestivum L.) infected with karnal bunt (Tilletia indica Mitra)

The tiller production by infected seed with karnal bunt (KB) showing different levels of infection, and uninfected seed of bread wheat cultivar Tacupeto F2001, were evaluated during the crop season 2021-2022 at the Norman E. Borlaug Experimental Station in the Yaqui Valley, Sonora, Mexico. Plants were artificially inoculated by injection during the 2020-2021 crop season and the seed was selected based on the level of infection [level 1 (point of infection at the base of the seed), 2 (ca 30 % of the seed affected with KB), and 3 (ca 50 % of the seed affected with KB)]. Sowing was carried out on December 2 and 14, 2021 in beds 2 m long with two rows, placing 10 seeds in each row. The range of the number of tillers produced by seed with infection levels 1, 2, and 3, and the uninfected check sown on December 2 was: 15-37, 10-34, 14-28, and 15-39, while for the December 14 sowing date: 13-36, 11-33, 12-35, and 6-34, respectively. The average number of tillers produced was 24, 20, 22, and 25 for seed with levels of infection 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and the uninfected check, sown on December 2; while for December 14, it was 25, 21, 21, and 18 in the same order. The total number of tillers produced by infected seed with levels of infection 1, 2, 3, and the uninfected seed during the December 2 sowing date had a range of 391-500, while for the December 14 it was 366-490. The average temperature during the period of the evaluation was 17.4 °C with a maximum of 36.3 °C and a minimum of 2.3 °C; the average relative humidity was 64.3 %; there were 17.5 mm of precipitation, and the number of heat and cold units was 130 and 589, respectively.

Ammonia-Assimilating Bacteria Promote Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Growth and Nitrogen Utilization.

Nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture often suffer losses. Ammonia-assimilating bacteria can immobilize ammonia and reduce these losses, but they have not been used in agriculture. This study identified an ammonia-assimilating strain, Enterobacter sp. B12, which assimilated ammonia via the glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) pathway at low levels (5 mM) and the glutamine synthetase (GS)-glutamine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GOGAT) pathway at high levels (10 mM). Inoculating wheat with B12 increased seedling dry weight, nitrogen accumulation, rhizosphere soil nitrogen content, and root enzyme activities, including GDH, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD), under both conditions. However, root GS, GOGAT enzyme activities, and ammonia assimilation-related gene expressions were lower than the controls. The results suggest that the ammonia-assimilating bacterium promotes wheat growth, nitrogen accumulation, and soil nitrogen immobilization by establishing an ammonia and amino acid exchange with roots and enhancing root antioxidant capacity, making it a potential plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR).

Plant Volatile Methyl Salicylate Primes Wheat Defense Against the Grain Aphid by Altering the Synthesis of Defense Metabolites.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important staple crops all over the world. Its productivity is adversely affected by aphid infestation. Plant volatiles play a critical role in plant communication, inducing direct and indirect defenses against insect pests. However, little is known about the priming mechanism of key volatiles in wheat. To determine whether and how plant volatile induced defense priming in wheat against the grain aphid Sitobion avenae, a combination of insect bioassays, phytohormone and defense metabolite quantification, and transcriptome analyses were performed using an important aphid damage-induced plant volatile, methyl salicylate (MeSA). MeSA treatment primed wheat for enhanced accumulation of salicylic acid, flavonoid and benzoxazinoids (BXs), and increased resistance to S. avenae and attractiveness to an aphid parasitoid Aphelinus asychis. Supplementation with a BX (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one) and two flavonoids (xanthohumol and isobavachalcone) in artificial diet impaired the survival, development and fecundity of S. avenae. Moreover, MeSA treatment induced wheat volatile emission especially MeSA. Functional investigation of odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) in A. asychis revealed that AasyOBP4 is responsible for the recognition of MeSA. Taken together, our results provide insights into the molecular mechanism of MeSA-mediated defense in wheat and propose MeSA as a phytoprotectant for crop protection and sustainable agriculture.

Introduction to Insect Pests of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Crop and Their Management: A Review

Wheat is one of the most important staple crops globally, providing a major source of calories and nutrients to millions of people. However, wheat production is severely threatened by various insect pests, leading to significant yield losses. These pests attack different parts of the plant throughout its growth stages, from seedlings to grain storage. This review provides an in-depth look at the key insect pests that affect wheat, their biology and lifecycle, the damage they cause, and current management practices. Integrated pest management (IPM) strategies that combine chemical, biological, and cultural approaches are discussed as essential tools for sustainable wheat pest control.

Estimation of Combining Ability and Gene Action in Half Diallel Crosses of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes

The study evaluated 55 wheat treatments, including 46 F1 hybrids, 10 parental lines, and one standard check variety, using a diallel mating design during the 2019-2020 rabi season at the Research Farm of BRD PG College, Deoria, Uttar Pradesh. The parental lines included LAWL-1, HUW-206, Allahabad local, Shriram-303, RAJ 4120, PUSA 2733, RAJ 4037, PBW 243, DH 3171, and PBW 502. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all traits except the harvest index. Key traits such as plant height, flowering days, maturity days, grains per spike, and seed germination varied significantly among parents and hybrids, indicating hybrid vigor. General Combining Ability (GCA) analysis highlighted LAWL-1 as a strong combiner for biological yield, harvest index, and gluten content, while PBW 502 was effective in reducing plant height. Specific Combining Ability (SCA) analysis identified promising hybrids like LAWL-1 x DH 3171 and RAJ 4120 x PBW 502, which showed significant improvements in grain yield, plant height, and harvest index. These findings emphasize the importance of selecting appropriate parents and hybrid combinations to enhance specific traits and support wheat breeding programs focused on improved yield, early flowering, and efficient threshability.

Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L., 1753) Seeds Depending on Pre-Sowing Treatment of Seed with Biological Preparations

Intensive growth of the world's population, persistent climate change and food shortages are becoming major challenges of our time. For this reason, the use of intensive crop cultivation technologies to increase crop yields is a priority for the agricultural sector. The article describes the effect of pre-sowing treatment of seed with biostimulant Emistim C, micro fertiliser Avatar 1, and their combined use on the formation of yield and quality of winter wheat seeds under unstable moisture conditions. Pre-sowing treatment of seeds with biostimulant and micro fertiliser provided a significant increase in seed yield compared to the control. With the combined use of preparations for pre-sowing treatment of seed, the seed yield was significantly higher not only compared to the control but also compared to the treatment with each preparation separately. We performed a long-term study from 2018 to 2023, and obtained a similar dependence of seed yield on the pre-sowing treatment of the seed material, both separately and in combination with a biostimulant and micro fertiliser. During the study period, the seed yield was significantly higher under the pre-sowing treatment of seed with these preparations compared to the control. The highest yield of 5.8 t/ha was obtained with pre-sowing treatment in combination with a biostimulant and micro fertiliser, while in the control it was 5.1 t/ha. Pre-sowing treatment of the seed with a biostimulant or micro fertiliser had a positive effect on the yield of conditioned seeds. The yield of conditioned seeds was the highest under the combined treatment of seed with these preparations and amounted to 78%, or 6% higher than the control. It was found that pre-sowing treatment of the seed with a biostimulant and micro fertiliser significantly increased seed quality germination energy, germination rate and weight of 1000 seeds. The obtained results of the study indicate the feasibility of pre-sowing seed treatment with a biostimulant and micro fertiliser to increase the yield and quality of winter wheat seeds, as well as the effectiveness of their combined use in growing crops under conditions of insufficient moisture.

Characterization of some local and commercial bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes with allele-specific DNA markers

Landraces play a significant role as genetic reservoirs in wheat breeding studies. Advances in functional marker technology have facilitated early and more precise selection processes. This study involved the characterization of a total of 96 bread wheat genotypes, comprising 76 landraces and 20 registered cultivars, utilizing allele-specific DNA markers targeting various genes including those for gluten strength, yellow rust resistance, stem rust resistance, dwarfness, rye translocation, hardiness. Molecular analysis revealed the presence of 148 alleles, with an average of 21.14 alleles per marker, and an average polymorphic information content (PIC) value of 0.5625. Specific genes such as the rye translocation gene were identified in genotypes 161 and 884, while the grain hardiness gene was found in genotypes 672, 3088, 3384, 3414, and 3541. The stem rust resistance gene was detected in the cultivar Adana-99, the yellow rust resistance gene in genotypes 1635 and 2115, and the grain hardiness gene in 31 genotypes including the cultivar Masaccio. Based on the dendrogram analysis, genotype 3652 exhibited around 93% genetic similarity with the cultivar Masaccio, while genotypes 2190, 2715, and 2897 showed similarity to genotype 2946. Genotypes 2959 and 2960 and genotypes 3334 and 3359 shared approximately 91% genetic similarity.

Genetic Analysis of Line × Tester Crosses of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for Combining Ability Variances and Effect

This research intended to estimate the combining ability (GCA and SCA) and gene action among 10 female and 4 male wheat genotypes and their 40 F1 hybrids, using a line × tester mating design. The experiment was conducted in RBD with three replications at Baba Raghubar Das Post Graduate College during the 2021-2022 rabi season. The study assessed key agronomic traits, including plant height, days to flowering, biological yield, and grain yield. The analysis of variance for almost all the traits under varied significantly and indicating that both additive and non-additive genetic effects is present. GCA effects showed AAIDUWL-5 and AAIDUWL-7 as top combiners for yield-related traits, while SCA effects indicated promising hybrid combinations like AAIDUWL-9 × AAIDUWL-13 for grain yield. These results provide insights for the strategic selection of parents and hybrids to enhance wheat breeding programs.

Performance of the 11th bread wheat yield consortium established in the Yaqui Valley, Sonora, Mexico, during the 2023-2024 crop season

Performance of the 11th bread wheat yield consortium established in the Yaqui Valley, Sonora, Mexico, during the 2023-2024 crop season