Soft Packaging Research Articles

The role of hydrodynamic fluctuations and wind intensity on the distribution of plastic debris on the sandy beaches of Paraná River, Argentina

Plastic in the environment is considered an emerging pollutant of global concern. In spite of intensive research, many questions remain open, such as the processes that drive the deposition and remobilization of plastic debris on river beaches. The objectives of this study were: i) to analyze the influence of the natural hydrological fluctuations and wind intensity on the distribution of mesoplastic (0.5–2.5 cm) and macroplastic (>2.5 cm) debris in beach sediments of a large river, ii) to describe the type of plastic debris found and iii) to explore potential relations between the number of items and weight of macro- and mesoplastics.Our results suggest that, during lowering water levels, flow removes the plastic debris and transports it further downstream. Conversely, when the beach sediments remain exposed during long periods, the plastic debris accumulates considerably. Nevertheless, the influence of wind intensity on plastic debris transport was comparatively negligible. In other words, in our study the water flow had a greater capacity to remobilize and transport plastic debris than the wind.The most abundant mesoplastic items were foam, hard plastic, film and small fragments of fishing line. The dominant macroplastic items recorded were pieces of fishing line (nylon) and cigarette filters (cellulose acetate), typically discarded by beach users. Other items found in large quantities were soft packaging elements (expanded polystyrene), hard plastic containers (polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate) and beverage bottles (polyethylene terephthalate), typical items of domestic use in the Paraná River region.Finally, we found that the density of macroplastic items is highly correlated to the density of mesoplastic items, serving as surrogate for further estimations. Our results could help to develop better mitigation strategies in seasonal riverscapes, based on the influence of the hydrological cycle and the characteristics of the most abundant meso- and macroplastics.

Strain‐Isolating Materials and Interfacial Physics for Soft Wearable Bioelectronics and Wireless, Motion Artifact‐Controlled Health Monitoring

AbstractRecent developments of micro‐sensors and flexible electronics allow for the manufacturing of health monitoring devices, including electrocardiogram (ECG) detection systems for inpatient monitoring and ambulatory health diagnosis, by mounting the device on the chest. Although some commercial devices in reported articles show examples of a portable recording of ECG, they lose valuable data due to significant motion artifacts. Here, a new class of strain‐isolating materials, hybrid interfacial physics, and soft material packaging for a strain‐isolated, wearable soft bioelectronic system (SIS) is reported. The fundamental mechanism of sensor‐embedded strain isolation is defined through a combination of analytical and computational studies and validated by dynamic experiments. Comprehensive research of hard‐soft material integration and isolation mechanics provides critical design features to minimize motion artifacts that can occur during both mild and excessive daily activities. A wireless, fully integrated SIS that incorporates a breathable, perforated membrane can measure real‐time, continuous physiological data, including high‐quality ECG, heart rate, respiratory rate, and activities. In vivo demonstration with multiple subjects and simultaneous comparison with commercial devices captures the SIS's outstanding performance, offering real‐world, continuous monitoring of the critical physiological signals with no data loss over eight consecutive hours in daily life, even with exaggerated body movements.

Computer model and complete set of a functional non-alcoholic beverage production line

Production of functional products using local raw materials with a high content of biologically active substances is the main trend in the production of non-alcoholic beverages. In this regard, creation of a technological line that ensures not only the quality of the finished product, but also the safety of the functional properties of the feedstock is of great interest. A computer model of a functional soft drink production line, developed using the MasterSCADA 4D software created by a leading domestic company has been. The model emulates the entire production process including the stage of filling the finished product. It is possible to control a real production line provided that communication with an industrial controller, sensors and actuators is installed and configured. A set of technological equipment has been selected for each production stage, from processing raw materials and on down to functional soft drink packaging. Recommendations have been given for water treatment, including a number of technological processes, such as rough water purification and disinfection. There are instructions for preparing sugar syrup using hot method. The characteristics of the recommended plant for hydrodynamic extraction from plant raw materials has been presented. A factor intensifying the extraction process, in the pulsating action of the extractant between the solid and liquid phases. Production of a functional drink implies using of water as an extractant, so additional methods of intensifying mass transfer processes have been considered in order to increase the percentage of extraction of target components. The use of the effect of ultrasonic, electric, pulse and discrete-pulse fields on raw materials is considered to be the most promising method for the extraction process intensification.

A Review: Electrode and Packaging Materials for Neurophysiology Recording Implants.

To date, a wide variety of neural tissue implants have been developed for neurophysiology recording from living tissues. An ideal neural implant should minimize the damage to the tissue and perform reliably and accurately for long periods of time. Therefore, the materials utilized to fabricate the neural recording implants become a critical factor. The materials of these devices could be classified into two broad categories: electrode materials as well as packaging and substrate materials. In this review, inorganic (metals and semiconductors), organic (conducting polymers), and carbon-based (graphene and carbon nanostructures) electrode materials are reviewed individually in terms of various neural recording devices that are reported in recent years. Properties of these materials, including electrical properties, mechanical properties, stability, biodegradability/bioresorbability, biocompatibility, and optical properties, and their critical importance to neural recording quality and device capabilities, are discussed. For the packaging and substrate materials, different material properties are desired for the chronic implantation of devices in the complex environment of the body, such as biocompatibility and moisture and gas hermeticity. This review summarizes common solid and soft packaging materials used in a variety of neural interface electrode designs, as well as their packaging performances. Besides, several biopolymers typically applied over the electrode package to reinforce the mechanical rigidity of devices during insertion, or to reduce the immune response and inflammation at the device-tissue interfaces are highlighted. Finally, a benchmark analysis of the discussed materials and an outlook of the future research trends are concluded.

Консервы — драйвер развития промышленности полимерных материалов

The development of the polymer market demonstrates the positive dynamics of domestic production. To bring competitive products to the market, it is necessary to focus on a new vector of development, given the global popularity of polymer packaging, which makes up about 50 % of all types of packaging. Of these, a large share (about 60 %) is soft packaging, and this indicator continues to grow. The food industry is the main consumer of this type of packaging. Shown are the developments and prospects of using polymer and combined types of consumer packaging in the production of meat and meat-containing canned food, canned feed for unproductive animals, as well as the classification ranking of polymer consumer packaging and some aspects of thermal canning.

Surface Submillimeter Papillae Enhanced Mechanical Property of Membrane

AbstractThe surface topographies of natural surfaces play significant roles for improving the ability to adapt to the environment. The micropapilla of lotus leaf is always used to enhance its self‐cleaning performance. However, the function of the submillimeter papilla of lotus has not been well studied. In this study, it is found that the optimal distribution of submillimeter papilla can effectively prevent the rupture of lotus leaf. Under loading, the submillimeter papilla transfers the stress into its root region, which effectively keeps the leaf broadly intact and collaborates to realize relative functions with micropapilla. Further study by integrating the simulations and biofabricated membrane with artificial submillimeter papilla indicates the contribution of submillimeter papilla on the mechanical property. This study opens a novel avenue for designing strength membrane materials, which has potential applications in the fields of soft robot, electronic device, and packaging.

Portable Pen-Like Device With Miniaturized Tactile Sensor for Quantitative Tissue Palpation in Oral Cancer Screening

Oral cancer has consistently been ranked among the top ten cancers in terms of mortality with five year survival rates being among the lowest for all major cancers. Consequently, great efforts are being made to develop new diagnostic tools that can enable early detection in a clinical setting. In this study, we report on the design and development of a novel pen-like handheld device, with a miniaturized tactile sensor mounted on the front-end and integrated with a portable back-end readout module. The device can be used for tissue palpation in the oral cavity and obtain quantitative information regarding the elasticity of oral lesions and abnormalities, thus eliminating the need for manual palpation by the clinician. The sensing mechanism of the proposed tactile sensor is based on the two-spring model and employs two components with varying stiffness values, namely a hard copper ball embedded in a soft elastomeric packaging. The differential voltage output of the piezoelectric sensing film corresponding to the two components can provide information regarding the elasticity of the tissue under contact. To simulate feasibility of the tactile sensor in differentiating tissue elasticity, we have contacted the sensor with different elastomeric silicone materials under the same applied force. The experiments confirmed that the sensor response could be used to differentiate five silicones with varying Young’s moduli ranging from 0.2 to 3.1 MPa and a corresponding Shore hardness of 2 to 56 Shore A. A two-stage linear trend was observed with a sensitivity of 0.356/MPa for softer silicones (2 ~ 9 Shore A) and 0.059/MPa for harder silicones (24 ~ 56 Shore A). Furthermore, the portable readout module that we have developed can analyze the data from the tactile sensor and transmit it wirelessly via Bluetooth for cloud computing. The proposed device is easy-to-use in general clinical settings and could enable early detection and improved prognosis of oral cancer.

Research on Processing Technology and Design Optimization of Indoor Soft Packaging Materials Based on Creation of Artistic Situation and Influence of Coastal Climate

Li, H.F., 2020. Research on processing technology and design optimization of indoor soft packaging materials based on creation of artistic situation and influence of coastal climate. In: Bai, X. and Zhou, H. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources, Environmental Protection, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 115, pp. 274-276. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Interior design pursues the combination of emotion and artistic conception. The creation of artistic situation is the highest aesthetic realm of interior design and the main factor that determines the quality of design. It satisfies people's beautiful imagination of interior space environment. Soft-fitting design is an essential link in interior space design and is also the key to optimize interior design. Based on the creation of artistic situations and the influence of coastal climate, a systematic study has been carried out on the processing technology and design optimization of soft materials in interior design. The general principles of material selection in interior design have been explored. The research results can guide the application of interior design in reality and have certain theoretical and practical significance, providing certain theoretical reference for the systematic research of interior design in China.

Study on the Difference of Moisture-keeping Performance between Fresh-keeping Packaging and Conventional Packaging

Packaging materials and packaging design have an important influence on the quality of cigarettes in the consumption process of unpacked cigarette packaging. In this paper, the effects of freshness-keeping packaging on moisture-keeping capacity, sensory quality, macula cigarette risk control after opening cigarette packaging were studied. The results showed: (1) After the opening of cigarette packages, the moisture content of cigarettes could be effectively maintained in fresh-keeping packages, while the moisture content of cigarettes in conventional packages would vary in a large range with time and environment (except equilibrium conditions). (2) In a high temperature test environment of 35 °C, the moisture content variation range of samples was as follows, paper-aluminium-plastic composite viscose hard freshness-keeping packaging > aluminium-plastic thermal package hard fresh-keeping packaging > paper-aluminium-plastic composite viscose soft freshness-keeping packaging. Differences in the type, material and process of freshness-keeping packaging may lead to differences in moisture retention performance, but the differences are not obvious.

Flexible thermoelectric generators for body heat harvesting – Enhanced device performance using high thermal conductivity elastomer encapsulation on liquid metal interconnects

This paper reports flexible thermoelectric generators (TEGs) employing eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn) liquid metal interconnects encased in a novel, high thermal conductivity (HTC) elastomer. These TEGs are part of a broader effort to harvest thermal energy from the body and convert it into electrical energy to power wearable electronics. The flexible TEGs reported in this paper employ the same thermoelectric legs' used in rigid TEGs, thus eliminating the need to develop new materials specifically for flexible TEGs that often sacrifice the so-called figure of merit' for flexibility. Flexible TEGs reported here embed rigid thermoelectric legs' in soft and flexible packaging, using stretchable EGaIn interconnects. The use of liquid metal interconnects provides ultimate stretchability and low electrical resistance between the thermoelectric legs. The liquid metal lines are encased in a new stretchable silicone elastomer doped with both graphene nano-platelets and EGaIn to increase its thermal conductivity. This high thermal conductivity elastomer not only reduces the parasitic thermal resistance of the encapsulation layer but it also serves as a heat spreader, leading to 1.7X improvement in the output power density of TEGs compared to devices fabricated with a conventional elastomer. The device performance is further improved by a thin Cu layer acting as a heat spreader providing an additional 1.3X enhancement in the output power at 1.2 m/s air velocity (typical walking speed). Worn on the wrist, our best devices achieve power levels in excess of 30 μW/cm2 at an air velocity of 1.2 m/s outperforming previously reported flexible TEGs.

Skin-conformal, soft material-enabled bioelectronic system with minimized motion artifacts for reliable health and performance monitoring of athletes

Recent advances in biosensors, bioelectronics, and system integration allow the development of wristband-type devices for health and performance monitoring of athletes. Although these devices provide adequate sensing outputs, they suffer from signal loss due to improper contact of a rigid sensor with the skin. In addition, when a rubber band tightly secures the sensor to the skin, the gap between sensor and skin causes inevitable motion artifacts, resulting in corrupted data. Consequently, the rigidity and bulky form factor of the existing devices are not suitable for a practical use since athletes typically go through strenuous activities during training and matches. Here, we introduce a soft, wearable flexible hybrid electronics (WFHE) with integrated flexible sensors and circuits in an ultrathin, low-modulus elastomer. The thin-film bioelectronic system avoids the use of bulky, rigid sensors, while providing negligible mechanical and thermal burdens to the wearer. Enabling conformal contact between sensor and skin minimizes undesired motion artifacts. A set of computational and experimental studies of soft materials, flexible mechanics, and system packaging provides key fundamental design factors for a comfortable, reliable, waterproof bioelectronic system. Skin conformal WFHE with sparse signal reconstruction enables reliable, continuous monitoring of photoplethysmogram, heart rate, and activities of athletes. Development of a quantitative analysis between impact force and impact velocity extracted from motion acceleration provides an objective assessment of an athletic punching force. Collectively, this study shows the first demonstration of a wireless, soft, thin-film electronics for a real-time, reliable assessment of athletic health and performance.

Life cycle assessment of bricks made from waste of building material and plastics (LDPE and PET)

Plastic waste is the one of the common problem in many countries. The main reason is because the a non-biodegradable materials. There are two types of plastic that we discussed in this research, the first one is PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) which is a type of plastic that often used as a bottle of soft drink packaging and the other one is LDPE (Low Density Polyethelene) which is also widely used as a food or beverage packaging material. The utilization of these two types of plastic continuously without good recycling will have a negative impact on the environment. Waste of building materials is also be a serious problem for the environment. This research aims to provide a solution to the problem of plastic waste above and also building material waste by making it as a mixture to be used as brick. There are various methods for evaluating energy and raw material consumption, emissions released into the environment, and other wastes related to the life cycle of a product or system. Therefore, the method can be used thoroughly from various aspects, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method is the most appropriate method, because it is a holistic approach system that aims to quantify potential environmental impacts (climate change, non-renewable energy use, etc.) generated from the product life cycle, starting from the acquisition of raw materials, use, recycling, and final disposal.

Utilization of PTE and LDPE Plastic Waste and Building Material Waste as Bricks

Plastic waste is becoming a problem in various countries because of the difficulty of natural decomposition. One type is PET plastic(Polyethylene Terephthalate), which is often used as a bottle for soft drink packaging, and LDPE(Low Density Polyethylene), which is also widely used as a food or beverage packaging material. The use of these two types of plastic continuously, without good recycling, will have a negative impact on the environment. Building material waste is also becoming a serious environmental problem. This study aims to provide a solution to the problem of the above plastic waste and building material waste by making them into a mixture to be used as bricks. Research is carried out by mixing both materials, namely plastic heated at a temperature of 180-220°C and building material waste that had been crushed and sized to 30-40 mesh with homogeneous stirring. The ratios of PET and LDPE plastic to building material waste are 9 : 1, 8 : 2, 7 : 3, 6 : 4 and 5 : 5. After heating and printing, density, water absorption and compressive strength tests are carried out. Addition of PET and LDPE plastic can increase compressive strength, and reduce water absorption, porosity and density. A maximum compressive strength of 10.5 MPa is obtained at the ratio of 6 : 4.

Soft Material-Enabled, Active Wireless, Thin-Film Bioelectronics for Quantitative Diagnostics of Cervical Dystonia.

Recent advances in flexible materials, nanomanufacturing, and system integration have provided a great opportunity to develop wearable flexible hybrid electronics for human healthcare, diagnostics, and therapeutics. However, existing medical devices still rely on rigid electronics with many wires and separate components, which hinders wireless, comfortable, continuous monitoring of health-related human motions. Here, we introduce advanced materials and system integration technologies that enable a soft, active wireless, thin-film bioelectronics. The low-modulus, highly flexible wearable electronic system incorporates a nanomembrane wireless circuit and functional chip components, enclosed by a soft elastomeric membrane. The bioelectronic system offers a gentle, seamless mounting on the skin, while offering a comfortable, highly sensitive and accurate detection of head movements. We utilize the wireless wearable hybrid system for quantitative diagnostics of cervical dystonia (CD) that is characterized by involuntary abnormal head postures and repetitive head movements, sometimes with neck muscle pain. A set of analytical and experimental studies shows a soft system packaging, hard-soft materials integration, and quantitative assessment of physiological signals detected by the SKINTRONICS. In vivo demonstration, involving ten human subjects, captures the device feasibility for use in CD measurement.

Comparison of copper electroplating, copper wet etching and linear sweep voltammetry as techniques to investigate the porosity of atomic layer deposited Al2O3

In recent years, there has been an increased interest in soft packaging for non-rigid medical implants. A promising technique to realize reliable soft packaging involves the inclusion of thin layers of atomic layer deposited (ALD) ceramics between biocompatible polymer layers. Crucial requirements are that those ALD layers are biocompatible and pinhole free to prevent unwanted interactions between the implant and the human body. In this research, a biocompatible thermally deposited 20 nm thick Al2O3-ALD layer is investigated for porosity by using three different techniques: copper electroplating, copper wet etching and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The porosity values obtained with the copper electroplating and copper wet etching techniques are comparable with one another (3.14 × 10−6%–3.18 × 10−7%) but are four to five orders of magnitude smaller than the porosity estimation obtained by the LSV test (8.04 × 10−2%–3.23 × 10−3%). This divergence in porosity is explained by two different contributions leading to an overestimation of pinhole density obtained through LSV. The destructive character of the LSV technique during which additional current contributions arise from copper corrosion and pinhole enlargement is identified as a first factor contributing to an overestimation of pinhole distribution. A second contribution arises from Poole-Frenkel emission and trap-assisted tunneling through the insulating Al2O3-ALD layer. As a consequence, LSV does not only detect pinholes but also single point defects, cluster defects and sealed line defects originating from unreacted OH ligands during ALD deposition. Based on those findings it was concluded that copper wet etching is the preferred method to be used in pinhole detection.

Skin-Mountable Biosensors and Therapeutics: A Review.

Miniaturization of electronic components and advances in flexible and stretchable materials have stimulated the development of wearable health care systems that can reflect and monitor personal health status by health care professionals. New skin-mountable devices that offer seamless contact onto the human skin, even under large deformations by natural motions of the wearer, provide a route for both high-fidelity monitoring and patient-controlled therapy. This article provides an overview of several important aspects of skin-mountable devices and their applications in many medical settings and clinical practices. We comprehensively describe various transdermal sensors and therapeutic systems that are capable of detecting physical, electrophysiological, and electrochemical responses and/or providing electrical and thermal therapies and drug delivery services, and we discuss the current challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives in the field. Finally, we present ways to protect the embedded electronic components of skin-mountable devices from the environment by use of mechanically soft packaging materials.

DARI "BAHASA, BANGSA" HINGGA "GIGOLO"

The focus of this paper is to explain the potential of poetry as a source of historical information. The source of the data was taken from Antologi Puisi Indonesia: Kumpulan Pilihan Yayasan Lontar with the subtitle “Melacak Sejarah Bangsa Abas ke-20 Melalui Puisi “. The subtitle shows the use of poetry as a source of historical information. This is reasonable because poetry is the result of poet's reflection on the environment (nature, social, and culture) that he lives. Historical events are part of social phenomena which are lived by poets. The absorbed phenomenon is reflected by utilizing thoughts, feelings, desires, hopes, and all of his life experiences. In relation to history, literary works have the potential to foster empathy and affective values of the reader. In this anthology, dichotomically poetry is grouped into two periods, namely pta-RIS and Pasca-Ris . Furthermore, each of them is further classified based on years that show certain historical developments. Early period of the development of Indonesian poetry, informs admiration for the wealth and charm of the Nusantara. The work of Taufiq Ismail gathered in Tirani is closer to the historical events that occurred during the transfer of power from the Orde Lama (Old Order) to the Orde Baru (New Order). Until recent developments, the poems written in this anthology show various social events ranging from problems of corruption, hunger, education, and prostitution. Smooth and soft packaging in poetic format makes various social phenomena a symptom that causes anxiety, compassion and pity.

Al-1.5Fe-xLa Alloys for Lithium-Ion Battery Package

Al foil with high formability and corrosion resistance is highly desired for lithium-ion battery soft packaging. Annealing treatment has a significant impact on the performance of soft packaging Al foil. The effects of both La content and the annealing temperature on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior of Al-1.5Fe-La alloy was investigated through optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), tensile testing, potentiodynamic polarization testing, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) testing. A higher addition of La resulted in the formation of AlFeLa particles and a refinement of the Fe-rich second phase. The Al-1.5Fe-0.25La alloy had a higher formability and corrosion resistance than the Al-1.5Fe-0.1La alloy. Microstructure analysis indicated that recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth successively occurred in the Al-Fe-La alloy with the increase of the annealing temperature from 200 °C to 250 and 380 °C. After annealing at 250 °C, the Al-Fe-La alloys had the highest corrosion resistance due to refined grain and a high fraction of small-angle grain boundaries.

Composition of Printable Inks for Color-Shifting Sensors of Smart Soft Packaging

Composition of Printable Inks for Color-Shifting Sensors of Smart Soft Packaging

Low-Temperature Variation of Acoustic Velocity in PDMS for High-Frequency Applications.

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and other related silicon-based polymers are among the most widely employed elastomeric materials in microsystems, owing to their physical and chemical properties. Meanwhile, surface acoustic wave (SAW) and bulk acoustic wave (BAW) sensors and filters have been vastly explored for sensing and wireless applications. Many fields could benefit from the combined use of acoustic wave devices, and polydimethylsiloxane-based soft-substrates, microsystems, or packaging elements. The mechanical constants of PDMS strongly depend on frequency, similar to rubber materials. This brings to the exploration of the specific mechanical properties of PDMS encountered at high frequency, required for its exploitation in SAW or BAW devices. First, low-frequency mechanical behavior is confirmed from stress strain measurements, remaining useful for the exploitation of PDMS as a soft substrate or packaging material. The study, then, proposes a temperature-dependent, high-frequency mechanical study of PDMS based on Brillouin spectroscopy to determine the evolution of the longitudinal acoustic velocity in this material, which constitutes the main mechanical parameter for the design of acoustic wave devices. The PDMS glass transition is then retrieved by differential scanning calorimetry in order to confirm the observations made by Brillouin spectroscopy. This paper validates Brillouin spectroscopy as a very suitable characterization technique for the retrieval of longitudinal mechanical properties at low temperature, as a preliminary investigation for the design of acoustic wave devices coupled with soft materials.