Programming Research Articles

Thou Shalt Not Conduct Research on Software? Text and Data Mining of Computer Programs in the Current EU Copyright Framework

Abstract The proliferation of generative AI has steered the discussion about text and data mining (TDM) in copyright law towards the problem of generative models. However, generative AI is not the only case for TDM. Mining data from computer programs can improve defect detection, discover design patterns, facilitate maintenance, summarize code in natural language or identify security vulnerabilities. The potential of such research, and the risk of skewing its results due to inadequate data justifies a venture into the scope of permitted TDM activities in relation to software. This article explores the intersection of TDM and the protection of computer programs in EU copyright law, focusing on the reproduction and alteration rights under the Software Directive. It argues that although among the new TDM exceptions and limitations in the Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market only the general one explicitly mentions computer programs, the research exception can also be applied if implemented carefully. This article also shows that computer programs can be reproduced in a way relevant to copyright law during TDM activities aimed at extracting data from traditional literary or artistic works. It offers an interpretation of Art. 5(1) of the Software Directive that prevents the misusing of copyright to thwart TDM in such scenarios. Finally, it analyses the diverging implementation strategies of TDM provisions adopted by EU Member States in the context of computer programs. By examining these issues, this article aims to clarify the scope of permissible TDM activities and advocate for policies that support research.

AI-Assisted 3D Modeling Strategy for Microstructure-Based Functional Surfaces Using ChatGPT and Random Forest

With the development of computer programming, product design is being carried out through computer programming such as 3D CAD/CAM when developing products, and the cost of developing new products can be greatly reduced by using 3D modeling tools in which various engineering theories are programmed. With the recent rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI), various AI applications have been actively proposed in various fields. In this study, we report a ChatGPT-based 3D modeling program (CMP) which can easily design microstructures, and the theory of wettability that was programmed into the CMP. Since the theory related to wettability is programmed into the CMP, once the user enters basic information about the desired functional surface, such as superhydrophobic surfaces, at the CMP prompt, 3D structures with the performance of superhydrophobicity are immediately provided. Through microstructure fabrication techniques, the microstructure designed by the CMP was actually fabricated, wettability experiments were conducted, and it was confirmed that a superhydrophobic surface was successfully designed. As such, the AI-based CMP can easily design microstructure-based functional surfaces, and we expect this method not only to decrease the fabrication costs of designing micro/nano structures but also to be useful in various fields.

Numerical Model of Temperature-Filtration Regime of Earth Dam in Harsh Climatic Conditions

The article addresses the issue of numerical modeling of the process of forming the temperature regime of earth dams, along with their foundations, built and operated in permafrost conditions. A large number of such structures have been constructed in the permafrost regions of the Earth to meet the needs of industry and population. The paper outlines the key principles of designing and constructing such structures. These principles were developed based on years of experience in hydrotechnical construction. Failure to follow these principles leads to structural failures, as confirmed by the presented statistics on accidents. It is essential to ensure the appropriate thermal condition of the structure and its foundation, either frozen or thawed. An unplanned transition of soils from one state to another may lead to an emergency situation. Temperature changes can cause phase transitions of water from liquid to solid (ice), which also affects the formation of the structure’s regime. Numerical methods of calculation allow for the most comprehensive consideration of the influencing factors and processes. The article presents the results of numerical modeling of the filtration-temperature regime of an earth dam with a foundation in permafrost conditions, using two computational programs. The first is based on a locally variational approach (Termic, authored by the researchers), while the second uses a classical linear equation system solution (PLAXIS 2D 2022 software). A comparison of the results obtained from both programs showed good qualitative and quantitative consistency. Under the influence of seepage flow, the zone of frozen ground degradation is spreading in the lower part of the earth dam and its foundation. By September of the 27th year of operation, the thawed ground zone reaches approximately the middle of the structure at the base. The temperature values along the screen axis at the base of the structure are +1.2 °C (according to the Termic program—ver. 1.1) and +1.06 °C (according to PLAXIS 2D PC). Recommendations and future research directions on this topic are also formulated.

Уравнения, описывающие процессы эксплуатации траловых комплексов

Exploring deep-sea resources is an important step towards sustainable and efficient use of marine resources. Research may include analysis of biodiversity, ecosystem characteristics, and deep-sea fishing technologies and practices. Research in this area provides unique opportunities to advance understanding of the marine ecosystem for the development of deep-sea fisheries. This, in turn, helps to strengthen the sustainability and competitiveness of the Russian fishery complex in the long term. In the Russian Federation, the priority is to conduct scientific research in the field of deep-sea fishing, aimed both at developing the fishing of deep-sea objects and at studying them for the purpose of processing for the pharmaceutical industry. The development of innovative methods for catching mesopelagic fish and deep-sea aquatic organisms is an important task for the scientific community of the Russian Federation. The equations designed to describe various processes that occur during the operation of bottom and mid-depth trawl systems are discussed. The complexity of solving the above equations indicates the advisability of dividing exploitation processes into micro-level, macro-level and meta-level. The theory of multiphysics similarity allows you to simulate processes at various levels. Computer programs are presented that make it possible to recalculate the results of model experiments from a model of a trawl complex to a full-scale trawl complex.

Основы цифровой модели серебряного карася

At the present stage of the development of science and technology, a set of methodological approaches to the creation of digital models and computer programs that contribute to the production development of both new and traditional fish farming facilities based on a detailed study of their biological characteristics as objects of cultivation is to be developed. The development and justification of approaches to the widespread introduction of digital transformation into ichthyology and aquaculture to improve the effectiveness of the study and rational management of fisheries activities using is presented. The volume of fish was studied using the example of a silver carp body shape model using morphometric data in the form of the sum of two elliptical cones or the sum of the halves of two ellipsoids. It was noted that the ratio of the measured body volume of the silver carp to the calculated volume according to the model of the sum of the halves of two ellipsoids according to the obtained indicators approached the values of 0.9. This value satisfied the studied model by 90%, determined the normal development of silver carp grown in the conditions of the Duboe site of JSC Polesie Fish Farm. It is proposed to introduce an impersonal form of data presentation for a particular type of fish, which has a common origin and can be easily represented for any other type of fish. It was found that the distance from the end of the snout to the end of the scaly cover, and in the absence of scales to the base of the rays of the caudal fin, can be used as the studied “unit”. Studies have given the sum of the ratios, and have shown a tendency for its growth from 1.640 to 2.077 values.

Study on the implementation of the CAL (Coding as Another Language) curriculum in early childhood education

In recent years, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have been increasingly integrated into preschool education, enriching the learning process with valuable information and motivation while capturing young students' interest. Numerous studies emphasize the importance and impact of utilizing ICT in education, introducing new dynamics to learning experiences, particularly as children grow up surrounded by diverse digital stimuli. From an early age, they interact with applications and digital tools, especially touchscreens, building digital experiences that become essential in educational interventions. Rapid technological advancements have led to the development of a wide range of applications that enhance educational processes, significantly influencing how young children learn and process information. Games, mobile devices, interactive whiteboards, and programming applications aid in the development of critical ICT skills, logical thinking, associative reasoning, computational thinking, and programming abilities. Striking the right balance between play and learning creates a rich, stimulating environment that fosters young learners' growth in skills and abilities. Considering the European Union Council's recommendation of May 22, 2018, digital competence is one of the key skills that must be cultivated both within and beyond school throughout life. As future citizens, today's students need skills that will enable them to solve problems effectively. Our digital society demands individuals capable of responding efficiently to challenges across various social contexts. Consequently, teaching students computational thinking and programming skills has become essential. Research demonstrates that preschool children, when faced with problem-solving tasks requiring the creation of code, can develop basic programming and computational thinking skills, such as debugging and understanding sequences. Moreover, in recent years, digital applications specifically designed to teach young children fundamental programming concepts have emerged. While numerous learning environments focus on coding skills, studies on their effectiveness in fostering coding and computational thinking in preschoolers remain limited. As the number of mobile learning applications grows, it is crucial to identify those with genuine educational value, avoiding those marketed as educational without substantive merit. This study describes an educational intervention based on experiential and collaborative teaching principles. The research aims to demonstrate that through the use of the CAL (Coding as Another Language) approach within the ScratchJr programming environment, significant programming and computational thinking skills can be cultivated in a conventional Greek preschool classroom. The teacher and researcher are the same individual, ensuring direct involvement in the educational process.

Numerical Modeling of Engineering-Scale Jointed Coal Mass and Confining Pressure Effect

In coal masses, joints serve as crucial components influencing mechanical responses and failure mechanisms. The joint distribution complicates the acquisition of physical parameters for engineering-scale coal masses, and traditional laboratory or in situ tests often suffer from inaccuracies and high costs. Therefore, examination of the dynamic properties of engineering-scale coal mass is generally performed by numerical simulations. This paper proposes a model construction approach using two-dimension Particle Flow Code (PFC2D) software to study the mechanical properties of engineering-scale jointed coal mass, addressing the limitations of conventional models by integrating scale effects, accuracy, and computational efficiency. Firstly, the distribution characteristics and mechanical parameters of the joints in the coal mass were obtained based on field statistics and laboratory experiments. The parameters of the laboratory-scale model were calibrated by the numerical matching method. The discrete element model for the engineering-scale coal mass was constructed by the step-by-step matching method. The confining pressure effect on the coal mass under a biaxial loading condition was studied, while the strength change, fissure evolution, and failure mechanism under different confining pressures and fissure degrees were investigated. Based on the simulation results, a quantitative relationship was established between the mechanical parameters, fissure degree, and confining pressure under compression conditions. Ultimately, the failure zone ahead of the working face and the distribution of the abutment pressure were assessed using the mechanics parameters of coal masses with diverse joint distributions.

Chebfun approximation to structure of positive radial solutions for a class of supercritical semi-linear Dirichlet problems

We use the Chebfun programming package to approximate numerically the structure of the set of positive radial solutions for a class of supercritical semilinear elliptic Dirichlet boundary value problems. This structure (bifurcation diagram) is provided only at the heuristic level in many important works. In this paper, we investigate this structure, as accurately as possible, for the classof problems mentioned above taking into account the dimension of Euclidean space as well as the physical parameter involved.

Call Center Monitoring for Emergency Services

Speech recognition applications can increase the efficiency of simple tasks and greatly expand the range of tasks that call center operators perform. To increase the productivity of the public security management center, a software module was created which analyzes incoming calls, converts them into text form and places this text in the database. Operators are given the opportunity to read the call text after the end of the call to better understand its content and to improve the quality of the corresponding response. The article discusses the module, which was created to convert the incoming calls into text form. The service is a .NET Core Web API application created using the C# programming language. It uses a NuGet package to communicate with Google’s Speech service. The components of the system are described, the JSON format of the message is given, the structure of the database is discussed, the corresponding software codes of the module are given. The article also shows the customer irritating factors, analyzes the situations that create a series of calls, presents the results of customer surveys, which relate to the needs of customers in terms of waiting time. The paper discusses the mechanism for prioritizing calls, the algorithm for its implementation, as well as ways to manage non-targeted calls. The article shows the pros and cons of a system for queuing priorities.

Computer-Integrated Surface Image Processing of Hydrogen-Saturated Steel Wear Products

This paper briefly describes the conceptual direction of the application of computer vision (CV) methods that involve controlling the morphology of hydrogenated wear particles (WPs). During long-term operation, in the surface and subsurface layers of the materials of parts in the tribo-joint, changes in the micromechanisms of fracture occur, which change the morphology of WPs. It has been shown that the developed computer program (CP) can be used to monitor the fractography of the surface of wear particles, and, accordingly, it is possible to control changes in the surface morphology. Therefore, it is possible to predict the operational stability and durability of the tribo-joint. A conceptual scheme for determining the performance of a tribotechnical assembly depending on the determined parameters of WPs is presented. The modes marked on it, including normal operation, transient, run-in, and catastrophic failure, can be evaluated by robotics approaches.

Predictive Roles of Reproductive Hormones in Screening Human Males with Oligo Spermia

Objective; Evaluation of the roles of testosterone, LH, FSH, and prolactin hormone indicators in the pathophysiology of patients with oligozoospermia. Methods: This investigation was applied in Baghdad, Iraq, on people with oligozoospermia from June to September 2024. Fifty blood samples were collected from patients visiting outpatient clinics after being examined by a specialist (gynecologist). In addition, forty samples were taken from healthy individuals and considered as a control group. All hormones were measured in the study groups using the Snibe Maglumi 800 machine. SPSS v. 23.0 and Prism v. 6 statistical software programs were used for the analysis of our results. Results; The present findings indicated that most patients fall within the age groups 21–30 years (28.0%), 31–40 years (22.0%), and 41–50 years (20.0%), while a smaller percentage fall within the ≤20 years (8.0%) and >60 years (10.0%) groups. LH, FSH, and prolactin levels were significantly increased (p<0.05) in patients compared to healthy individuals. In contrast, testosterone levels were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in patients compared to healthy individuals. ROC curve results showed that FSH achieved the highest sensitivity and specificity (71% and 75%), followed by prolactin (70% and 73%), testosterone (68% and 66%), and LH hormone (62% and 55%) at cutoff values of 7.12, 10.25, 1.965, and 5.25, respectively, in screening patients with oligozoospermia, with significant differences (p<0.05). There were positive and negative correlations among sexual hormones in oligozoospermia patients; however, these relationships were not significant (p>0.05). Finally, we found no significant variations (p>0.05) in the levels of sexual hormones across the age groups of patients. Conclusion: The investigation revealed LH, FSH, and Prolactin levels were significantly increased, while testosterone levels were significantly decreased. ROC curve showed FSH scored the highest sensitivity and specificity, followed by Prolactin, testosterone, and lastly LH. In addition, there is no significant positive or negative correlation among reproduction hormones in oligozoospermia patients. There is no significant correlation between age and level of reproductive hormones.

Accuracy of the Hounsfield Unit Values Measured by Implant Planning Software

Background: The measurement of Hounsfield units (HU) during implant treatment planning is important. Currently, various manufacturers’ implant planning software programs offer HU capabilities; however, their accuracy remains unverified. In this study, we aimed to validate the accuracy of HU values measured by implant planning software programs. Methods: This study used one type of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), two types of cone–beam computed tomography (CBCT), and four implant planning software packages. Three specimens were prepared for the evaluation of HUs, and the standard values of the HUs were measured. Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) data obtained from MDCT and CBCT were loaded into four implant planning software packages to measure the HU values. The HU and reference values of the four implant planning software programs obtained from MDCT and CBCT were compared. Additionally, the HU values between each implant planning software program were compared. Results: The HU values of the three specimens, as measured using the four implant planning software programs utilizing MDCT, did not exhibit a significant difference from the standard values. Conversely, those obtained from CBCT were significantly different. The measured HU values after the MDCT imaging of the specimens were not significantly different between the implant planning software programs; however, they differed after CBCT imaging. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that it is not possible to measure HU values using CBCT with implant planning software programs. However, HU values can be measured by any implant planning software using MDCT.

The Relationship Between Digital Literacy and Health Literacy in Individuals Aged 18-65

Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between digital literacy and health literacy in individuals aged 18-65. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between June and July 2023, with individuals aged 18-65 years applying to primary healthcare institutions affiliated with XXXX Provincial Health Directorate. The Introductory Information Form, Health Literacy Scale, and Digital Literacy Scale were used to collect the research data. SPSS-25 package program was used. This study was conducted with 384 individuals. Results: According to the findings obtained in our study, the mean total score of the Health Literacy Scale was 102.27±17.34, and the mean total score of the Digital Literacy Scale was 64.39±12.75. Conclusion: Digital literacy level has a positive and significant effect on health literacy level. It is recommended to provide training to increase the digital literacy levels of individuals or to broadcast public spots on social media platforms. Keywords: Digital Literacy, Health Literacy, Technology

Ефект на годината върху биологичната плодовитост при овце от Синтетична популация българска млечна с реализирани две поредни оагвания в две последователни календарни години

The aim of the study is to evaluate the influence of the year on the biological fecundity of sheep from the Synthetic population Bulgarian milk with two consecutive pregnancies, in two consecutive calendar years. The study was conducted with 171 ewes, raised in the experimental base of the IAS-Kostinbrod, in the period 2010 - 2021. The first fertilization was between 18 and 20 months of age. Breeding campaigns were conducted in the period July - September. All animals have had two consecutive lambings, in two consecutive calendar years. Biological fecundity is determined as a percentage based on the ratio of the number of live births and stillbirths to the number of lambed ewes. The reffect of the influence of year on fecundity was determined by one-way ANOVA. The effect of factor influence was determined by Fisher’s F-test values. SPSS 21.0 computer program was used for statistical data analysis. The year had a significant effect on the variation of fecundity in first lambing ewes from the Sythetic population Bulgarian milk, (F=2.727, P<0.01). The average fecundity of all studied sheep at the first lambing was 126.90%, and at the second lambing - 122.81%. Ewes that at the first lambing realize a significant higher fecundity at the second lambing also realize a higher fecundity.

Extended new Painlevé integrable KdV--CBS equation: multiple shocks, lump, breathers, and other physical wave solutions

Abstract In this work, we construct a new evolutionary equation with multiple applications in fluids and engineering. We call it the extended (3+1)-dimensional KdV-CBS equation, an extension of the (3+1)-dimensional KdV-Calogero-Bogoyavlenskii-Schiff (KdV-CBS) equation. We apply the Painlevé integrability test to examine the compatibility conditions of this new extended model before analyzing and solving it. Subsequently, we implement the simplified Hirota's method (SHM) to analyze this model, deriving multiple soliton/shock and lump solutions, as well as breather wave solutions, based on the derived dispersion relation, with the assistance of advanced computational programs like Maple and Mathematica. Furthermore, many other techniques, such as the Tanh method and different exponential formulas, will be used to derive different physical solutions that may simulate many nonlinear phenomena that arise in fluid or plasma physics.

Path Planning Method for Wire-Based Additive Manufacturing Processes

The relevance of creating specialized computer programs that convert a virtual 3D model of an object into machine code (G-code) for controlling the process of 3D printing products from wire raw materials is substantiated. It is shown that for wire-based additive technologies, a fundamentally important requirement is to ensure the continuity of the surfacing trajectory within one section. A method for determining a continuous surfacing trajectory is proposed, the implementation of which requires two stages: performing a numerical analysis of a two-dimensional region with boundary conditions describing this section; and running a heuristic algorithm for the movement of the surfacing head, in which the direction of movement is selected based on the results of the analysis. The procedure for setting boundary conditions and an algorithm for numerically solving the boundary value problem of determining the field of the “height” function for each section are described. The principles of operation of the heuristic algorithm for selecting the direction of head movement based on the calculated height field and continuous determination of the proximity of adjacent layers and section boundaries are disclosed. An analysis of the algorithm operation is carried out using a section with holes as an example, and the potential of using numerical methods to calculate the change in the temperature field during the surfacing process is shown.

Model of sensitivity to the initial conditions of the equations of motion in the electric fieldn

A numerical method for calculating ste¬ady periodic processes of nonlinear differential equations of motion in an electric field is proposed based on their integration under initial conditions that exclude transi¬ent reaction. The calculation of such initial conditions is based on Newton's iterative formula. At each iteration, together with the basic equations of motion, the corresponding equations of the first variation are integrated over the periodicity time interval, which represent a model of sensitivity to the initial conditions, In addi¬tion, the number of unknown variational equations has been reduced, which makes it possible to lower their or¬der, and, at the same time, the order of the monodromy matrix. All this contributes to the simplification of the relevant computational algorithms and computer programs. The method takes into account the finite rate of electric field propagation.

A qualitative illuminative evaluation of emotional intelligence training as transformative learning

Orientation: The study focuses on emotional intelligence (EI) training, which is known to promote socio-emotional competencies and behaviours for business success.Research purpose: The study seeks to illuminate the extent to which the Minnaar EQ Dynamics Self-Awareness Programme facilitates transformative learning in EI including its spill-over effects in the workplace.Motivation for the study: Qualitative illuminative research on the transformative learning effect of EI training, and especially its spill-over effect into the workplace, is scant.Research approach/design and method: The study employed a retrospective qualitative case study design with semi-structured interviews as guided by an illuminative evaluation methodology. The ATLAS.ti software programme was utilised to analyse the data collected from nine training programme participants employed in a mining company situated in Gauteng.Main findings: The findings illuminated transformative learning pertaining to intrapersonal and interpersonal domains of EI which positively spilled over to social interactions in the working environment. Some aspects of the training methodology appeared to have contributed to the transformative learning effects.Practical/managerial implications: The findings attest to the value of investing in evidence-based EI training programmes that facilitate transformative learning.Contribution/value-add: The findings underscore the role of transformative EI training in fostering personal growth and development, positive relationships, effective communication and a conducive work environment for organisational success.

Application and Impact of Artificial Intelligence in Education: A Case Study of Programming Education

With the rising demand for personalized learning and increased digital natives, the traditional education model is under pressure to reform. the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) provides new education solutions, and the application of AI is becoming widespread, from intelligent tutoring to automated grading to learning analytics. However, the application of AI in education is not without challenges. This literature review aims to explore the impact of AI on education, analyze its potential advantages, and propose strategies to address the challenges and provide guidance for the future development of education. Understanding the impact of AI on education is instructive for the future direction of AI in education and reveals the importance of AI for education to the extent that it is important for formulating effective educational policies and cultivating future talents in AI technology. The final results of the study show that although AI in the education industry there are various difficulties and limitations, but AI offers great potential for smarter and more efficient education levels and education systems. In today's era, computer programming education is emerging as a pivotal force in shaping the future, as it not only hones students' logical thinking and innovative capabilities but also lays a solid foundation for their career paths in the digital world. By integrating knowledge across various disciplines, programming education stimulates students' enthusiasm for applying their learning to real-world problems and enhances their sense of social engagement, enabling them to tackle challenges through technological means.

PENGARUH MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN PLAYDOUGH TEIRHADAP PERKEMBANGAN KREATIVITAS ANAK USIA 5-6 TAHUN DI TK GKPI TARUTUNG KOTA

The purpose of this study is to find out how much influence the meidiia playdough teaching is in the balance of the credibility of children aged 5-6 years of kindergarten GKPI Tarutung Kota. The data collection tools in this study are observation, interviews, and documentation. The sample in this study is children aged 5-6 years who are divided into two groups, namely group B2 as the experimental group and group B3 as the control group. The hypothesis test in this study is a t-test using the help of the Microsoft Excel computer program and the SPSS version 21 program. Based on the results of the Posttest test between the experimental group and the control group, there was a significant difference. The results of the experimental group and the control group normality of the sig. (2-tailed) of 0.081 and 0.666 is greater than the significance level of 0.005 and the homogeneity of the Fcal value is 0.050 will be compared with the value of Fcal with the provision of the numerator dk (n1-1; 8-1=7) and the denominator dk (n2-1; 25-24=24) which is 2.42. So it is known that Fcalung < Ftabel (0.050 < 2.42) sig. Based on the results of the t-test, the Equal Varince Assumed value is calculated > ttable (α=0.05; df= 48), namely tcal= 4.736 > ttable = 2.021 or can be seen in the significant value of Equal Varince Ascetic, which is 0.000 < 0.05. It turned out that the ttable > calculation was 4,736 > 2,021, so Ho was rejected and Ha was accepted. This means that the teacher of the playdough is facing the balance of the creativity of children in the age of 5-6 years of GKPIi Tarutung Kota Kindergarten.