Soft Tissue Thickness Research Articles

Influence of soft tissue thickness on marginal bone level around dental implants: A systematic review with meta-analysis and trial-sequential analysis.

The aim of the present review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the influence of soft tissue thickness on initial bone remodeling after implant installation. A literature search was conducted by two independent reviewers on electronic databases up to May 2022. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) performed on human subjects were included. The risk of bias was evaluated using Cochrane Collaboration's tool. Meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis (TSA) were performed on the selected articles. The primary outcome was marginal bone loss. After screening, 6 studies were included in the final analysis, with a total of 354 implants, and a follow-up from 10 to 14 months. 194 implants were placed in a ≥ 2 mm soft tissue thickness, while 160 had <2 mm soft tissue thickness before implant placement. The included studies had a high level of heterogeneity (I2 > 50%). The meta-analysis indicated a statistically significant difference between the two groups (0.54; p= .027) and the TSA analysis confirmed the results, despite the limited number of dental implants. Additional analysis showed that age and follow-up parameters were not statistically significant factors influencing the bone loss (p= .22 and p= .16, respectively). Based on the available RCTS and CCTs, initial soft tissue thickness seems to influence marginal bone loss after a short follow-up period. Based on TSA analysis, further studies are needed to assess the influence of the soft tissue thickness on marginal bone loss. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021235324.

Changes in Sonographic Thickness with Identification of Nine Layers, Roughness, and Hydration in the Dorsal Hand after Injectables.

With the use of sonography, soft-tissue thickness can be measured accurately to assess the volumizing effects of fillers. In this prospective study, monophasic stabilized hyaluronic acid filler (1 cc) was injected into the dorsal superficial and intermediate laminae of 20 patients using a subdermal scraping fanning injection technique. Sonograms and topographic computer analyses were used to measure soft-tissue thickness, skin roughness, and stratum corneum hydration (SCH) at 1 week and 1, 2, 3, and 6 months. Hand appearance and skin roughness improved in all patients. Sonography showed that soft-tissue thickness was increased by 4.52 mm (immediately after treatment), 5.52 mm (1 week), 4.89 mm (1 month), 4.25 mm (2 months), 4.08 mm (3 months), and 3.86 mm (6 months) from the pretreatment baseline of 3.20 mm. Roughness was reduced by 15.39 au (16.17%) at 1 month, 21.5 (18.12%) at 2 months, 22.7 (23.91%) at 3 months, and 27.16 (38.12%) at 6 months, indicating improvements in fine wrinkles. SCH also improved during follow-up. Detailed subdivision of nine layers of hand dorsum was established in this sonography study for the first time. Soft-tissue thickness was increased more than 207% during follow-up, and placement of hyaluronic acid materials was confirmed in the dorsal superficial and dorsal intermediate laminae. Hand appearance and skin roughness improved in all patients. Veins and tendons became less apparent, with volumizing effects. All patients stated that their skin became more moisturized, youthful, and smooth during the follow-up period after only one session of the subdermal scraping, fanning injection technique. Therapeutic, IV.

Association of Body Mass Index (BMI) with Lip Morphology Characteristics: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on Chinese Population

Lip morphology is essential in diagnosis and treatment of orthodontics and orthognathic surgery to ensure facial aesthetics. Body mass index (BMI) has proved to have influence on facial soft tissue thickness, but its relationship with lip morphology is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the association between BMI and lip morphology characteristics (LMCs) and thus provide information for personalized treatment. A cross-sectional study consisted of 1185 patients from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2020 was conducted. Confounders of demography, dental features, skeletal parameters and LMCs were adjusted by multivariable linear regression to identify the association between BMI and LMCs. Group differences were evaluated with two-samples t-test and one-way ANOVA test. Mediation analysis was used for indirect effects assessment. After adjusting for confounders, BMI is independently associated with upper lip length (0.039, [0.002-0.075]), soft pogonion thickness (0.120, [0.073-0.168]), inferior sulcus depth (0.040, [0.018-0.063]), lower lip length (0.208, [0.139-0.276]), and curve fitting revealed non-linearity to BMI in obese patients. Mediation analysis found BMI was associated with superior sulcus depth and basic upper lip thickness through upper lip length. BMI is positively associated with LMCs, except for nasolabial angle as negatively, while obese patients reverse or weaken these associations.

Accuracy of Preoperative Ultrasonographic Airway Assessment in Predicting Difficult Laryngoscopies in Adult Patients.

Background and objectives Presently, neck ultrasonography is used as a tool to predict a difficult airway. There are no standardized ultrasonographic criteria that help to predict a difficult airway. This study aims to ultrasonographically assess the anterior neck soft tissue thickness preoperatively based on two parameters-the minimal distance from the hyoid bone to skin (DSHB) and the distance from the skin to the epiglottis midway between the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage (DSEM)-and find out whether these parameters can predict a difficult airway in adults by correlating with the Cormack-Lehane (CL) grading. Background and objectives After obtaining ethical committee clearance and patient consent, we conducted this study on 96 patients aged between 18 and 60 years, belonging to American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classes one and two, who were admitted for elective surgery under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation to RL Jalappa Hospital and Research Centre, Tamaka, Kolar, from January 2020 to May 2021. The exclusion criteria were patients with anticipated difficult airway cases, such as obesity, pregnancy, head and neck anatomical pathologies, maxillofacial anomalies, and edentulous patients. The sonography of the airway was first performed preoperatively by an anesthesiologist along with standard clinical tests such as Mallampati (MP) grading. The sonography included two parameters: DSHB and DSEM. The patients were later classified as having easy or difficult laryngoscopy based on USG criteria from the available literature. A DSHB value of greater than 0.66 cm was predicted to be a difficult airway, and less than 0.66 cm was predicted to be easy. A DSEM value greater than 2.03 cm was predicted to be a difficult airway, and less than 2.03 cm was predicted to be easy. After induction of anesthesia, another experienced anesthesiologist performed direct laryngoscopy in the sniffing position with an appropriate-sized Macintosh blade and CL grades. CL grades I and II were considered to be easy laryngoscopies. The quantitative data were presented by mean SD and confidence interval (CI). The qualitative data were presented in percentages, and p-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. To determine the discriminative power of individual tests, the receiver operating characteristic curve and the area under the curve with a 95% confidence interval was noted. Results The two USG parameters DSHB and DSEM may be used to predict difficult laryngoscopy in adult patients, as both have very strong statistical significance. Of the two parameters, DSHB seems to have a better diagnostic value for predicting a difficult airway in our study, as supported by thearea under the curve (AUC) of 97.4% compared to DSEM with an AUC of 88.8%. DSHB has better sensitivity (100%), and DSEM has better specificity (89.77%). Conclusion Our study showed that DSHB and DSEM may aid in predicting difficult laryngoscopies, as a strong statistical significance was present between sonographic measurements and CL grading. DSHB also appeared to have a better diagnostic value for predicting a difficult airway.

Hard and Soft Tissue Asymmetry in Patients with Skeletal Class III Malocclusion: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study.

This study aims to investigate hard and soft tissue asymmetry in skeletal Class III patients to elucidate how soft tissue thickness alters overall asymmetry and whether menton deviation is correlated with bilateral differences in hard and soft tissue prominence and soft tissue thickness. The cone-beam computed tomography data of 50 skeletal Class III adults were divided based on menton deviation into symmetric (n = 25; deviation ≤ 2.0 mm) and asymmetric (n = 25; deviation > 2.0 mm) groups. Forty-four corresponding hard and soft tissue points were identified. Bilateral hard and soft tissue prominence and soft tissue thickness were compared using paired t-tests. The correlations between bilateral differences in these variables and menton deviation were examined using Pearson's correlation analysis. In the symmetric group, no significant bilateral differences in soft and hard tissue prominence and soft tissue thickness were observed. In the asymmetric group, both hard and soft tissue prominence were significantly greater on the deviated side than the non-deviated side at most of the points; however, no significant differences in soft tissue thickness were detected except at point 9 (ST9/ST'9, p = 0.011). The difference of hard and soft tissue prominence at point 8 (H8/H'8 and S8/S'8) was positively correlated with menton deviation, whereas the soft tissue thickness at point 5 (ST5/ST'5) and point 9 (ST9/ST'9) was negatively correlated with menton deviation (p = 0.05). Soft tissue thickness does not affect overall asymmetry in the presence of underlying hard tissue asymmetry. Soft tissue thickness at the centre of the ramus may be correlated with the degree of menton deviation in patients with asymmetry; however, this correlation needs to be confirmed by further studies.

Xenogeneic collagen matrix versus connective tissue graft for soft tissue augmentation at immediately placed implants: a prospective clinical trial

The advantages of immediate implant placement for patients include a reduced number of surgical procedures and a shorter overall treatment time. Disadvantages include a higher risk of aesthetic complications. The aim of this study was to compare xenogeneic collagen matrix (XCM) versus a subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) used for soft tissue augmentation in combination with immediate implant placement without provisionalization. Forty-eight patients requiring a single implant-supported rehabilitation were selected and assigned to one of two surgical procedures: immediate implant with SCTG (SCTG group) or immediate implant with XCM (XCM group). Marginal changes in the peri-implant soft tissue and the facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) were assessed after 12 months. Secondary outcomes included peri-implant health status, aesthetics, patient satisfaction, and perceived pain. All of the implants placed were successfully osseointegrated, resulting in 1-year survival and success rates of 100%. The patients in the SCTG group had a significantly lower mid-buccal marginal level (MBML) recession (P = 0.021) and a greater increase in FSTT (P < 0.001) than the patients in the XCM group. Using xenogeneic collagen matrix during immediate implant placement significantly increased FSTT from the baseline, leading to good aesthetic and patient satisfaction results. However, the connective tissue graft yielded better MBML and FSTT results.

Methodology for estimation of undeformed thickness of arterial tissues

Soft tissue sample thickness measurement is one of the major sources of differences between mechanical responses published by different groups. New method for the estimation of unloaded sample thickness of soft tissues is proposed in this study. Ten 30 × 30 mm and ten 20 × 20 mm samples of porcine anterior thoracic aortas were loaded by gradually increased radial force. Their deformed thickness was then recorded in order to generate a pressure-thickness response. Next, the limit pressure to which the response can be considered linear was estimated. Line was fitted to the linear part of the curve and extrapolated towards zero pressure to estimate unloaded thickness (7 kPa fit). For comparison, data near zero pressure were fitted separately and extrapolated towards zero (Near Zero fit). The limit pressure for the linearity of the response was around 7 kPa. The Unloaded thickness for 30 × 30 mm samples was 2.68 ± 0.31 mm and 2.68 ± 0.3 mm for Near Zero fit and 7 kPa fit, respectively. The Unloaded thickness for 20 × 20 mm samples was 2.60 ± 0.35 mm and 2.59 ± 0.35 mm for Near Zero fit and 7 kPa fit, respectively. The median of thickness difference between smaller and larger samples was not found statistically different. Proposed method can estimate unloaded undeformed sample thickness quickly and reliably.

IgG4-related Disease with Localized Perirenal Soft-tissue Thickening.

IgG4-related Disease with Localized Perirenal Soft-tissue Thickening.

Lyme Disease Associated Orbital Myositis: A Rare Cause of Orbital Swelling

A 61-year-old man presented with a 1-day history of right eye pain, right periorbital swelling, and painful diplopia upon right gaze. He was triaged as having Orbital Cellulitis in the emergency room and was given intravenous metronidazole and ceftriaxone. The patient has a medical history of Type 2 diabetes, right subclavian thrombosis, and Lyme disease, for which he was treated with Doxycycline and Rifampicin. He also has colour blindness and a raised immunoglobulin level, as well as a history of soft tissue thickening and acute inflammatory changes in the right periorbital region. Upon examination, the patient's visual acuity was 6/9 in both eyes, and the right eye showed swelling and tenderness at the superior and inferior margins, chemosis, and restriction of left abduction and upgaze. Blood tests showed elevated CRP levels and a positive rheumatoid factor.

Effect of the Lateral Bone Augmentation Procedure in Correcting Peri-Implant Bone Dehiscence Defects: A 7-Years Retrospective Study

Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is a well-documented and widely-used dental surgical procedure for the treatment of various types of alveolar bone defects. The aim of the study was to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of the GBR procedure in correcting small peri-implant bone dehiscence using the xenogeneic deproteinized bovine bone mineral material and a xenogeneic native bilayer collagen membrane. The present study was designed as a retrospective study. Seventy-five bone-level tapered two-piece dental implants Conelog®, Camlog (Biotechnologies AG, Switzerland) were divided into two groups G1—no bone augmentation (no GBR)—44 implants and G2—bone augmentation (GBR)—31 implants. For both groups, the closed healing protocol with a primary wound closure was used. The incidence of peri-implantits was evaluated, the quantitative assessment of soft tissue thickness was performed using the ultrasound (USG) device, quantitative assessment of marginal bone loss (MBL) was done. The prevalence of peri-implantitis was 5.3%, with a three-fold increase in peri-implantitis comparing the groups without and with bone augmentation (G1 = 2.27%, G2 = 9.7%). The average keratinized gingiva thickness was 1.87 mm and did not differ significantly between groups. No statistically significant differences in MBL between G1 and G2 were found. When dividing patients by gender, no statistically significant differences were observed. When dividing patients by age groups, statistically significant differences were observed between the youngest and oldest groups of patients. Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that the use of xenogeneic bone and a xenogeneic collagen membrane in a GBR procedure can be recommended to correct small peri-implant bone dehiscence.

Facial soft tissue thickness measurement method and relationship with BMI, age and sex

IntroductionFacial aesthetics results from the harmony of various components of the craniofacial region, a structure whose physiognomy and topography are determined by a set of hard and soft tissues. Few works in the literature have investigated the relationship between the variables of sex, age, BMI and soft tissue thickness and have considered how these variables may influence operative outcomes. The purpose of this study is to increase the pre-operative knowledge of the thickness of the soft tissues of the face through an analysis of their measurement conducted on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to investigate the impact that the variables of gender, age and BMI have on their determination. Materials and methodsFor this study 82 patients were recruited between January 2020 and January 2021 in the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery of the University of Naples “Federico II”. A descriptive analysis of the sample was carried out on the selected sample, calculating averages and standard deviations for the individual variables analyzed. ResultsBMI has a predominant role on some craniometric points while age and sex have a more marginal role. Our analysis shows that some points are affected by only one variable, BMI (G’ N’ PR’ ID’ SM’ GN’ PG’ MIO’ ACP’ GO’ ZY’ SC’ IC’ ECMS’ and MMB’); some points are affected by both BMI and gender (MP’ and MR’); while only two (RHI’ and MSO’) are influenced by all the three variables. ConclusionA priori knowledge through CBCT of the thickness of the soft tissues of the face and a comparison with the data we propose could provide the surgeon with advance notice of the characteristics of the tissues which she/he will encounter.

Effect of Acellular Dermal Matrix Placement Simultaneous with Implant Placement on Vertical Soft Tissue Thickness: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

Acellular dermal matrix (ADM) is commonly used for soft tissue augmentation in root coverage, increasing the width of keratinized gingiva or vestibular depth, or filling the localized alveolar bone defects. This parallel-design randomized controlled clinical trial assessed the effect of ADM membrane placement simultaneous with implant placement on vertical soft tissue thickness. A total of 25 submerged implants were placed in 25 patients (8 men, 17 women) with vertical soft tissue thickness < 3 mm at the surgical site. Patients were randomized into two groups: The intervention group (n = 13) received ADM over the implant for soft tissue augmentation, while no augmentation was performed for the control group (n = 12). After 3 months, healing abutments were placed, and the soft tissue thickness at the surgical site was measured again with a periodontal probe in both groups. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests. All 25 patients were successfully treated. The presurgical vertical soft tissue thickness was 2 mm and 1.92 mm in the control and test groups, respectively (P > .05). These values changed to 1.83 mm and 2.69 mm, respectively, after the intervention. The mean gain in soft tissue thickness was 0.76 mm in the test group, and the difference between groups was statistically significant (P < .05). ADM membrane can be successfully used to augment vertical soft tissue thickness simultaneous with implant placement.

Effect of periodontal phenotype characteristics on post-extraction dimensional changes of the alveolar ridge: A prospective case series.

This study was primarily aimed at assessing the effect that specific periodontal phenotypical characteristics have on alveolar ridge remodelling after tooth extraction. Patients in need of extraction of a non-molar maxillary tooth were enrolled. Baseline phenotypical characteristics (i.e., mid-facial and mid-palatal soft tissue and bone thickness, and supracrestal soft tissue height [STH]) were recorded upon extraction. A set of clinical, digital imaging (linear and volumetric), and patient-reported outcomes were assessed over a 14-week healing period. A total of 78 subjects were screened. Forty-two subjects completed the study. Linear and volumetric bone changes, as well as vertical linear soft tissue and alveolar ridge volume (soft tissue contour) variations, were indicative of a marked dimensional reduction of the alveolar ridge over time. Horizontal facial and palatal soft tissue thickness gain was observed. Thin facial bone (≤1 mm) upon extraction, compared with thick facial bone (>1 mm), was associated with greater linear horizontal (-4.57 ± 2.31 mm vs. -2.17 ± 1.65 mm, p=.003) and vertical mid-facial (-0.95 ± 0.67 mm vs. -4.08 ± 3.52 mm, p < 0.001) and mid-palatal (-2.03 ± 2.08 mm vs. -1.12 ± 0.99 mm, p=0.027) bone loss, as well as greater total (-34% ± 10% vs. 15% ± 6%, p < 0.001), facial (-51% ± 19% vs. 28% ± 18%, p=0.040), and palatal bone volume reduction (-26% ± 14% vs. -8% ± 10%, p < 0.001). Aside from alveolar bone thickness, STH was also found to be a predictor of alveolar ridge resorption since this variable was directly correlated with bone volume reduction. Patient-reported discomfort scores progressively decreased over time, and the mean satisfaction upon study completion was 94.5 ± 0.83 out of 100. Alveolar ridge remodelling is a physiological phenomenon that occurs after tooth extraction. Post-extraction alveolar ridge atrophy is more marked on the facio-coronal aspect. These dimensional changes are more pronounced in sites exhibiting a thin facial bone phenotype (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02668289).

Facial Soft Tissue Thickness Differences among Three Skeletal Classes in Korean Population Using CBCT.

Studies related to facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) have been conducted since the late 19th century. Soft tissue is any tissue in the body that is not hardened by ossification or calcification processes, such as bones and teeth; and varies according to sex, age, race, and nutritional status. Forensically, soft tissue thickness plays an important role in cases where a cadaver has no unique characteristics; and the remains cannot be identified through DNA analysis, fingerprints, or examination of dental records. Therefore, the results of the current study suggest that the average thickness of the three skeletal classes (i.e., straight, concave, and convex) should be used for face restoration and forensic art research. It is thought that the current study's results will be invaluable in the fields of forensic science, forensic art, anthropology, and dentistry. As a result, gender differences were observed in all classes, and the facial tissue thickness in Korean adults differed according to gender and occlusion type.

Clinical and ultrasonographic assessment of airway indices among non-pregnant, normotensive pregnant and pre-eclamptic patients: a prospective observational study

BackgroundPrediction of a difficult airway is of paramount importance for an anaesthesiologist. Various anatomical and physiological factors contribute to a difficult airway in pregnant females, especially those with pre-eclampsia. The aim of the study was to assess airway indices using both routinely used clinical methods and ultrasound. MethodsFifty-five non-pregnant females, 55 normotensive pregnant females and 55 females with pre-eclampsia were included in this prospective study. Clinical airway assessment was the modified Mallampati score, thyromental distance, hyomental distance, hyomental distance ratio, chest circumference, neck circumference and chest-to-neck circumference ratio. Sonographic assessment included tongue width, tongue volume, anterior neck soft tissue thickness at the level of hyoid, epiglottis and vocal cords, subglottic diameter, ratio of pre-epiglottic space to anterior, posterior and midpoint of anterior and posterior vocal folds. ResultsSeveral significant differences were observed between pregnant and non-pregnant females, with additional changes in pre-eclamptic females. These included clinical parameters such as the modified Mallampati score and sonographic measurements of tongue width, tongue volume, subglottic diameter, anterior neck soft tissue thickness at the level of hyoid, epiglottis and vocal cords, and the ratio of pre-epiglottic space to anterior, posterior and midpoint of anterior and posterior vocal folds. ConclusionRoutinely used clinical methods of airway assessment lack sensitivity and specificity. Ultrasound can visualise anatomical structures in the supraglottic and subglottic views and is encouraging as an airway assessment tool.

Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Arising in Thyroglossal Duct Cyst and Locally Infiltrated to Hyoid Bone: Issue of Individualized Management

Thyroglossal duct cyst (TGDC) is the most common developmental anomaly of the thyroid gland, while TGDC carcinoma with local infiltration to the hyoid bone is extremely rare. The reported case of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) was diagnosed in TGDC along with local infiltration to the hyoid bone and needed individualized management. A 70-year-old male patient presented with a history of PTC arising in TGDC and locally infiltrated to the hyoid bone followed by total thyroidectomy and radical sistrunk operations and was referred to National Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (NINMAS) for radioactive iodine therapy (RAIT). His post-operative ultrasound of the neck revealed an irregular shaped, fungating, grossly non-homogenous mixed echogenic mass lesion invading the hyoid bone, measuring about 25 X 28 mm. Radioactive iodine(131I) of 150 mCi was administered because the residual hyoid bone mass was inoperable and he was on thyroxine suppression therapy. The post-therapy 131I scan (RxWBS) showed two intense foci of radiotracer concentration (RTC) in the upper area (above the thyroid bed) and an intense focal RTC in the fundal region of the stomach. The activity in the stomach region was evaluated by ultrasound imaging, which revealed a soft tissue mass or thickening of the mid-region of the posterior wall of the stomach (3.3 cm X 1.6 cm). A CT scan of the chest was also performed to rule out metastasis, and it revealed multiple nodular lesions in both lung fields (most likely secondary) as well as tiny subcentric lymphnodes in the lower pre- and right paratracheal regions after nearly one month of RAIT when the patient was stable for examination. EBRT is still under consideration as adjuvant therapy. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) may be considered in cases of refractoriness to radioiodine and disease progression. Bangladesh J. Nuclear Med. 26(1): 67-70, 2023

Examination of Facial Convexity and Concavity Values With Reference to the External Acoustic Pore: A Retrospective Study.

The human skull serves as an essential material for facial reconstruction. In particular, the petrous part of the temporal bone is vital due to its compact structure, which can resist mechanical forces. The study aims to give descriptive values to estimate the face shape and produce regression formulas through the external acoustic pore as a reference point. The study was carried out on 3-dimensional computed tomography images, a total of 83 adult images (45 females and 38 males) in the Department of Radiology of Bursa Uludag University Medical Faculty. The distances between the imaginary vertical line passing through the porion and the anthropometric points revealing the facial features were measured for the soft and hard tissue. The vertical distances between the soft and hard tissue landmarks were also measured for both sexes. Measurements were performed with the Image J program, and for the statistical analysis, SPSS 25.0 was used ( P < 0.005). Linear simple regression analysis was used to produce formulas to estimate the soft tissue thickness using hard tissue. Also, discriminant function analysis was performed to determine sex in the presence of an unknown skull. The descriptive values of the variables on the axial and vertical planes and the differences between sexes are given. Also, all formulas make accurate predictions of 90% or more. The authors tried to estimate the anatomical points that roughly reveal the facial features with the regression formulas developed using anthropometric measurements. The authors think that the shape of the face, which is more specific to the individual, can be reached more clearly using mathematical models, and the authors believe that this study will set an example for future studies.

Facial masculinization surgery

Facial masculinization surgery

Influence of using collagen on the soft and hard tissue outcomes of immediate dental implant placement: A systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectiveTo compare the effects of bone grafting materials, collagen-infused grafting materials, and no grafting materials on the soft and hard tissue outcomes when an immediate implant is placed. Materials and MethodsIn addition to hand searching, electronic searches were performed in Pubmed, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). Only RCTs were included in our review. The Cochrane ROB 2.0 tool was used to assess the risk of bias (ROB). Two subgroups were used to evaluate implant failure rate, buccal bone resorption, soft tissue thickness, and esthetic scores. In the meta-analysis, both the fixed-effects model and the random-effects model were employed. Result7 RCTs were selected after screening 580 studies, and 205 patients were included in the review, with 279 implants. Two RCTs were at low bias of risk, three were at moderate bias, and two were deemed at high risk of bias. The failure rate (95% CI: 0.17 to 11.84) and soft tissue thickness were not significantly different between collagen with bone grafting materials and without bone grafting materials. On the basis of the failure rate and buccal bone thickness, there was no significant difference between collagen with bone grafting materials and bone grafting materials. While we found collagen with bone grafting materials could have a significant advantage on the buccal bone thickness (MD: −0.43,95% CI −0.72 to −0.41) and esthetic outcome (MD: −1.23,95% CI −1.90 to −0.55). ConclusionIn the statement of immediate implant implantation, the thickness of the buccal bone and esthetic outcomes did significantly benefit from bone grafting materials with collagen inserted in the “jumping gap”.

Variability and Specificity Regarding the Facial Soft Tissue Thickness According with Age and Gender for Romanian Adults

Variability and Specificity Regarding the Facial Soft Tissue Thickness According with Age and Gender for Romanian Adults