Soft Salt Research Articles

Exploring structural and optical properties of a new series of soft salts based on cyclometalated platinum complexes.

A series of nine new soft salts based on two platinum(II) complexes, namely ([Pt(C^N)(CN)2]-[Pt(C^N)(en)]+) (en = ethane-1,2-diamine), has been developed and synthesized. Their photophysical properties in both solution and the solid state were described. All soft salt complexes exhibit phosphorescence emission with PLQY in the solid state up to 0.36. Most of these materials displayed aggregation-induced emission (AIE) or aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) in water/DMSO solutions as the water ratio increased. Structure-property relationships were analyzed in relation to emission properties. The presence of the free nitrogen atoms in soft salt complexes with a C^N pyrimidine-based ligand allowed for reversible sensitivity to acidic vapors, resulting in the quenching of phosphorescence emission. Additionally, for selected soft salts, we described reversible vapochromism behaviour, making these new materials interesting for multi-detection purposes in anti-counterfeiting applications.

Reversible On-Off Switching of Excitation-Wavelength-Dependent Emission of a Phosphorescent Soft Salt Based on Platinum(II) Complexes.

Excitation-wavelength-dependent (Ex-De) emission materials show excellent potential in diverse advanced photonic areas. Of significant importance is the on-demand regulation of the Ex-De luminescence behavior of these materials, which is previously unprecedented. In this study, we report on a platinum(II) complex-based phosphorescent soft salt S1 ([Pt(tpp)(ed)]+[Pt(ftpp)(CN)2]- (where ttp = 2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)pyridine, ed = ethane-1,2-diamine, and ftpp = 2-(4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)pyridine)) with Ex-De photoluminescence (PL) property. UV-visible absorption and PL spectra of S1 were recorded in DMSO-H2O mixture (1 × 10-3 M) with various H2O fractions to investigate its ground and excited states. Interestingly, the PL spectra of S1 powder show that its maximum emission peak is red-shifted from 595 to 644 nm upon excitation at different wavelengths from 360 to 520 nm, accompanied by an obvious emission color change from yellow-orange to red. Furthermore, confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy was employed to determine the PL property of self-assembled uniform S1 nanostructure, and the result shows that the Ex-De emission behavior is absent. On the basis of these results, we conclude the various Pt(II)···Pt(II) distances that exist are the major factor responsible for the properties of the Ex-De PL of S1 powder. Thus, for the first time, reversible on-off switching of Ex-De PL of S1 was achieved by manipulating its Pt(II)···Pt(II) distances through mechanical stress and vapor fuming. Finally, we demonstrate the high-level anticounterfeiting applications via on-demand multicolor displays.

Devising nanotechnology for vegetable cryofrozen enrichers with biocomponents and the natural protein healthy snacks containing them

This paper reports the development of nanotechnology for processing vegetables (spicy and carotene-containing ones) into frozen cryoadditives – enrichers with biologically active substances (BAS), as well as natural protein health snacks containing them. An innovative method proposed for obtaining vegetable nano additives involves the use of deep processing of raw materials. The method is based on a complex effect exerted on raw materials by cryo-processing and cryomechanodestruction, making it possible not only to preserve the BAS of fresh vegetables but also to transform them into a nanostructured form in order to fully reveal the biological potential of the raw materials. The resulting nano additives made from vegetables have no analogs. The BAS mass fraction in the produced frozen cryoadditives is 3.0...3.2 times larger than that in the starting fresh raw materials. Vegetable-based cryoadditives that are used in the manufacture of snacks are not only the BAS carriers but also perform the functions of structure-forming agents, gel-forming agents, colorants, thereby making it possible to produce high-quality health products and eliminate the need for food additives. Applying the vegetable-based frozen cryoadditives enrichers with biocomponents has made it possible to devise a new generation of natural protein snacks for healthy eating. The protein base used included nano additives made from legumes (peas) and soft salt cheese, which are distinguished by a high content of complete protein and are easily digestible. The new protein-vegetable snacks differ from conventional ones in the high content of β-carotene, phenolic compounds, tannins; 100 g of the product may satisfy about 30 % of the daily protein needs. The devised snacks are a new type of natural wellness products that are made without the use of artificial food additives and are recommended for industrial production.

Phosphorescent Soft Salt Based on Platinum(II) Complexes: Photophysics, Self-Assembly, Thermochromism, and Anti-counterfeiting Application.

A new platinum(II) complex-based soft salt S1, ([Pt(tpp)(ed)]+[Pt(pba) (CN)2]-) (tpp = 2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)pyridine, ed = ethane-1,2-diamine, pba = 4-(2-pyridyl)benzaldehyde), was designed and synthesized. UV-visible absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra were studied to elucidate the nature of ground and excited states. The soft salt complex was found to show self-assembly properties with the assistance of electrostatic, π-π stacking, and Pt···Pt interactions, resulting in the remarkable emergence of low-energy absorption and PL bands. Morphological transformation of S1 from undefined nanosized aggregates to nanofibers with different solvent compositions has been demonstrated. Interestingly, a luminescent polymer film was prepared by doping S1 into a polyethylene glycol matrix. The film displayed distinctive emission color change from yellow to red upon heating. Eventually, a high-level anti-counterfeiting application was accomplished using a time-resolved imaging technique based on the thermochromic luminescence property and long emission decay time displayed by S1. It is anticipated that this work can provide deep insights into the control of intermolecular interactions between cationic and anionic complexes of soft salt upon exposure to different external stimuli, resulting in the development of smart luminescent materials for various applications.

Soft salts based on platinum(II) complexes with high emission quantum efficiencies in the near infrared region for in vivo imaging.

Two soft salts (S1 and S2) based on platinum(ii) complexes with a near-infrared emission have been designed and synthesized. It has been demonstrated that S2 has a high photostability and a low cytotoxicity, and it has been successfully applied to in vivo imaging for the first time.

Cercetări efectuate la Băile Figa în anii 2016–2019 și considerații privind deslușirea valențelor unui peisaj salin hibrid / Research carried out at Băile Figa during 2016–2019 Revealing the potential of a hybrid saltscape

Cercetări efectuate la Băile Figa în anii 2016–2019 și considerații privind deslușirea valențelor unui peisaj salin hibrid / Research carried out at Băile Figa during 2016–2019 Revealing the potential of a hybrid saltscape

A Probe Based on a Soft Salt Complex for Ratiometric and Lifetime Imaging of Variations in Intracellular Oxygen Content

In this study, a soft salt complex based probe has been exploited for measuring oxygen content changes in living cells. The zinc(II) complex [Zn(tpy)2]2+(CH3COO–)2 {tpy = 3‐[(2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridin)‐4′‐yl]‐9‐hexyl‐9H‐carbazole} was chosen as the cationic component, and the iridium(III) complex [Ir(tpq)2CN2]–Bu4N+ [tpq = 2‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)quinoline] was selected as the anionic component. The soft salt complex based probe was formed through electrostatic interaction between two oppositely charged complexes. This probe exhibits ratiometric photoluminescence response to different oxygen concentrations with two separated emission bands. Furthermore, the application of this probe in ratiometric and lifetime imaging of oxygen content changes in living cells has been demonstrated.

Anionic iridium(III) complexes and their conjugated polymer soft salts for time-resolved luminescent detection of intracellular oxygen levels

It is well known that hypoxia is a critical parameter with respect to several pathologies, like solid tumors. Hence, it is necessary to realize highly sensitive and selective monitoring of oxygen levels in biological systems. Phosphorescent iridium(III) complexes are an excellent class of oxygen probe through the energy transfer from triplet excitons to oxygen molecules. Current research mainly focuses on the neutral and cationic complexes, while the anionic ones received few attentions. Herein, we designed a series of anionic iridium(III) complexes with different C^N ligands and investigated their oxygen-sensing capability in solution and living cells. Importantly, based on the metathesis reactions of the anionic iridium(III) complexes with oxygen-insensitive cationic polyfluorene, water-soluble polymer soft salt P1 was synthesized successfully. Thus, ratiometric luminescent and reversible polymer hypoxia probe can be obtained because P1 can give dual emission with oxygen-sensitive phosphorescence from the iridium(III) complexes and reference fluorescence from polyfluorene, respectively. Furthermore, the photoluminescence lifetime imaging at different oxygen levels exhibited that P1 is an excellent oxygen probe utilizing the sensitive phosphorescent lifetime to oxygen level. To our knowledge, this is the first report about the application of anionic iridium(III) complexes and their conjugated polymer soft salts in biosensing and bioimaging fields.

Enhanced singlet oxygen generation of a soft salt through efficient energy transfer between two ionic metal complexes.

In this study, a soft salt complex based photosensitizer has been developed for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer cells. The iridium(iii) complex [Ir(L)(L')]3+(PF6-)3 (C1) with L and L' being terpyridine ligands (L = 4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine, L' = 3-([2,2':6',2''-terpyridin]-4'-yl)-9-hexyl-9H-carbazole) was chosen as the cationic component, and the iridium(iii) complex [Ir(dfppy)2CN2]-Bu4N+ (A1) was selected as the anionic component. Complexes C1 and A1 are directly connected through electrostatic interaction to form a soft salt based photosensitizer (S1), which exhibited an enhanced singlet oxygen generation rate because of efficient energy transfer between two ionic metal complexes. Furthermore, this novel photosensitizer was successfully applied in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer cells for the first time.

Factors associated with metabolic complications and feeding in elderly from the rural area.

This study aimed to evaluate factors associated with metabolic complications and feeding in the elderly from rural area, in Uberaba, Minas Gerais, guided by the "10 Steps to Healthy Eating for Older People" of the Ministry of Health. Household services with 833 people, aged 60 or older, with no cognitive decline were conducted. Data were collected using Food Frequency Questionnaire, anthropometric measurements, being submitted to descriptive analysis, prevalence rate and Chi-Square Test (p < 0.05). Metabolic complications were associated with female gender (p = 0.001) and overweight (p = 0.006). Women were suited to five steps: number of meals, adequate intake of milk and lean meat, reduced consumption of soft drinks, sweets and salt, physical activity practice, not smoking and not drinking alcohol; while men followed three steps: adequate intake of cereals, rice and beans and water. Seniors with less than 80 years complied most with water consumption. Three steps were associated with normal weight, two with no-risk rating for metabolic complications and none with schooling. It is concluded that the diet of the rural elderly is not appropriate to healthy eating recommendations of the Ministry of Health.

ON THE PROBLEM OF SPATIAL DEMOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE AND ONTOGENESIS OF HALOCNEMUM STROBILACEUM [(PALL.) BIEB.] IN THE REPUBLIC OF KALMYKIA

The aim of research is to study coenopopulations of Halocnemum strobilaceum on soft salt marshes of the lake Cagan USN (Yashkul district, Republic of Kalmykia). Materials and methods. The article presents data on the ontogeny, demographic and spatial structure of H. strobilaceum for practical and theoretical use due to the degradation of pastures and secondary salinity in the water reclamation. Research on coenopopulations of Halocnemum has been carried out according to the methods of studying spatial and demographic structure of the plant phytocenoses (1950), plant collection and herbarization (1977), and making sites of 3x3 meters. Results. Research has allowed us to identify 6 age phases of H. strobilaceum: p, im, v, g1, g2-g3, svg, s, and the ontogenetic state: p - 5%, im - 5%, v - 5%, g1 - 35 %, g2-g3 - 35%, svg - 5%, s - 10%. During the research of coenopopulations of Halocnemum strobilaceum we have revealed the polyvariance ontomorphogenesis phenomenon, which is manifested in the transition of individuals from senile (s) age condition, in particular, to senile-virginal-generative (svg). In addition, at this stage, we have observed new shoots, habitually similar to vegetative, able to bloom the following year (the state svg). The analysis of ontogenesis of individuals of Halocnemum strobilaceum has showed the predominance of young (g1) and middle-aged (g2-g3) generative phase. Conclusion. Thus, a temporary rejuvenation of Halocnemum strobilaceum communities at the lake of Cagan USN is considered by us as the occurrence of certain adaptations to the effects of different natural and anthropogenic factors. This ability of Halocnemum strobilaceum to quickly restore spatial demographic structure of its coenopopulations indicates the high ecological and biological potential of this kind of dominant on the soft salt marshes.

Phosphorescent soft salt for ratiometric and lifetime imaging of intracellular pH variations.

In contrast to traditional short-lived fluorescent probes, long-lived phosphorescent probes based on transition-metal complexes can effectively eliminate unwanted background interference by using time-resolved luminescence imaging techniques, such as photoluminescence lifetime imaging microscopy. Hence, phosphorescent probes have become one of the most attractive candidates for investigating biological events in living systems. However, most of them are based on single emission intensity changes, which might be affected by a variety of intracellular environmental factors. Ratiometric measurement allows simultaneous recording of two separated wavelengths instead of measuring mere intensity changes and thus offers built-in correction for environmental effects. Herein, for the first time, a soft salt based phosphorescent probe has been developed for ratiometric and lifetime imaging of intracellular pH variations in real time. Specifically, a pH sensitive cationic complex (C1) and a pH insensitive anionic complex (A1) are directly connected through electrostatic interaction to form a soft salt based probe (S1), which exhibits a ratiometric phosphorescent response to pH with two well-resolved emission peaks separated by about 150 nm (from 475 to 625 nm). This novel probe was then successfully applied for ratiometric and lifetime imaging of intracellular pH variations. Moreover, quantitative measurements of intracellular pH fluctuations caused by oxidative stress have been performed for S1 based on the pH-dependent calibration curve.

Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence from a Stoichiometric Ruthenium(II)-Iridium(III) Complex Soft Salt.

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) and electrochemistry are reported for a heterometallic soft salt, [Ru(dtbubpy)3 ][Ir(ppy)2 (CN)2 ]2 ([Ir][Ru][Ir]), consisting of a 2:1 ratio of complementary charged Ru and Ir complexes possessing two different emission colors. The [Ru](2+) and [Ir](-) moieties in the [Ir][Ru][Ir] greatly reduce the energy required to produce ECL. Though ECL intensity in the annihilation path was enhanced 18× relative to that of [Ru(bpy)3 ](2+) , ECL in the co-reactant path with tri-n-propylamine was enhanced a further 4×. Spooling spectroscopy gives insight into ECL mechanisms: the unique light emission at 634 nm is due to the [Ru](2+) * excited state and no [Ir](-) * was generated in either route. Overall, the soft salt system is anticipated to be attractive and suitable for the development of efficient and low-energy-cost ECL detection systems.

The activity of autoreactive IgG antibodies may be blocked by human serum and breast milk immunoglobulins

Event Abstract Back to Event The activity of autoreactive IgG antibodies may be blocked by human serum and breast milk immunoglobulins Iglika Djoumerska - Alexieva1, Iliyan Manoylov1, Jordan Dimitrov2 and Andrey Tchorbanov1* 1 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria 2 INSERM, France Background and objectives In the immune system of healthy individuals can be found B cells that produce IgG antibodies specific to a variety of self antigens. These natural autoreactive antibodies are found in the serum and in the intravenous immunoglobulin preparations. They are able to interact with antigens which are target of some pathological autoantibodies. The auto reactivity of natural IgG antibodies can be induces by extreme environmental conditions during purification (high and low pH values). This activity is not observed when using non-denaturating methods of purification. The in vitro interactions between human serum from a healthy individuals, or pooled human IVIg or breast milk immunoglobulins and human liver antigens were investigated. IgG antibodies were purified by two different methods: immunoaffinity elution (using low pH value buffers) and soft salt precipitation (without extreme value buffers). Based on their molecular mass, the purified IgA and IgM molecules were obtained from the different fractions of serum and colostral proteins. Results Serum or breast milk IgM and IgA isolated by immunoaffinity elution can block the interaction of eluted IgG antibodies or pooled IVIg preparation to human liver antigens. The fraction containing immunoglobulin F(ab')2 fragments has the same ability. Conclusions The results show that binding of auto-reactive IgG antibodies to self-antigens can be inhibited by serum as well as mucosal IgA and IgM. Our study supports previous findings that IgM has a major role in blocking the IgG autoantibodies. We suppose that pooled human IgM and IgA preparations may have a positive immunomodulatory activity in patients with autoimmune diseases. Keywords: Autoimmunity, natural autoantibodies, serum IgG, breast milk, inhibition Conference: 15th International Congress of Immunology (ICI), Milan, Italy, 22 Aug - 27 Aug, 2013. Presentation Type: Abstract Topic: Translational immunology and immune intervention Citation: Djoumerska - Alexieva I, Manoylov I, Dimitrov J and Tchorbanov A (2013). The activity of autoreactive IgG antibodies may be blocked by human serum and breast milk immunoglobulins. Front. Immunol. Conference Abstract: 15th International Congress of Immunology (ICI). doi: 10.3389/conf.fimmu.2013.02.00630 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 12 Jun 2013; Published Online: 22 Aug 2013. * Correspondence: Dr. Andrey Tchorbanov, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria, tchorban@microbio.bas.bg Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Iglika Djoumerska - Alexieva Iliyan Manoylov Jordan Dimitrov Andrey Tchorbanov Google Iglika Djoumerska - Alexieva Iliyan Manoylov Jordan Dimitrov Andrey Tchorbanov Google Scholar Iglika Djoumerska - Alexieva Iliyan Manoylov Jordan Dimitrov Andrey Tchorbanov PubMed Iglika Djoumerska - Alexieva Iliyan Manoylov Jordan Dimitrov Andrey Tchorbanov Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Wind Erosion at a Saline Playa Environment, Ebinur Lake, Xinjiang, China - A Case Study on the Source of Saline Dust Storm

In many arid and semiarid lands, dry lake beds (saline playa) represent a tremendous source of unconsolidated salt-rich sediments that are available for aeolian transport. Severe salt-dust storms caused by the erosion of such landforms have become very harmful natural phenomena. Base on texture and appearance characteristic, five principal undisturbed playa surfaces for sampling to investigate the deflation rate and the vertical distribution of material abraded using a wind-tunnel experiment in this study. Two additional field deflation monitoring transect were aslo established to examine vertical deflation by wind from measurements of erosion pins at the Ebinur (dry) Lake. The results indicate that winds greater than 8 m/s is the main factor for inducing the erosion of the playa sediments. Soft salt, aeloian sediment and alluvial deposit are the main sources of the saline dust storms in Ebinur region. The near-surface vertical distribution of material abraded concentrated in 0 -10 cm height. The annual wind erosion rate ranged from 0.48 cm to 5.6 cm in the northwest portion of the lake and from 0.24 cm to 0.96 cm in the southeast portion.

Cationic iridium complex for the design of soft salt-based phosphorescent OLEDs and color-tunable light-emitting electrochemical cells

Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (PhOLEDs) based on iridium (III) soft salt were designed and studied. Heteroleptic anionic iridium complex ( A) was prepared with thiocyanate anions and cationic iridium complex ( C) was synthesized with 4,4′-dinonyl-2,2′-byridine as the ancillary ligand. Electronic and spectroscopic properties of the resulting combination of soft salt C· A were investigated by mean of UV–visible absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. DFT calculations were also performed and the electroluminescent performances evaluated. Light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) displaying color-variable emission were also obtained. This color tunability aroused from a modification of the molecular packing of the emissive layer with the temperature.

Iridium(iii) soft salts from dinuclear cationic and mononuclear anionic complexes for OLED devices

Two iridium(III) soft salts based on ion-paired dinuclear cationic and mononuclear anionic complexes were designed and investigated as phosphorescent emitters for solution processed OLEDs. New dinuclear cationic complexes were prepared with two different bridging ligands, a carbazole and a phenylene spacer. Best devices were designed with the soft salt bearing a carbazole moiety.

Study of Ion-Paired Iridium Complexes (Soft Salts) and Their Application in Organic Light Emitting Diodes

Three Ir-based materials were synthesized through metathesis reaction between halide and alkali metal salts of two cationic and three anionic Ir complexes, respectively. The resulting "soft salt" complexes are composed of an organometallic cation and an organometallic anion. The electrochemical and photophysical characterization of these compounds is reported. The redox potentials of the soft salts are shown to be determined by the lowest energy potentials of the two ions. Energy transfer between the ions in solution is observed, and found to take place at diffusion controlled rates. Organic LEDs were prepared with each of the three soft salts, using the simple structure of anode/PVK/soft salt/BCP/cathode. The soft salts yielded maximal external quantum efficiencies (EQE) ranging from 0.2% to 4.7%. The study suggests that the internal energy alignment between two ions in the soft salts is responsible for the widely disparate results. To achieve a high EQE, it is critical to have the HOMO and LUMO values of one of the ions fall between those of the other ion, that is, one ion has both the lowest oxidation potential and the least negative reduction potential.

Poly(sulfobetaine)s and corresponding cationic polymers. XI. Synthesis and aqueous solution properties of a cationic poly(methyl iodide quaternized ethyl vinyl ether/N,N-dimethylaminopropyl maleamidic acid) copolymer

A copolymer prepared by the copolymerization of ethyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride underwent amidoacidation with N,N-dimethylaminopropylamine. The obtained ethyl vinyl ether/dimethylaminopropyl maleamidic acid copolymer was then reacted with methyl iodide to yield poly(methyl iodide quaternized ethyl vinyl ether/N,N′-dimethylaminopropyl maleamidic acid) (MIQEDMAPMA). The greatest difference from other polyelectrolytes was the carboxylic group on the polymer chain unit of MIQEDMAPMA. Its aqueous solution properties in various salts and at various pH values were studied by measurements of the reduced viscosity and intrinsic viscosity. The reduced viscosity and intrinsic viscosity of this cationic polyelectrolyte were related to the types and concentrations of the added salts. The tendency of the salt effect was similar to that of other polyelectrolytes; that is, soft salt anions were more easily bound to the quaternary ammonium (R4N+) of MIQEDMAPMA than hard salt anions. Some salt ions strongly attracted the quaternary ammonium of the cationic polymeric side chain for the agglomeration of the polymers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2261–2269, 2003

Polysulfobetaines and corresponding cationic polymers. VI. Synthesis and aqueous solution properties of cationic poly(methyl iodide quaternized acrylamide-N,N-dimethylaminopropylmaleimide copolymer) [poly(MIQADMAPM)

The copolymer prepared by copolymerizing with acrylamide and maleic anhydride was imidized with N,N-dimethylaminopropylamine. The obtained acrylamide-N,N-dimethylaminopropylmaleimide (ADMAPM) copolymer was then reacted with methyl iodide to yield a poly(methyl iodide quaternized acrylamide-N,N-dimethylaminopropylmaleimide) copolymer [poly(MIQADMAPM)]. Its aqueous solution properties were studied by measurements of reduced viscosity, intrinsic viscosity, and flocculation test in this study. The reduced viscosity and intrinsic viscosity of this cationic polyelectrolyte were related to the types and concentration of the added salt. Soft salt anions were more easily bound to the quaternary ammonium cation (R 4 N + ) of poly(MIQADMAPM) than were hard salt anions. Halide anions are hard anions ; consequently, hard cations were more easily attracted to halide anions and reduced the binding degree of halide anion on the quaternary ammonium group (R 4 N + ). The intrinsic viscosity behavior for cationic polyelectrolyte resulting from the electrostatic repulsive force of the polymer chain was contrasted with polyampholyte. The effect of various flocculants on flocculation in different pH values was accessed in this study.