Soft Wheat Varieties Research Articles

A glycine to serine change in puroindoline b is associated with wheat grain hardness and low levels of starch-surface friabilin

The quantitative level of friabilin 15-kDa protein present on the surface of water-washed starch is highly correlated with wheat grain softness. Friabilin is composed primarily, if not exclusively, of the proteins puroindoline a and b. The transcript levels of these two proteins are similar among hard and soft wheat varieties, and the expression of both is controlled by the short arm of chromosome 5D, also the chromosomal location of the Hardness gene. We report here a glycine to serine sequence change in puroindoline b associated with hard grain texture. This amino acid change results from a single nucleotide mutation and resides in a region thought to be important for the lipid-binding properties of puroindolines. No recombination was observed between the serine puroindoline-b mutation, hard grain texture and low levels of starch surface friabilin among a set of 83 homozygous 5D recombinant lines derived from the soft-textured variety ‘Chinese Spring’ and the substitution line ‘Chinese Spring’ containing the 5D chromosome of the hard-textured variety ‘Cheyenne’. The sequence change reported here may adversely affect the lipid-binding properties of puroindoline-b and so effect hard grain texture. The results suggest that grain hardness results from puroindoline-b functionality such that the Hardness gene is a direct manifestation of puroindoline structure. We are suggesting the tentative molecular marker loci designations of Pinb-D1a and Pinb-D1b for the glycine and serine puroindoline-b types, respectively.

Wheat Classification Using Image Analysis and Crush-force Parameters

A study was conducted to develop methodology for wheat classes and variety identification by combination of image analysis techniques with wheat hardness physical measurements. Wheat kernel morphometrical parameters were extracted from digitized images and hardness parameters were obtained from force-deformation curves from a single kernel wheat characterization system which also provided a kernel weight. Pattern recognition methods were applied to the data base of combined parameters for wheat kernels of six classes and seventeen varieties of soft and hard wheat. Recognition rates for parameter combinations of shape, size, and hardness scores were higher than hardness or imaging alone or when combined with weight. Hard and soft recognition rates of 94% was achieved with shape and hardness of the wheat kernels. A PC version of the developed algorithm was written and tested with the same data set. Satisfactory performance in the PC version confirmed the practicality of the method developed.

An experimental study of the influence of food quality and population density on the demographic performance of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.)

An experiment is described in which the effect of the interaction between food quality and population density upon the demographic performance of Tribolium castaneum is determined. A soft wheat variety (Corella) and a hard wheat variety (Eagle) were used to produce flour for the experiment and densities ranging from 1 to 26 pairs of insects per replicate were used. The results showed that, at low densities, the insects in soft wheat flour produced about 15 times the progeny of those in hard wheat flour and developed significantly faster. At the highest densities, however, adult productivity was much the same for each wheat type, although the soft wheat replicates produced very many more larvae. The apparent rate of development in the soft wheat flour at the highest density was significantly slower than in the hard wheat flour. The likely cause of these apparently anomalous results appear to be high levels of larval cannibalism of pupae in the very productive soft wheat replicates.

Factors Affecting the Measurement of Hardness by near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy of Ground Wheat

An intercomparison of the AACC hardness score based on measurement of reflectance at 1680nm and 2230nm has shown that its repeatability and reproducibility are proportional to the score. A linear relationship between hardness score and grain moisture content was confirmed for hard but not for soft wheat varieties. For both hard and soft varieties, the hardness score was found to increase with increasing grain protein content but this effect was not consistent across two different growing seasons.

Block-surface staining for differentiation of starch and cell walls in wheat endosperm.

A staining technique for differentiating starch granules and cell walls was developed for computer-assisted studies of starch granule distribution in cells of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) caryopses. Blocks of embedded caryopses were sectioned, exposing the endosperm tissue, and stained with iodine potassium iodide (IKI) and Calcofluor White. Excessive tissue hydration during staining was avoided by using stains prepared in 80% ethanol and using short staining times. The IKI quenched background fluorescence which facilitated the use of higher concentrations of Calcofluor White. Cell wall definition was improved with the IKI-Calcofluor staining combination compared to Calcofluor alone. The high contrast between darkly stained starch granules and fluorescent cell walls permitted computer assisted analysis of data from selected hard and soft wheat varieties. The ratio of starch granule area to cell area was similar for both wheat classes. The starch granule sizes ranged from 2.1 microns 3 to 22,000 microns 3 with approximately 90% of the granules measuring less than 752 microns 3 (ca. 11 microns in diameter). Hard wheat samples had a greater number of small starch granules and a lower mean starch granule area compared to the soft wheat varieties tested. The starch size distribution curve was bimodal for both the hard and soft wheat varieties. Three-dimensional starch size distribution was measured for four cells near the central cheek region of a single caryopsis. The percentage of small granules was higher at the ends than at the mid-section of the cells.

Structural characteristics of the warm-water-soluble arabinoxylans from the tailings of the soft wheat variety Kadet

Arabinoxylans were extracted from the tailings of the soft wheat variety Kadet with water at 70°C, and freed from protein by pronase digestion. The warm-water-soluble arabinoxylans, constituting 0·3% of the total flour, were fractionated by graded precipitation with ethanol and the four main fractions, covering 89% of the total, contained d-xylose and l-arabinose in a ratio ranging from 2·21:1·00 to 1·26:1·00. Methylation analysis and 13C-NMR spectroscopy revealed the arabinoxylans to consist of a (1 → 4)-linked β- d-xylopyranose-backbone substituted at O-3 or O-2,3 with terminal α- l-arabinofuranosyl residues. Differences in xylose to arabinose ratio were not only due to variations in the ratio unbranched to branched xylose, which ranged from 1·0 to 2·5, but also due to differences in the ratio 2,3,4-tri- to 3,4-di-substituted xylose, ranging from 0·4 to 2·1. Gel permeation chromatography revealed that the warm-water-soluble arabinoxylans consist solely of high-molecular-size material (> 40 kDa).

Structural characteristics of the cold-water-soluble arabinoxylans from the white flour of the soft wheat variety Kadet

Cold-water-soluble arabinoxylan polymers from the soft wheat variety Kadet were isolated by a stepwise (NH 4) 2SO 4 precipitation and freed from co-precipitating proteins by pronase digestion. The purified arabinoxylans, representing 0·5% of the dry weight of the white flour, were fractionated by graded precipitation with ethanol. Monosaccharide analysis revealed the major carbohydrate fractions to contain arabinoxylans only. The arabinoxylans are heterogeneous in molecular size. Determination of the carbohydrate composition in conjunction with methylation analysis and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, indicated that they can be divided into specific groups, based on characteristic differences with respect to d-xylopyranose to l-arabinofuranose ratio and in 2,3,4-tri-:3,4-di-:4-mono-substituted d-xylopyranose ratio.

Wheat varietal response to sulfur1

Abstract A nutrient solution‐sand culture study was conducted in a greenhouse to evaluate the response of 35 soft red winter wheat varieties to S. Wheat seedlings were grown for 35 days in sand that was leached every other day with complete nutrient solution containing 0, 1 or 5 mg SO4‐S L‐1. Herbage yield of 5‐week‐old wheat plants was increased an average of fourfold as the level of s in solution was increased from 0 to 5 mg L‐1. The concentration of S in the herbage was increased an average of three‐fold as the concentration of s was increased from 0 to 5 mg L‐1. Differences were observed among varieties for both dry matter and the concentration of S in plant tissue. However, differences among varieties were not consistent at all three levels of s in solution. Sulfur concentration in wheat herbage explained only 24% of the variability in wheat herbage yield. The study did allow for a general grouping of varieties giving the highest, lowest and intermediate yields. Concentrations of Mg, Cu, P, Fe, Mn and Zn were also affected by the level of SO4‐S.

Chemical Composition of Distillers' Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) from Soft White Wheat, Hard Red Wheat and Corn

ABSTRACTThe chemical composition of distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS) produced from two varieties of soft white wheat, a blend of hard red wheats, and corn was determined. On the average, the concentration of protein increased 2.4–3.1 times, crude fiber 2.6–3.8 times, and lipid 1.4–2.4 times. The carbohydrate decreased by 30–50% in DDGS compared to the corresponding starting grain. The ash in DDGS was 3.8–7.8 times that of the original grain. Many of the differences (p < 0.05) in the concentration of lipid, protein, and crude fiber among the starting grains were also present in the DDGS products.

Optimum N concentration in winter wheat grown in the coastal plain region of Virginia

Abstract Limited information is available on optimum N levels in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), particularly at higher yield levels. Three experiments were conducted in the Coastal Plain region of Virginia where N was applied at rates of 0, 67, 90 and 112 kg/ha to Wheeler, Mc Nair 1003 and Coker 747 soft red winter wheat varieties. Yields ranged from 2.33 to 5.83 Mg/ha in the study. Nitrogen fertilization increased yield up to the 67 kg/ha rate and increased N concentration in the plant tissue up to 67 or 112 kg of N/ha, depending on variety. Optimum N concentration, i.e., N concentration at maximum (100%) yield for Wheeler, Mc Nair 1003 and Coker 747, over the three experiments, was 4.54%, 4.52% and 4.81%, respectively, for entire above‐ground plant samples collected at Feekes growth stage 4 and 4.72%, 4.73% and 4.44% for flag leaf samples collected at Feekes growth stage 10. A N sufficiency range of 4.00–5.00% is suggested for use for the plant parts sampled for both growth stages.

Establishing relationships of nutrient composition and quality of wheat and triticale grains using chicken, quail, and flour beetle bioassays

The growth of chickens, quail, and Tribolium castaneum larvae fed isonitrogenous diets containing 15 percent protein mostly derived from cereals was correlated with the chemical composition using ridge regression analysis. The following variables were included in the analysis for two varieties of tri tic-ale, three varieties of soft and common wheat, two of hard wheat, and three of durum wheat: moisture, crude protein, lipid, ash, amylase inhibitor activity, pearling index, reducing and nonreducing sugars, glucose, soluble and insoluble starch, available carbohydrate, amylopectin/amylose ratio, water-soluble pentosans, cellulose, pectic substances, lignin, hemicellulose, nonavailable carbohydrate, and acid and neutral detergent fiber contents. The triticales were significantly better than the wheats for the growth of test organisms. Although the constituents of cereals are not nutritionally independent for supporting growth, the results of these studies showed that starches may be a more important nutritional component of cereals than was previously presumed. Both starch and crude protein content were positive nutritional components for weight gain. Grain hardness was negatively correlated with weight gain in all test organisms.

Mineral and trace element composition of Wheat and wheat flours of different extraction rates

AbstractGrain samples of hard, soft and durum wheat varieties grown under identical agroclimatic conditions and the samples of 70, 80, 90 and 100 per cent extraction flours of five hard wheat varie...

Trends in cereal breeding in France

The authors describe the objectives, and progress to date, of plant breeding investigations at the INRA Plant Improvement Stations designed to produce new varieties of soft wheat, barley, maize, oats and rye with better agronomic characteristics—such as shorter straw, improved disease-resistance and winter hardiness, and earlier maturity—and enhanced quality. The latter includes various aspects of baking and breadmaking quality, and nutritional quality for animal feeding.

Protein Content of Winter Wheat in Relation to Rate and Time of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application1

AbstractThe effects of N fertilization in the northeastern states on percent protein in soft winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) need to be evaluated in relation to time and rate of application and variety as a basis for developing practices that achieve the desired range in wheat protein.Fall and spring applications of different N rates to ‘Blueboy’ and ‘Redcoat’ varieties of soft winter wheat were compared at five locations on limestone‐derived Pennsylvania soils. Average protein contents were increased from 10.9!)% with no N applied to 14.3% with N fertilizer. The optimum rate of N for maximum grain yield often resulted in higher protein content than is considered desirable in grain used for pastry making. Under comparable conditions, the average protein contents of Redcoat and Blueboy wheats, respectively, were 13.3 and 11.8%. Spring application consistently gave higher protein contents than fall application, although the average difference was small (0.6%).Yields of protein were higher for Blueboy than for Redcoat, despite higher percent protein in the latter, because grain yields of Blueboy were substantially greater than yields of Redcoat. The importance of soil N as a source of N in these experiments was illustrated by the significant correlation that existed between relative N mineralization rates of soils from zero‐N plots and corresponding protein yields.

Conditioning studies on Australian wheat. II. Morphology of wheat and its relationship to conditioning

AbstractA morphological study was carried out on three hard and three soft Australian wheat varieties. A number of staining techniques were developed to reveal the structure of the bran layers and the endosperm and hence to establish any inter‐varietal differences. This information has been used to facilitate the explanation of expected differences in the rate of penetration of the water used in the conditioning of wheat prior to milling, and in the milling yields themselves. Possible explanations for these differences in behaviour include variations in the thickness and composition of the outer cuticle and testa, the extent to which the outer epidermal and inner parenchymal cells have been compressed, and the number and size of protein masses present in the sub‐aleurone endosperm cells.

Rate and Time of Nitrogen Application on Blueboy Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)1

AbstractThe semi‐dwarf, stiff‐strawed soft winter wheat variety ‘Bineboy’ (Triticum aestivum L.) was released in 1965 by the North Carolina State University Agricultural Experiment Station. Presumably, its greater straw strength would allow producers to use higher rates of nitrogen without as much risk of lodging. Information was needed, however, on the nitrogen requirements of this new type of wheat and the most beneficial time for these applications.Field experiments were conducted on two soil types (Davidson clay loam and Lynchburg fine sandy loam) for 2 years to determine the response of Bluehoy wheat to nitrogen rates of 56, 112, 168, and 224 kg/ha applied at seeding in October or partly in October at seeding (56 kg/ha) and partly in February as topdressing rates of 56, 112, and 168 kg/ha.Applying all the nitrogen at seeding on the Davidson clay loam was just as effective for high grain yields and high test weight as the split applications. The 112 kg/ha applied in October (seeding) on this soil type was sufficient for maximum yields.Grain yields were lower on the Lynchburg fine sandy loam soil for October applications than for February applications at nitrogen rates of 112 and 168 kg/ha. No difference in yield was obtained for the two dates at the highest rate of nitrogen (224 kg/ha).Test weights were significantly lower both years when the nitrogen was applied in February on the Lynchburg fine sandy loam as compared to the same total rate applied at seeding. A similar trend was also found for the February nitrogen applications on the Davidson clay loam.This study shows that Blueboy wheat producers can apply all of the nitrogen fertilizer to clay loams and fine sandy loam soils at the time of seeding rather than splitting the application into a small amount at seeding followed by a topdressing in February. A higher level of nitrogen fertilization will be required, however, to offset possible losses from leaching on soils with a sandy surface texture. On these soils producers must weigh the cost of using a higher nitrogen rate at seeding against the possibility of producing a lower‐quality wheat and the cost of an extra trip over the field in February when fields may be wet.

Relationship of Nitrate Reductase Activity to Grain Protein Production in Wheat1

Studies were conducted with field grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with and without supplemental nitrogen to determine if nitrate reductase activity could be correlated with water soluble leaf protein, grain and grain protein (% and total) production. Nitrate reductase activity, nitrate, and water soluble leaf protein were determined at intervals throughout the life cycle of ‘Ponca’ and ‘Monon’ hard and soft red winter wheats, respectively. The major conclusions are, (a) nitrate content of the tissue was a major factor in controlling the level of enzyme activity; (b) nitrate reductase activity was related, though not numerically, to leaf protein content; (c) induction of nitrate reductase on a field scale, was achieved by supplemental nitrogen; (d) increased enzyme activity from supplemental nitrogen treatments was associated with increases in gram protein (% or total); (e) a significant correlation was found between the spring seasonal total of nitrate reductase activity (units of nitrogen reduced per hectare) and grain protein (kg/h) for both varieties; (f) this correlation is valid only for a specified genotype as Ponca required a higher level of enzyme activity to accumulate a unit of grain protein than Monon and (g) this observation suggests that Monon is more efficient in transporting reduced nitrogen from the vegetation to the grain than Ponca. Thirty‐two hard and soft red winter wheat varieties grown in a field nursery with low nitrogen fertility were evaluated for nitrate reductase activity; nitrate and water soluble leaf protein, grain and grain protein (kg/h) production. Average values of enzyme activity obtained from three fall and three spring samplings showed little variation among genotypes and no correlation with grain or grain protein production. However, selection of 16 of the varieties exhibiting highest nitrate reductase activity on November 12, when nitrate was in adequate supply, would have included 9 of the 13 varieties which ultimately produced significantly higher grain protein (kg/h).

FEATURES OF SELECTIVE IMPROVEMENT OF WINTER WHEAT IN THE ROSTOV REGION STEPPE ZONE

The research was carried out in 2005 – 2019 at the Federal Rostov Agrarian Research Center in the Rostov region. The material was the breeding material of various generations of the breeding center. The introduction of semi-dwarf forms into the selection process was accompanied by the involvement of medium-sized local varieties Tarasovskaya 29, Severodonskaya, Severodonskaya 5, Severodonskaya 12, which were adapted to local conditions as step crosses. Also recursive parental forms from various ekonish were used. Field experiments and censuses were carried out in accordance with the methodology of the State Commission for Variety Testing (1971, 1989) and the Methodological Instructions of the World Collection Vir (1977). Breeding of winter wheat was carried out by conventional methods using the bulk method and pedigree.The material was the selection material of different generations of FRANZ breeding. Recombinants of previous generations were used to create varieties of winter soft wheat of the new morphobiotype Donmira, Acapella, Bylina Don. Under different stress factors, the features of the formation of agrocenoses of new phenotypes were revealed. In order to improve individual characteristics, sources of winter and frost resistance were used. A marker sign of selection for productivity and adaptability in drought conditions is an increase in the weight of grain from the plant and ear, the yield index. Further development of breeding of semi-dwarf varieties will be associated with an increase in the capacity of the agrocenosis. The research was implemented in the creation of 20 varieties of winter soft wheat, which are included in the State register of breeding achievements, with a wide area of cultivation.

NEW VARIETY OF SOFT WINTER WHEAT IS FELICIA

The aim of our research is to create and introduce new drought-resistant varieties of winter soft wheat adapted to the conditions of the Central region of Russia. New varieties should have a high and stable yield, resistance to lodging, adverse environmental factors and the defeat of the most harmful diseases, but at the same time, having high indicators of grain quality. This article presents the morphological and economic and biological characteristics of a new medium-ripe variety of winter soft wheat Felicia, introduced in 2019. in the State register of breeding achievements of the Russian Federation in the Central region. The variety of winter soft wheat Felicia was created in ISA-branch of FGBNU FNAC VIM by intraspecific complex-step hybridization followed by individual selection from the hybrid population F [(Don region x Inna) x Memory Fedina) x Memory Fedina]. Authors of the variety are Anokhin N.P., Barkovskaya T.A., Gladysheva O.V., Ushakova E.Yu. Variety is erythrospermum. The ear is white, spinous, pyramidal, mean density. The grain is red, semi-elongated form with a pronounced pappus. Beak of opening chords have a medium length, slightly curved, shoulder rounded, medium width. The height of the plants is 75-85 cm. High adaptability to local climatic conditions of the new variety is manifested primarily in yield stable by years, the maximum reached 9.79 t / ha in 2017. On average, over the last 5 years of study (2015-2019) it amounted to 7.5 t / ha exceeding the standard Angelina variety by 0.62 t / ha. The new variety has a high productivity (more than 9.5 t / ha). It was found that the high yield of Felicia is associated with increased water content of the ear and the weight of 1000 grains. In terms of grain quality, the new variety is not inferior to the standard grade Аngelina, which is included in the list of valuable wheat of Russia. The new variety of winter soft wheat “Felicia” meets the requirements of modern production. It is drought resistant, has good baking capabilities and is adapted to the Russia Central region’s conditions. The Felicia variety is recommended to be cultivated on dark gray forest, soddy podzolic soils, chernozems in accordance with the generally accepted varietal technology of winter crops. Sowing dates are optimal for the agricultural zone. The seeding rate is 5.0 million pcs / ha.

WINTER WHEAT SELECTION IN CENTRAL CHERNOZEM REGION

Research results, which were conducted in the forest-steppe of the Central Black Earth Region in the years 2000-2016, are presented. They were carried out in order to find new approaches to the selection of parental components in hybridization to make varieties of winter soft wheat with a high level of productivity, resistant to abiotic environmental factors. Agrotechnology - generally accepted in the region, research material- is the crop structure data of variety samples and hybrids from breeding nurseries. The experiments were conducted according to generally accepted methods, statistical analysis of data was carried out using the Statistica 6.1. The contingency was estimated by the Spearman coefficient, the contribution of factor signs to the resultant one was estimated by the method of multiple regression using the coefficient Beta (β). It is established that hybrids of winter wheat are characterized by higher polymorphism, the appearance of favorable transgressions. Their parental forms are selected by morphological and biological features according to the principle of different quality. When selecting high-yielding varieties which are resistant to lodging, it is advisable to make crossing, contrasting in height, forms with different spike lengths. Using the proposed methods, hybrids which are responsive to environmental conditions were made. They were used in the selection of the intensive winter wheat cultivar Alaya Zarya (since 2011 it's included in the State Register of Selective Breeding Results of the Russian Federation in the fifth region). In a number of hybrids, the contribution to the productivity of their elements practically does not depend on the conditions of the growing season, they are the basis for making the Alexia variety for organic farming (it is in State Commission of the Russian Federation on Testing and Protection of Selective Breeding Results).