Soft Terms Research Articles

A model of pseudo-Nambu–Goldstone dark matter from a softly brokenSU(2) global symmetry with aU(1) gauge symmetry

AbstractA model of the pseudo-Nambu–Goldstone (pNG) dark matter (DM) is proposed. We assume that there is an SU(2)g global symmetry and a U(1)X gauge symmetry in the dark sector, and they are spontaneously broken into a U(1)D global symmetry after a scalar field develops a vacuum expectation value. We add a soft symmetry-breaking term that breaks the SU(2)g global symmetry into the U(1)g global symmetry explicitly. Our model predicts a stable complex pNG particle under the U(1)D global symmetry. One of the virtues of the pNG DM models is that the models can explain the current null results of the direct detection experiments. The small momentum transfer suppresses the scattering amplitudes thanks to the low-energy behavior of the Nambu–Goldstone boson. In our model, the soft symmetry-breaking term is uniquely determined. This is the advantage of our model compared to some earlier works in which some soft symmetry-breaking terms cannot be forbidden but are simply assumed to be absent to avoid the constraints from the direct detection experiments. We calculate the thermal relic abundance of the pNG DM and find that the model can explain the measured value of the DM energy density under some constraints from perturbative unitarity.

Muon and electron (g-2) anomalies with non-holomorphic interactions in MSSM

The recent Fermilab muon g-2 result and the same for electron due to fine-structure constant measurement through {}^{133}textrm{Cs} matter-wave interferometry are probed in relation to MSSM with non-holomorphic (NH) trilinear soft SUSY breaking terms, referred to as NHSSM. Supersymmetric contributions to charged lepton (g-2)_l can be enhanced via the new trilinear terms involving a wrong Higgs coupling with left and right-handed scalars. Bino-slepton loop is used to enhance the SUSY contribution to g-2 where wino mass stays at 1.5 TeV and the left and right slepton mass parameters for the first two generations are considered to be the same. Unlike many MSSM-based analyses completed before, the model does not require a light electroweakino, or light sleptons, or unequal left and right slepton masses, or a very large higgsino mass parameter. In absence of popular UV complete models, we treat the NH terms at par with MSSM soft terms, in a model independent framework of Minimal Effective Supersymmetry. The first part of the analysis involves the study of (g-2)_mu constraint along with the limits from Higgs mass, B-physics, collider data, direct detection of dark matter (DM), while focusing on a higgsino DM which is underabundant in nature. We then impose the constraint from electron g-2 where a large Yukawa threshold correction (an outcome of NHSSM) and opposite signs of trilinear NH coefficients associated with mu and e fields are used to satisfy the dual limits of Delta {a_mu } and Delta {a_e} (where the latter comes with negative sign). Varying Yukawa threshold corrections further provide the necessary flavor-dependent enhancement of Delta {a_e}/m_e^2 compared to that of Delta {a_mu }/m_mu ^2. A larger Yukawa threshold correction through A^prime _e for y_e also takes away the direct proportionality of a_e with respect to tan beta . With a finite intercept, a_e becomes only an increasing function of tan beta . We identified the available parameter space in the two cases while also satisfying the ATLAS data from slepton pair production searches in the plane of slepton mass parameter and the mass of the lightest neutralino.

A minimal modular invariant neutrino model

We present a neutrino mass model based on modular symmetry with the fewest input parameters to date, which successfully accounts for the 12 lepton masses and mixing parameters through 6 real free parameters including the modulus. The neutrino masses are predicted to be normal ordering, the atmospheric angle θ23 is quite close to maximal value and the Dirac CP phase δCP is about 1.34π. We also study the soft supersymmetry breaking terms due to the modulus F-term in this minimal model, which are constrained to be the non-holomorphic modular forms. The radiative lepton flavor violation process μ → eγ is discussed.

Changes in characteristics of silver conductive fabrics owing to perspiration and washing.

The original appearance and physical properties of smart clothing as well as the electrical properties of the conductive fabric applied, despite utilization and the management environment, need to be maintained. Previous research has only investigated the washability and functional changes of smart textiles according to the environment from the perspective of sensors and fabric material; however, they have not comprehensively considered actual usage conditions. In this study, changes in the appearance, color, chemical components, wettability, and electrical properties of silver-coated conductive knitted fabrics due to exposure to perspiration and washing were investigated based on the manufacturing methods of conductive fabrics. The conductive knitted fabric exposed to perspiration exhibited the most prominent color change, and the surface became rough and hydrophilic as AgCl and AgO were formed through a chemical reaction between perspiration and silver. In contrast, the conductivity of the fabric was enhanced by the release of Ag+ ions via perspiration. After washing, the silver layer on the surface of the conductive knitted fabric peeled off due to the interference and friction between the fabrics caused by the mechanical force generated during the cleaning process. There was no obvious chemical change, but the contact angle decreased as the nano-roughness decreased owing to the removal of silver particles. The conductivity slightly increased after washing but did not show a significant difference at 10% elongation. Finally, as the frequency of exposure to perspiration and washing increased, the silver layer coating the fiber or fabric surface peeled off and was damaged, resulting in a significant color change. Additionally, the chemical composition of the silver layer was significantly altered by perspiration and water and became hydrophilic. Surface resistance also increased linearly as the frequency of exposure to perspiration and washing increased. In terms of hand value, softness and smoothness decreased, and warmness increased after several cycles. Under all conditions, the conductive fabric with silver-coated yarn maintained a more optimized appearance and electrical properties than the silver-coated fabric according to the manufacturing method. Therefore, conductive yarn is more suitable for manufacturing conductive knitted fabrics for smart clothing in terms of durability. Additionally, specific management plans based on the actual use and environment of smart clothing using conductive knitted fabric are urgently needed.

Radiative symmetry breaking, cosmic strings and observable gravity waves in \U0001d5b4(1)\U0001d5b1 symmetric \U0001d5b2\U0001d5b4(5) × \U0001d5b4(1)χ

We implement shifted hybrid inflation in the framework of supersymmetric SU(5) × U(1)χ GUT model which provides a natural solution to the monopole problem appearing in the spontaneous symmetry breaking of SU(5). The U(1)χ symmetry is radiatevely broken after the end of inflation at an intermediate scale, yielding topologically stable cosmic strings. The Planck's bound on the gravitational interaction strength of these strings, characterized by GNμs are easily satisfied with the U(1)χ symmetry breaking scale which depends on the initial boundary conditions at the GUT scale. The dimension-5 proton lifetime for the decay p → K + ν̅, mediated by color-triplet Higgsinos is found to satisfy current Super-Kamiokande bounds for SUSY breaking scale M SUSY ≳ 12.5 TeV. We show that with minimal Kähler potential, the soft supersymmetry breaking terms play a vital role in bringing the scalar spectral index n_s within the Planck's latest bounds, although with small tensor modes r ≲ 2.5 × 10-6 and SU(5) gauge symmetry breaking scale in the range (2 × 1015≲ Mα ≲ 2 × 1016) GeV. By employing non-minimal terms in the Kähler potential, the tensor-to-scalar ratio approaches observable values (r ≲ 10-3) with the SU(5) symmetry breaking scale Mα ≃ 2 × 1016 GeV.

An Analysis of Budget Deficits, Debt Accumulation, and Debt Instability

In Pakistan all the macro indicators have been adversely affected by the persistently high deficits and the strategy adopted to finance them in the last two decades. The excessive domestic borrowing at high rates to finance deficits without any attempts at domestic resource mobilisation and controlling of the deficits over extended periods absorbed all available domestic and external resources. The resulting debttrap led to increased external borrowings at high rates with short-term maturity. This, coupled with massive exchange rate depreciation throughout the last two decades, resulted in rapid debt accumulation. The recent fiscal space created in the wake of events of 9/11, resulting in high reserves, follows considerable debt relief and availability of massive funds on very soft terms. However, the decline in budget deficit continues to occur at the expense of development expenditure, along with some increase in tax revenues. This trend in expenditure needs to be reversed if serious progress in debt reduction is the aim.

Phi meson electroproduction at low transferred momentum

The electroproduction of phi meson is analyzed. The amplitude consist of two terms, the soft and the hard pomeron terms. it is assumed, that both pomerons are Regge poles. In the present approach, the two pomeron amplitude for the photoproduction processes is extended to construct an amplitude for the electroproduction processes by introducing the photon virtual mass ( . The residues of the two poles become functions of ( . These functions are extracted by fitting the differential cross section ( ) of the extended model at constant energy to the experimental data using the chi- square method. At each , the hard and the soft terms are multiplied by the factors and to match the data. The vertices of the pomeron coupling to the interacting particles are calculated by the dimensions of the vertices which are related to the masses of the interacting particles at each vertex.

Modular symmetry of soft supersymmetry breaking terms

Abstract We study the modular symmetry of soft supersymmetry breaking terms. Soft scalar masses and A-term coefficients are invariant under the modular symmetry when we regard the F-term as a spurion with the modular weight −2. Their flavor structure is determined by the same symmetry as Yukawa couplings, i.e., fermion masses. The modular symmetric behavior of the μ-term and B-term depends on how the μ-term is generated.

INDIRECT ASSESSMENT PARAMETRES OF GRAIN QUALITY AND YIELD OF WINTER SOFT WHEAT IN THE FOREST-STEPPE OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION

An increase of winter soft wheat productionshould be accompanied by its qualityimprovement. The purpose of the research was to study indirect parametres used for assessing winter soft wheat grain qualityin terms of varietal profile and crop as a whole. The objectives of the research were to establish the formationfeatures of grain quality parametres of winter soft wheat, the correlations between them, as well as correlations with the yield of the studied crop. The material for the research was 15 varieties of winter soft wheat, included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements, approved for use in the Middle Volga region. It was established that dry conditions during formation of winter wheat grain and its filling had a positive effect on gluten content and hardness, and in combination with high temperatures - on glutenquality. The grain-unit of winter wheat grain increases in the conditions of sufficient moisture. There are no statistically significant inverse relations between yield and grain quality parametres of winter soft wheat: the quantity and quality of gluten, grain hardness, which means that they can be combined in one genotype. The grain-unit of grain can significantly positively correlate with the yield and hardness of grain of the studied crop in some years. All considered parametres of grain quality of winter soft wheat significantly depend on the variety (contribution of 5.2-32.7%), environmental conditions (contribution of 24.5-85.4%) and the interaction of the genotype and the environment (contribution of 5.4-42, 5 %). This means that the problem of production of high-quality grain of the studied crop in the region can be solved by careful selection of varieties that combine quality with high production potential, usage of a system of varieties and developed agricultural technologies based on them.

Novel cosmological bounds on thermally-produced axion-like particles

We constrain the coupling of thermally-produced axion-like particles (here axions) with photons and gluons, using data from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) spectra and baryon acoustic oscillations. The axion possesses an explicit soft breaking mass term and it is produced thermally in the early Universe from either axion-photon or axion-gluon processes, accounting for the recent progresses in the field. We derive the most stringent bounds on the axion-gluon coupling to date on the mass range considered 10-4 ≲ ma / eV ≲ 100, superseding the current bounds from SN1987A. The bounds on the axion-photon coupling are competitive with the results from the CAST collaboration for the axion mass ma ≳ 3eV. We comment on the forecast reaches that will be available given the sensitivity of future CMB-S4 missions.

Adaptive Biological Neural Network Control and Virtual Realization for Engineering Manipulator.

By analyzing the feasibility of the digital twin technology in the assembly of construction machinery, the assembly process of the construction manipulator in the engineering environment is discussed. According to the application criteria and modeling requirements of digital twin, the overall framework of digital twin engineering manipulator assembly modeling and simulation is constructed from three aspects: model layer, data layer, and application layer. According to the operation task characteristics of space engineering manipulator, the feasibility of the control method based on joint angular velocity is analyzed, and the task environment of space engineering manipulator based on Markov model is defined. Aiming at the application of the algorithm in the control task of the space engineering manipulator, a reward function with the addition of the angular velocity soft bound term is designed, which improves the strategy optimization process of the algorithm and obtains a better control effect of the engineering manipulator. The motion trajectory of the end of the engineering manipulator is directly given on the simulation platform, and the expected motion of each joint of the engineering manipulator is calculated through the kinematics of the engineering manipulator. It can be seen from the simulation results that the controllers designed in this study can achieve ideal control effects. With the help of Baxter robot platform, the control algorithm designed in this study is applied to the actual engineering manipulator control, and the effectiveness of the control algorithm is further proved by the actual control effect.

A multi-layer soft lattice based model for Chinese clinical named entity recognition

ObjectiveNamed entity recognition (NER) is a key and fundamental part of many medical and clinical tasks, including the establishment of a medical knowledge graph, decision-making support, and question answering systems. When extracting entities from electronic health records (EHRs), NER models mostly apply long short-term memory (LSTM) and have surprising performance in clinical NER. However, increasing the depth of the network is often required by these LSTM-based models to capture long-distance dependencies. Therefore, these LSTM-based models that have achieved high accuracy generally require long training times and extensive training data, which has obstructed the adoption of LSTM-based models in clinical scenarios with limited training time.MethodInspired by Transformer, we combine Transformer with Soft Term Position Lattice to form soft lattice structure Transformer, which models long-distance dependencies similarly to LSTM. Our model consists of four components: the WordPiece module, the BERT module, the soft lattice structure Transformer module, and the CRF module.ResultOur experiments demonstrated that this approach increased the F1 by 1–5% in the CCKS NER task compared to other models based on LSTM with CRF and consumed less training time. Additional evaluations showed that lattice structure transformer shows good performance for recognizing long medical terms, abbreviations, and numbers. The proposed model achieve 91.6% f-measure in recognizing long medical terms and 90.36% f-measure in abbreviations, and numbers.ConclusionsBy using soft lattice structure Transformer, the method proposed in this paper captured Chinese words to lattice information, making our model suitable for Chinese clinical medical records. Transformers with Mutilayer soft lattice Chinese word construction can capture potential interactions between Chinese characters and words.

The impact of printable interlining printing pattern on hand value of wool fabrics

The printable interlining technique directly prints the adhesive onto the garment, without needing a separate interlining. Previous research identified the optimum printing conditions concerning squeegee frequency, screen mesh, and agent viscosity, to achieve the best hand value for the wool fabrics. The selection of the printing pattern is one of the most important factors influencing the manufacturing and characteristics of the finished fabric. Therefore, theoretically printing patterns could potentially affect the most important human experiential characteristics of the fabric–hand value. In this work, utilizing both the existing and newly developed printing patterns, we systematically investigated the effect of printing pattern on the hand value of wool fabrics that are of different weights. The results showed that overall, the lightweight fabric has lower values in the categories of stiffness, smoothness, and fullness and softness given identical pattern compared with medium weight fabrics. However, lightweight fabric's THV was uniformly higher than the medium weight fabric. Lightweight fabric's primary hand values were less sensitive to variations in printing density compared to the medium weight fabric. Regardless of fabric weight, the dot-based patterns were on average the best performing wool fabrics in terms of low stiffness, high smoothness, high fullness and softness, and high THV. This indicates that to achieve the best overall hand value, the dot-based printing pattern was preferable to the solid or stripe patterns. Pattern direction, specifically the direction of stripes, had in most cases negligible effect on hand value performance. These findings imply that for future designs that achieve great overall hand value using printable interlining on wool fabrics, dot-based printing patterns should be adopted, which has the added advantage of less printing agent consumption.

Radiation reaction for spinning black-hole scattering

Starting from the leading soft term of the 5-point amplitude, involving a graviton and two Kerr black holes, that factorises into the product of the elastic amplitude without the graviton and the leading soft factor, we compute the infrared divergent contribution to the imaginary part of the two-loop eikonal. Then, using analyticity and crossing symmetry, we determine the radiative contribution to the real part of the two-loop eikonal and from it the radiative part of the deflection angle for spins aligned to the orbital angular momentum, the loss of angular momentum and the zero frequency limit of the energy spectrum for any spin and for any spin orientation. For spin one we find perfect agreement with recent results obtained with the supersymmetric worldline formalism.

Smooth hybrid inflation with low reheat temperature and observable gravity waves in SU(5) × U(1)χ super-GUT

We realize smooth hybrid inflation in the framework of supersymmetric SU(5) × U(1)χ ⊂ SO(10) model which provides a natural solution to the monopole problem appearing in the spontaneous symmetry breaking of SU(5). The breaking of U(1)χ symmetry leaves a residual discrete Z 2 symmetry, that serves as the MSSM matter parity, realizing the possibility of the lightest supersymmetric particle as a cold dark matter candidate. The d = 5 proton lifetime for the decay p ⟶ K +ν̅, mediated by color-triplet Higgsinos is found to satisfy current experimental bounds if split-high scale SUSY scenario is employed. We show that with minimal Kähler potential, the soft supersymmetry breaking terms play a vital rôle in bringing the scalar spectral index ns within the Planck's latest bounds. In a minimal Kähler potential setup, small values of tensor-to-scalar ratio r ≲ 3.5 × 10-7 are obtained, whereas the gravitino mass turns out to be in the range that favors PeV scale SUSY but is not sufficiently high to avoid the d = 5 proton decay. A non-minimal Kähler potential including higher order corrections is required to realize successful inflation with central value of scalar spectral index ns = 0.9655, large tensor modes r ≲ 0.056 and a low reheat temperature (3 × 106 ≲ Tr ≲ 6.5 × 107) GeV consistent with leptogenesis and baryogenesis.

μ -hybrid inflation, gravitino dark matter, and stochastic gravitational wave background from cosmic strings

We present a successful realization of supersymmetric $\mu$-hybrid inflation model based on a gauged $U(1)_{B-L}$ extension of the minimal supersymmetric standard model, with the soft supersymmetry breaking terms are playing an important role. Successful non-thermal leptogenesis with gravitino dark matter yields a reheat temperature in the range $2 \times 10^{7} \lesssim T_R \lesssim 5 \times 10^{9}$ GeV. This corresponds to the predictions $2 \times 10^{-18} \lesssim r\lesssim 4 \times 10^{-13}$ for the tensor to scalar ratio, and $-2 \times 10^{-6} \lesssim dn_s/d\ln k \lesssim -5 \times 10^{-11}$ for the running of the scalar spectral index. The $B-L$ breaking scale is estimated as $ 6 \times 10^{14}\lesssim M/ \text{GeV}\lesssim 10^{16}$, calculated at the central value of the scalar spectral index, $n_s =0.9655$, reported by Planck 2018. Finally, in a grand unified theory setup the dimensionless string tension parameter associated with the metastable strings is in the range $ 10^{-9} \lesssim G\mu_\text{cs} \lesssim 10^{-6}$ corresponding to a stochastic gravitational wave background lying within the 2$\sigma$ bound of the recent NANOGrav 12.5-yr data.

Switching control of latex balloon expansion by using switching valve mediated with the Coanda effect

Soft robots have advantages in terms of safety, softness, and compliance compared to traditional robotic systems. However, fluid-driven soft actuators, often employed in soft robots, require a corresponding number of bulky pressure supplies/valves to drive. Here, we consider a valve that can control the flow without mechanical moving parts for simplifying the driving system of soft actuators. We developed a system comprising a pump, a switching valve, and two latex balloons to demonstrate the feasibility of introducing a fluid valve into soft robotics. As the valve, which makes use of the Coanda effect, can switch the flow between two outlets when the pressure difference between the outlets is 3 kPa, we employed a latex balloon connected to each outlet. The system can control the expansion of each balloon by switching the flow from the pump. The experimental results proved that the system could actuate each balloon.

The supersymmetry breaking soft terms, and fermion masses and mixings in the supersymmetric Pati-Salam model from intersecting D6-branes

A supersymmetric Pati-Salam model with wrapping number equal to 5 has been constructed in Type IIA orientifolds on T6/(ℤ2× ℤ2) with intersecting D6-branes recently. In particular, the string-scale gauge coupling unification can be achieved due to the intermediate-scale vector-like particles from mathcal{N} = 2 sector. We calculate the supersymmetry breaking soft terms, and study the Standard Model (SM) fermion masses and mixings. There are nine pairs of Higgs doublets from mathcal{N} = 2 sector. Interestingly, we can explain the SM quark masses and mixings, as well as the charged leptons masses from three point and four-point Yukawa interactions. Moreover, we calculate the supersymmetry breaking soft terms in a previous model with gauge coupling unification since we find a typo in the previous study.

Radiative natural supersymmetry emergent from the string landscape

In string theory with flux compactifications, anthropic selection for structure formation from a discretuum of vacuum energy values provides at present our only understanding of the tiny yet positive value of the cosmological constant. We apply similar reasoning to a toy model of the multiverse restricted to vacua with the MSSM as the low energy effective theory. Here, one expects a statistical selection favoring large soft SUSY breaking terms leading to a derived value of the weak scale in each pocket universe (with appropriate electroweak symmetry breaking) which differs from the weak scale as measured in our universe. In contrast, the SUSY preserving μ parameter is selected uniformly on a log scale as is consistent with the distribution of SM fermion masses: this favors smaller values of μ. An anthropic selection of the weak scale to within a factor of a few of our measured value — in order to produce complex nuclei as we know them (atomic principle) — provides statistical predictions for Higgs and sparticle masses in accord with LHC measurements. The statistical selection then more often leads to (radiatively-driven) natural SUSY models over the Standard Model or finely-tuned SUSY models such as mSUGRA/CMSSM, split, mini-split, spread, high scale or PeV SUSY. The predicted Higgs and superparticle spectra might be testable at HL-LHC or ILC via higgsino pair production but is certainly testable at higher energy hadron colliders with sqrt{s} ∼ 30–100 TeV.

Enhancement in tissue paper production by optimizing creeping parameters such as application of various blade material (MOC) and creep pocket geometry

Abstract This study is focused on the development of ultrasoft facial grade tissue paper of 12.5 gsm with superior quality in terms of handfeel softness alongside enhanced productivity. To sustain in the tissue paper business, industries needs to focus in such a way that productivity should be increased with excellent product quality. Tissue industries generally loose huge productivity as well as deviation is observed in high quality low gsm facial grade tissue paper in terms of quality. This is owing to vague understanding about the creeping geometry where creep pocket angle, blade grind angle, blade MOC play a significant role to improve the productivity and produce excellent product quality. This experimental study would bridge for better understanding of impact of creping blade material and crepe blade geometry on productivity and quality of tissue paper. In this experimental study, two types of creping blade material– carbon steel and ceramic were used. Machine runability, mechanical properties of developed facial grade tissue paper was minutely analysed. It was found that while using ceramic blade, downtime reduced by 86.8 % while the production was enhanced by 10 % indicating better machine runnability with ceramic blade. Thereafter, the blade holder angle was altered to 17°, 18° and 19° along with alterations of bevel angle to 75°, 80°, 85° and 90°. All the mechanical properties of developed facial grade tissue paper was investigated and analysed. The outcome of the study indicated that by using ceramic tip creping blade with 17° blade holder angle and bevel angle at 80°, ultrasoft, high bulk facial grade tissue paper can be produced with much improved machine runnability i. e. downtown reduced by 85 % on account of blade changing frequency and production enhanced by 10 %.