Soft Tissue Mass Research Articles

Anaesthetic Challenges in a Pediatric with Solitary Fibrous Tumour in the Neck Posted for Resection -A Case Report

Context: Hemangiopericytoma and Solitary fibrous tumor in infant are more vascular involving head and neck region. Juvenile form have better prognosis compared to adult form , so surgical excision offers benefit at this age. Case Report: Ten year old female child had presented with a soft tissue mass in the right temporal region behind ears , which was progressive in growth. In further evaluation, MRI showed heterogenicity enhancing lesion in posterior fossa in right cerebellar region with extracranial extension into subcutaneous space . Histologically, a hypercellular spindle cell mesenchymal neoplasm seen. Conclusion: Solitary Fibrous Tumour of head and neck can grow rapidly during the paediatric age group period. Complete excision without mutilating surgery should be curative.

Management of Fibrous Hamartoma of Infancy: A Contemporary Series

BackgroundFibrous hamartoma of infancy (FHI) is a rare, benign, soft tissue mass that may be locally infiltrative. Primary excision is the mainstay of treatment; however, given the infiltrative nature, margin negativity can be difficult to achieve. The management of residual disease in the setting of positive margins after primary excision is not well described. MethodsAll patients undergoing FHI excision from 2012 to 2022 were included. Demographics, operative data, margin status, recurrence, and post-operative follow-up data were obtained via retrospective chart review. ResultsNine patients were identified who underwent FHI excision. The median age at time of excision was 9 months (IQR 16). Seven (78%) were male, and the majority (78%) were white. Seven (78%) underwent preoperative imaging via ultrasound or MRI, and 4 (44%) had a preoperative biopsy to confirm diagnosis. Common locations included upper extremity (n = 4, 44%) and lower extremity/inguinal region (n = 4, 44%). Six patients (67%) had positive margins on pathology – 3 (33%) on the upper extremity, 2 (22%) on the lower extremity/inguinal region, and one (11%) on the flank. One patient (11%) had a local recurrence which did not undergo re-excision. ConclusionsFHI remains a rare diagnosis. There is a high margin positivity rate; however, local clinically significant mass recurrence remains uncommon. With low rates of clinically significant mass development coupled with the benign nature of disease, a “watch and wait” approach may be appropriate for patients with positive histologic margins after complete gross excision to avoid reoperation and need for complex reconstructions. Level of EvidenceLevel 4.

Clinical Applications, Challenges, and Recommendations for Artificial Intelligence in Musculoskeletal and Soft-Tissue Ultrasound: AJR Expert Panel Narrative Review.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used in clinical practice for musculoskeletal imaging tasks, such as disease diagnosis and image reconstruction. AI applications in musculoskeletal imaging have focused primarily on radiography, CT, and MRI. Although musculoskeletal ultrasound stands to benefit from AI in similar ways, such applications have been relatively underdeveloped. In comparison with other modalities, ultrasound has unique advantages and disadvantages that must be considered in AI algorithm development and clinical translation. Challenges in developing AI for musculoskeletal ultrasound involve both clinical aspects of image acquisition and practical limitations in image processing and annotation. Solutions from other radiology subspecialties (e.g., crowdsourced annotations coordinated by professional societies), along with use cases (most commonly rotator cuff tendon tears and palpable soft-tissue masses), can be applied to musculoskeletal ultrasound to help develop AI. To facilitate creation of high-quality imaging datasets for AI model development, technologists and radiologists should focus on increasing uniformity in musculoskeletal ultrasound performance and increasing annotations of images for specific anatomic regions. This Expert Panel Narrative Review summarizes available evidence regarding AI's potential utility in musculoskeletal ultrasound and challenges facing its development. Recommendations for future AI advancement and clinical translation in musculoskeletal ultrasound are discussed.

Pediatric Pterygopalatine Fossa Schwannoma Presenting as Vision Loss: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Neurosynovial tumors, originating from Schwann cells within nerve sheaths, are benign entities, with 25% to 45% manifesting in the head and neck region. However, occurrences in the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) are exceptionally rare, and only a handful of cases have been documented. In this report, we present the unique case of a 6-year-old child exhibiting a sizable soft tissue mass in the left PPF, extending into the inferior orbital fissure. The patient underwent successful intranasal endoscopic removal of PPF schwannoma utilizing the prelacrimal recess approach, with postoperative pathology confirming the diagnosis of schwannoma. Schwannomas within the PPF are particularly uncommon, and instances of such tumors in pediatric patients are even more exceptional. This case highlights the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges associated with PPF schwannomas in children, emphasizing the significance of a multidisciplinary approach for optimal management. In addition, a comprehensive literature review is presented to provide insights into the existing knowledge on this rare entity, further contributing to the understanding of pediatric PPF schwannomas.

Pulmonary cryptococcoma in a Friesian horse in the Netherlands

AbstractA 6‐year‐old female Friesian horse was admitted with pyrexia, dullness, weight loss, watery faeces and mild bilateral mucoid nasal discharge. Radiographic and ultrasonographic examination of the thorax indicated a large mid‐thoracic soft tissue mass, and the horse was euthanased because of a poor prognosis. At postmortem examination, it was found that the lung tissue was partly replaced by multiple to coalescing soft tissue lesions with a yellow gelatinous aspect, varying in size up to 15 × 15 × 20 cm. Histologically, the mass showed mild pyogranulomatous inflammation associated with large numbers of globular encapsulated 10–20 μm yeasts with or without narrow‐based budding, consistent with multiple coalescing cryptococcomas. Quantitative PCR testing of formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue led to the identification of Cryptococcus gattii species complex. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first case reported in the Netherlands of pulmonary cryptococcomas due to C. gattii sensu lato in a horse that had never travelled abroad.

Clinical, Radiographic and Rhinoscopic Features of Primary Intra-Nasal Transmissible Venereal Tumour in Four Dogs and its Treatment

Transmissible venereal tumours are contagious tumours that typically affects intact male and female canines. Four dogs were presented to Small Animal Out-Patient unit of Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital, Chennai with history of chronic unilateral epistaxis and sneezing. Leukocytosis with neutrophilia was a consistent finding in all dogs whereas the serum biochemical values where unremarkable. Lateral and dorsoventral radiograph of skull revealed space occupying lesion suggesting soft tissue mass in the nasal cavity. Rhinoscopy confirmed the presence of tumour mass occluding nasal passage. Nasal cytology revealed the presence of characteristic transmissible venereal tumour cells. Chemotherapy was initiated with Vincristine sulphate at the dose rate of 0.7 mg/m2. All the four dogs showed complete clinical recovery after four weekly doses of vincristine chemotherapy. Radiography repeated after four weeks confirmed the absence of space occupying mass in nasal cavity. The present study describes the clinical and diagnostic imaging changes in dogs with intra-nasal transmissible venereal tumour and its therapeutic management.

Challenges in Diagnosing and Initial Treatment of Advanced Eyelid Basal Cell Carcinoma in Rural Area: A Case Report

Introduction : Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common non-melanoma eyelid cancer with a high risk of recurrence. This case report discusses the management of extensive BCC in a rural setting with limited resources.
 Case Illustration : A 62-year-old Timorese female, presented to the hospital with a mass on the left periocular region. It appeared as a mole in the lower left eyelid and extended to the surrounding tissues over nine years. As a farmer, she was frequently sun-exposed. A blackish mass was found at the left orbit, buccal, and entire nose (8 x 7.5 cm) with an ulcerated surface and attached firmly. The right eye had bedside visual acuity >6/60, with palpebral edema, free eye movement, hyperemia nasal conjunctiva, and transparent cornea. The left eye is difficult to examine. Two submandibular lymphadenopathies were palpated. A Head CT scan showed a suspected malignant soft tissue mass with irregular thickening of soft tissue with ill-defined borders. Histopathology examination revealed a nodulocystic type of basal cell carcinoma.
 Discussion : Locally advanced BCC cases need a multidisciplinary approach. In a limited resources setting, the treatment highlights are histological diagnosis, complete surgical excision, and exenteration with margin control. From a broader perspective, the role of primary health care in educating and revering for early treatment is paramount.
 Conclusion : Prevention and early treatment are the most important factors in managing locally advanced BCC.

Morphological Trait Correlations, Gonadal Development Characteristics and Pleopod Nutrient Compositions of the Whelk Volutharpa perryi perryi

The aim of this study was to clarify the “morphological-trait–body weight” correlation, gonadal development characteristics, and pleopod (main edible part) nutrient composition of the whelk (Volutharpa perryi perryi). Live body mass (BM), soft tissue mass (STM), and eight other morphological traits of the whelk were measured, and path coefficients, correlation indices (R2), and coefficients of determination were then calculated. Gonadal development characteristics were investigated by histological observation. Pleopod nutrient composition was analyzed by standard biochemical assays. The results indicated that (1) shell aperture width (SAW) and body whorl height (BWH) were positively correlated with both live BM and STM (p < 0.01), and shell height (SH) was positively correlated with both live BM and STM (p < 0.01) in male whelks; (2) similar gonadal development characteristics were observed in both female and male whelks; and (3) pleopod nutrient composition was consistent in both female and male whelks, whereas sex-specific variation in pleopod nutrient content was observed in the whelks. The observations in this study will provide theoretical support for the development of the whelk aquaculture industry.

A rare presentation of jejunal GIST: A case report

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare tumors that constitute 1% of all GI tract tumors. Jejunal GISTs are the rarest subtype. We present a middle-aged gentleman, who presented with pain in the right lower abdomen. On abdominal examination, a lump was palpable in the right iliac fossa (RIF). Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen revealed an extraluminal soft-tissue mass in the ileum. Computed Tomography-guided core needle biopsy from the lump was consistent with GIST, which was confirmed on immunohistochemistry. Mutation analysis revealed exon 11 mutations. Due to the proximity of GIST to the rectum and urinary bladder, the patient was started on imatinib therapy. After 3 months of treatment, imatinib therapy had to be stopped due to skin reactions. Restaging was done with a positron-emission tomography scan, which demonstrated a soft-tissue mass likely arising from the ileocecal region in the RIF abutting the ascending colon without any significant decrease in size. On exploration, a well-circumscribed mobile extraluminal lobulated mass was seen arising from the antimesenteric border of the jejunum. Histopathologic examination showed GIST, which was confirmed on immunohistochemistry. We report this case to emphasize keeping small bowel GIST as an unusual differential diagnosis of a RIF lump. Furthermore, not all patients can tolerate imatinib treatment, hence exon mutation study is important, and surgery should be considered if it is deemed resectable.

Clinicopathological Features of Three Rare EWSR1::NFATC2 Sarcomas of Bone and Soft Tissues.

Certain undifferentiated round cell sarcomas displaying EWSR1::NFATC2 fusion have recently been reported, mostly in the bones. This report presents clinicopathological features of 3 additional EWSR1::NFATC2 fusion sarcomas of bone and soft tissues. We present 2 soft tissue and 1 bone tumors: A 62-year-old man with pain and a slowly growing, 8-cm-sized soft tissue mass in the anterolateral compartment of his right calf, along with multiple pulmonary metastatic lesions; a 63-year-old man with a 5-cm sized axillary mass of 4 months duration and a cystic renal mass; and a 53-year-old man with a complaint of leg pain was found to have a 2-cm diameter, intramedullary, lytic mass in the diaphysis of his left femur. Microscopic examination of the tumors in all patients revealed round to epithelioid cells arranged in cords and trabeculae in a myxohyaline stroma. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for MIC2/CD99 (3/3), EMA (3/3), NKX3.1 (3/3), NKX2.2 (2/2), CD10 (2/2), and aggrecan (1/1), while negative for S100P and GFAP. Various keratins were also negative except focal AE1/AE3 positivity in the third tumor. By fluorescence in-situ hybridization, 2 tumors (#1 and #3) revealed EWSR1 gene rearrangement and amplification. Furthermore, 2 tumors (#1 and #2) displayed EWSR1ex8::NFATC2ex3 fusion with next-generation sequencing (NGS). The first patient was offered chemotherapy. However, he died of pulmonary metastasis. This report highlights the value of combining histopathological features and immunostains such as NXK3.1, NKX2.2, CD10, and aggrecan, along with EWSR1 testing for triaging these tumors for rare gene fusions by NGS that has prognostic implications.

Soft tissue sarcoma: clinical recognition and approach to the loneliest cancer

Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is a rare malignancy with a high incidence. Early diagnosis can reduce the rate of amputations and increase survival, however, this is typically delayed. The diagnosis and treatment of smaller lesions have a better prognosis; nonetheless, patients present to physicians when the soft tissue mass is large with obvious signs of red flags. In addition, the symptoms of this disease are highly non-specific and overlap greatly with benign conditions, resulting in a lack of clinical suspicion and low awareness among practitioners and the general public. Thusly, it is entitled as “the loneliest cancer”. This can make an accurate diagnosis difficult, with a great proportion of misdiagnoses leading subsequent inadvertent to incomplete STS excision, affecting the overall prognosis of the disease and devastating consequences in the disease process. A timely and precise diagnosis is essential because half of people with STS progress toward quietly aggressive illness. The purpose of this review is to raise awareness of STSs so that early recognition, accurate work-up, overview of conventional treatment plans, and appropriate referral to a tumor center can be achieved, avoiding whoop situations, and improving patient outcomes. In addition, insight into the advances in immunotherapy, nanotechnology, and artificial intelligence (AI) can lead to STS diagnosis and treatment prognosis.

Coronary pseudoaneurysm with a superficial mass and accompanying Brucella infection

Background and aimsTo our knowledge, no previously reported clinical data of a coronary artery fistula forming a pseudoaneurysm and presenting as a anterior chest wall lump. We reported a rare case of Coronary pseudoaneurysm with a superficial mass and accompanying Brucella infection. The patient was successfully treated with surgery.Materials and methodsThe patient case data was extracted from hospital records.ResultsA 64-year-old male presented with a history of paroxysmal left-sided chest pain and painful anterior chest wall lump. Coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography revealed the RCA pseudoaneurysm that showed a peripherally calcified soft-tissue mass in the anterior mediastinum and communicated with the chest wall lump through intercostal spaces. The patient underwent the resection of chest lump and RCA pseudoaneurysm under cardiopulmonary bypass, along with a combined antimicrobial therapy. The patient was discharged successfully after the surgery.Discussion and conclusionWe report this rare case and highlight the possible origin of the anterior mediastinal mass and anterior chest wall lump as a pseudoaneurysm formed by a coronary artery fistula.

Salivary gland secretory carcinoma presenting as a cervical soft tissue mass: a case report

BackgroundSecretory carcinoma (SC) has been described as a distinct salivary gland tumor in the fourth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of head and neck tumors. SC is generally considered as a slow-growing low-grade malignant tumor, while several cases have been reported with high-grade features, and even metastases in the literature up until now. In this article, a soft tissue SC case is discussed with high-grade microscopic features and neural invasion. A review of the salivary gland SC cases with aggressive behavior is also debated.Case presentationA 65-year-old Caucasian man presented with a left neck mass for the past six months. The imaging studies demonstrated a very large cystic cervical mass (46 × 23 mm) with papillary projections in the anterolateral aspect of the left neck zone Vb. He underwent left radical neck dissection (level I-V) and was followed up for 12 months with the diagnosis of Secretory carcinoma.ConclusionAlthough SC generally has a good outcome, multiple recurrences and unusual metastases may occur, which should be considered by either the pathologists or clinicians.

When Is a Two-Stage Surgical Procedure Indicated in the Treatment of Pseudotumors of the Hip? A Retrospective Study of 21 Cases and a Review of the Literature

(1) Background: A pseudotumor of the hip is a sterile, non-neoplastic soft tissue mass associated with total hip arthroplasties. Pseudotumors may mimic soft tissue tumors or infections, and thus a differential diagnosis is crucial, and biopsy is recommended. The purpose of this study was to compare the complications and functional results between one-stage and two-stage procedures. (2) Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 21 patients surgically treated at our institution with “pseudotumors” associated with hip prosthesis (8 male, 13 female with a mean age of 69 years). One-stage revision was performed in 10 cases and two-stage reversion in 10, with excision only in 1 case. Complications were classified as major and minor and functional results assessed using the Harris Hip Score (HHS). (3) Results: Five patients (24%) reported major complications. The survival rate for all complications was 75%. The overall survival rate was 95% at 5 years. The mean HHS ranged from 35 pre-op to 75 post-op, highlighting improved functional results in all cases. We recorded no differences in complications or functional outcomes between the one- and two-stage procedures. (4) Conclusions: In our experience, the two-stage surgical approach is preferable in cases with major bone defects and larger pseudotumor sizes. The use of custom-made 3D-printed prostheses is increasing and is a further reason to prefer two-stage revision.

Alveolar soft part sarcoma: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of 26 cases emphasizing risk factors and prognosis

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the clinicopathological features and prognostic indicators of alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS).MethodsThe characteristics of 26 ASPS patients diagnosed at our hospital between January 2011 and January 2019 were retrospectively analysed.ResultsThe data for 12 male and 14 female patients, with a median age of 27.5 years, were assessed. The clinical symptoms mainly included painless enlarged masses in deep soft tissues. ASPS had a characteristic pathological morphology. Twenty-four patients were positive for TFE3, and TFE3 gene rearrangement was detected in 12 patients. Among the 26 patients who completed follow-up, 14 had metastasis, 1 had local recurrence, and 7 died. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis revealed that prognosis was significantly correlated with sex, tumour size and metastasis (P < 0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that sex and metastasis were independent prognostic risk factors for patients with ASPS (P < 0.05).ConclusionASPS is a rare soft tissue sarcoma of unknown origin that occurs in young people, has a slow but metastatic course, and is associated with a poor 5-year survival rate among patients with metastasis. ASPS has character TFE3 protein and gene expression, and the diagnosis is relatively specific. The diagnosis requires comprehensive analysis of clinical history, histological morphology, and immunohistochemistry.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features of Congenital Infantile Fibrosarcoma.

Background Congenital/infantile fibrosarcoma is a rare soft tissue tumor presented in early age of life. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the large soft tissue masses especially in the extremities at the age of infancy. These tumors frequently are misdiagnosed at birth as hemangioma. Histologically, they can resemble their adult counterparts and they are characterized by the chromosomal translocation t(12;15) (p13;q25) resulting in the ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion. Objective A retrospective review of the MRIfeatures of histopathology-proven congenital/infantile fibrosarcoma provides our own institutional experience and supports the limited radiology literaturewritten about this disease. Material and method The list of our patients is obtained after reviewing our radiology and pathology database in the period between June 1st, 2007 and May 31st, 2017 (10 years) at King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh. Phrases used to search in our MRI examinations database are: congenital infantile fibrosarcoma, infantile fibrosarcoma, juvenile fibrosarcoma, soft tissue sarcoma, malignant soft tissue mass, sarcomatous soft tissue mass, fibrosarcoma, spindle cell sarcoma, myomatous sarcoma. Result In our database and picture archiving and communication system (PACS) during the period of the study, the word (fibrosarcoma) was mentioned in the radiology report of 182 patients. Only four cases were histopathologically proven to be a congenital/infantile fibrosarcoma and had completed their own MR exams - three of them were primary/new cases, males with an age range between 0 days and 5 months (median age: 5 months). The fourth case was a female with a history of 1st presentation at the age of one month and proved by histopathology examination but there was no available imaging at that time; however, tumor recurrence in the same patient was at the age of 4 years with available MR imaging and pathology sample. Conclusion Congenital infantile fibrosarcoma is a rare entity that has no specific MRI findings. However, it should be always considered as part of the differential diagnosis of congenital soft tissue masses with aggressive behavior.

Paediatric dominant and non-dominant handgrip reference curves and the association with body composition

Background Lack of paediatric reference data limits the utility of handgrip strength as a measure of fitness and well-being. Aim To develop paediatric handgrip reference curves and evaluate associations with body size and composition and race/ethnicity group. Subjects and methods Handgrip, body size and composition data were obtained from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2014 participants aged 6–20 years. Densitometry-derived fat and appendicular lean soft tissue mass index Z-scores (FMIZ, ALSTMIZ) were generated in participants >8 years. Dominant and non-dominant handgrip reference curves were created using the LMS method. Analyses included sample weights to produce nationally representative estimates. Results Differences in handgrip strength according to hand dominance increased with age. Handgrip strength was associated with height and arm length Z-scores (R = 0.42 to 0.47) and ALSTMIZ (R = 0.54). Handgrip strength was higher in the non-Hispanic Black group and lower in the Mexican American compared to non-Hispanic White group. Group differences were attenuated when adjusted for height, arm length or ALSTMIZ. Conclusion Paediatric handgrip reference curves were generated from which individual Z-scores can be calculated separately for dominant versus non-dominant hand and adjusted for body size. Association with ALSTMIZ suggests handgrip Z-score may be used as a measure of functional body composition.

Primary Skeletal Muscle Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma in Lumbar Region – A Rare Occurrence

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma worldwide. Patients most often present with a rapidly growing tumour mass in single or multiple, nodal, or extranodal sites. Extranodal involvement is seen in up to 40% cases. Initial presentation as soft tissue lesion is rare. We report a case of extranodal DLBCL in an elderly male, presenting as a soft tissue mass in the left lumbar region, clinically suggestive of lipoma. The patient had no palpable lymphadenopathy. Complete blood counts were within normal limits. Initial ultrasonography was suggestive of abscess, possibly of tubercular origin. On fine needle aspiration cytology, features were of a malignant neoplasm; a lymphomatous process. Subsequent histopathological evaluation followed by IHC confirmed the diagnosis of DLBCL. Primary extranodal DLBCL involving the soft tissue is rare. Owing to its non- specific and unusual clinical presentation, accurate diagnosis may be delayed. Besides, imaging modalities are also diagnostically challenging due to a wide range of differentials, thereby emphasising the need for tissue diagnosis. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry are paramount in accurate diagnosis and tailoring treatment options.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 08 No. 01 Jan’24 Page: 95-98

Symptomatic Preperitoneal Lipoma Resected via Preperitoneal Approach: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Introduction: Lipomas are benign adipose tissue tumors that can vary in size and location. Magnetic resonance images should be obtained for all soft-tissue masses that are deep to fascia or those &gt;5 cm in subcutaneous tissue. In this case report, we present a minimal invasive technique to resect a large preperitoneal lipoma. Case Presentation: A 36-year-old woman presenting with left fossa pain caused by a large mass. MRI-imaging shows a large preperitoneal lipomatous lesion (61 × 58 × 40 mm) which compresses the bladder, tuba and surrounding vessels. We did a minimally invasive preperitoneal laparoscopic surgical resection. Postoperative follow-up was uneventful. The pathology report confirmed benign lipoma without signs of malignancy. Discussion: Preperitoneal lipomas should be considered in the diagnosis of lower abdominal pain and can be minimally invasive resected via preperitoneal laparoscopic approach in day clinic.

Low baseline ribosome-related gene expression and resistance training-induced declines in ribosome-related gene expression are associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy in young men and women.

Ribosomes are essential cellular machinery for protein synthesis. It is hypothesised that ribosome content supports muscle growth and that individuals with more ribosomes have greater increases in muscle size following resistance training (RT). Aerobic conditioning (AC) also elicits distinct physiological adaptations; however, no measures of ribosome content following AC have been conducted. We used ribosome-related gene expression as a proxy measure for ribosome content and hypothesised that AC and RT would increase ribosome-related gene expression. Fourteen young men and women performed 6 weeks of single-legged AC followed by 10 weeks of double-legged RT. Muscle biopsies were taken following AC and following RT in the aerobically conditioned (AC+RT) and unconditioned (RT) legs. No differences in regulatory genes (Ubf, Cyclin D1, Tif-1aandPolr-1b) involved in ribosomal biogenesis or ribosomal RNA (45S, 5.8S, 18Sand28S rRNAs) expression were observed following AC and RT, except for c-Myc (RT > AC+RT) and 5S rRNA (RT < AC+RT at pre-RT) with 18Sexternal transcribed spacer and 5.8S internal transcribed spacerexpression decreasing from pre-RT to post-RT in the RT leg only. When divided for change in leg-lean soft tissue mass (ΔLLSTM) following RT, legs with the greatest ΔLLSTM had lower expression in 11/13 measured ribosome-related genes before RT and decreased expression in 9/13 genes following RT. These results indicate that AC and RT did not increase ribosome-related gene expression. Contrary to previous research, the greatest increase in muscle mass was associated with lower changes in ribosome-related gene expression over the course of the 10-week training programme. This may point to the importance of translational efficiency rather than translational capacity (i.e.ribosome content) in mediating long-term exercise-induced adaptations in skeletal muscle.