Sodium Tetradecyl Research Articles

How Diluted Liquid Sodium Tetradecyl Sulphate Works in Varices with Competent Superficial Valves Versus Stockings Alone.

Varicose veins are the most common complaints of referrals to vascular surgeons. Upon the cause, liquid sclerotherapy could be an efficient solution first in regard to competent main superficial valves. To find the impact of diluted liquid sclerotherapy in varices in patients with no superficial valve refluxes compare to whom wearing only stockings. Sclerotherapy with 0.3-0.5% liquid form of Sodium Tetradecyl Sulphate (STS) for reticular and spider varicosis, ulcers feeder veins and grade 3-4 sporadic varices were used. Patient's complaints the zone prevalence, response and satisfactoriness were detected clinically and data compared between the two injected cases and who managed by stockings alone with >1 year follow up. Two groups (156 sclerotherapy, 76 only stockings) with three classifications for severity were obtained. Complete recovery of all varices and ulcers were almost achieved with no considerable complication. Logical regression test in unilateral to bilateral varices predict about 70% more recovery (p = 0.048), mild to severe 85% more (p<0.001), moderate to severe 29% more (p = 0.008) and 10-15% response for severe cases. No significant difference for ages and responses between the 2 groups was existed. Diluted liquid sclerotherapy by STS was shown efficient in all ranges of varices. Stockings alone also were adequate to relief symptoms compare to sclerotherapy.

Clinicoradiologic predictors of sclerotherapy response in low-flow vascular malformations

ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical effectiveness of sclerotherapy agents in low-flow vascular malformations (LFVM) and identify clinical/imaging features to predict response. MethodsA retrospective analysis of hospital records of symptomatic LFVM patients who underwent phlebosclerotherapy from January 2015 to April 2018 was done. Patients were subdivided into venous malformations (VM) and lymphatic malformations (LM). Out of 246 cases, 223 patients (132 males, 91 females; age range, 2-52 years) had VM and 23 (13 males, 10 females; age range, 3 months to 45 years) had LM. The clinical response was graded as excellent (>60%), good (30%-60%), and poor (<30%). More than 30% was considered as acceptable response. The χ2 test was performed for correlation between clinical response and clinical, sonographic, magnetic resonance imaging, phlebographic parameters followed by multilinear regression. ResultsCavitary (43%) and spongy (37.7%) were the most common phlebographic patterns seen among VM and a cavitary pattern (87%) was most frequent in LM. Sodium tetradecyl sulphate and bleomycin were most commonly used sclerosants in VM and LM, respectively. The mean number of sessions was 4.35 (range, 1-23) in VM and 2.64 (range, 2-7) in LM. Among VM, 114 patients (51.1%) had excellent response to treatment (>60%) and 75.8% patients had an acceptable response (>30%). All patients with LM had an acceptable response (excellent response in 86.9%). Clinical disfigurement, discoloration, diffuse involvement, dysplastic venous morphology on phlebogram, and late and indirect draining vein correlated with poor response to sclerotherapy in VM (P = .003, P = .036, P = .007, P = .008, P = .003, and P = .035, respectively). Cystic components on ultrasound examination and direct draining vein were seen more often in excellent responders (P = .004 and P = .007) in addition to absence of disfigurement, discoloration, and diffuse involvement (P = .032, P = .003, and P = .002). Mod els comprising clinical disfigurement, dysplastic veins, and late draining vein had the greatest predictive value for poor response (R2 = 0.256). Also, the best model for predicting excellent response comprised presence of direct draining vein and absence of skin discoloration (R2 = 0.109). Eleven instances of minor complications occurred among a total of 1032 sessions, seven with sodium tetradecyl sulphate and four with polidocanol. ConclusionsAcceptable response to sclerotherapy was achieved in majority of LFVM with extremely low complication rates. Clinicoradiologic features, especially phlebographic findings, correlated with response to sclerotherapy.

A new automated system for the preparation of sclerosant foam: A study of the physical characteristics produced and the device settings required.

To determine the quality of sclerosant foam produced with an automated preparation system with multiple combinations of sclerosing agents, gases, and device settings. Single-use mixing capsules filled with air or O2/CO2 and polidocanol (0.25, 1, or 3%) or sodium tetradecyl sulfate (0.2 or 1%) were coupled to a customized magnetic stirrer. Stirring speed and time were adjusted between 1500 and 4000 r/min and 30 and 60 s, respectively, and characteristics of the foam produced were measured: half-life, bubble diameter, and gas-to-liquid ratio. With optimized device settings, the following foam characteristics were obtained: half-life range, 1.4 ± 0.9 to 5.2 ± 0.6 min; bubble diameter, 84 ± 14 to 119 ± 6 µm; and gas-to-liquid ratio, 5:1-7:1. Sodium tetradecyl sulfate foam was quicker to form than polidocanol but faster to degrade. Foams with low sclerosant concentrations and O2/CO2 required higher speed and longer time. Suitable foam characteristics could be obtained with all combinations of sclerosing agent, concentration, and gas.

Utility of Sodium Tetradecyl Sulphate for the Management of Oral Venous Malformation

Utility of Sodium Tetradecyl Sulphate for the Management of Oral Venous Malformation

Sclerotherapy: a bloodless approach in treatment of pyogenic granuloma in children

Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is a common, acquired tumor-like growth occurring on skin/mucous membranes. It is prevalent in the pediatric age group. It is benign in nature and is caused by chronic low grade trauma. It presents as pink to red elevated pedunculated or sessile mass. There are various treatment modalities including surgery, cryotherapy, laser, electrocautery, etc. However, the therapeutic effects are limited with high recurrence rates. The use of sclerotherapy for the treatment of pyogenic granuloma in children is not commonly reported. We present a case of PG on the scalp successfully treated with intralesional injection of sodium tetradecyl sulfate.

Therapeutic vanish in pyogenic granuloma: a case series

&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is a common benign vascular tumour which affect both skin and mucous membranes, occurring commonly on the face, oral mucosa, or a site of previous injury in all ages. Though some PGs resolve spontaneously, most requires treatment to prevent bleeding, ulceration, and scarring. We presented a case report of 4 patients who developed PG on index finger, forehead and nose. Our findings demonstrated the use of sclerotherapy using 3% sodium tetradecyl sulphate which is a safe and economical therapy for adult patients.&lt;/p&gt;

Sclerotherapy: step by step – liquid sclerotherapy

Classic sclerotherapy using drugs in the native (liquid) state is almost the oldest method of minimally invasive treatment of various forms of varicose veins of lower extremities and not only. Despite more than 300 years of development of the sclerotherapy methodology, enormous international experience and almost thorough study of its mechanisms, the development of new sclerosing drugs and technologies of their delivery to the lumen of the target vein continues. Measures aimed at reducing the frequency of undesirable side effects after sclerotherapy and improving the quality of life of patients during treatment and after its completion are discussed separately. Currently, there are several guidelines that regulate phlebosclerosing treatment in various clinical situations in terms of evidence-based medicine. This publication provides a brief historical background on the formation of sclerotherapy technology, presents basic principles for liquid sclerotherapy based on the analysis of international and Russian recommendations for the treatment of chronic venous diseases. Indications, contraindications and the basic methods of carrying out sclerotherapy with the use of officinal, registered in the Russian Federation phlebosclerosing detergent agents are presented, their actual physical and chemical properties, similarities and distinctions, and also optimal concentrations and doses are discussed. The classic sclerotherapy technique which has become known as “empty vein technique” is described in detail and illustrated.In addition, current clinical examples demonstrating successful use of compression sclerotherapy are presented. Again, the authors conclude that liquid sclerotherapy with the use of modern phlebosclerosing agents such as lauromacrogol 400 and sodium tetradecyl sulfate, performed according to the classical “empty vein” technology, demonstrates high efficiency and safety regarding large varicose veins of various localizations.

Embolization Techniques for Arteriovenous Malformations in Parkes-Weber Syndrome

Multiple high-flow arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are the hallmark of Parkes-Weber syndrome (PWS). Surgical resection has historically shown poor outcomes with PWS. The aim of this study was to assess the management of PWS in the current era. A retrospective review was performed from 2004 to 2017 on all patients presenting to a single institution for the management of PWS. Presentation, techniques, complications, and outcomes were reviewed. Fourteen patients (50% male) with PWS were seen at our institution, and mean age was 19.9years (range, 4.7-68.8). The lower extremity was affected in 12 (86%) and the upper extremity in 2 (14%) patients. All patients presented with pain and swelling in the affected limb. Seven (50%) patients presented with ulcers, of which 3 (43%) had extensive wounds. Five (36%) patients had echocardiographic evidence of high-output cardiac failure. All patients underwent angiography with the intention to treat. Three (21%) patients were found to have diffuse arteriovenous communication with no discrete AVM nidus and thus did not undergo intervention. The remaining 11 (79%) patients underwent transcatheter embolization of the AVM's arterial inflow. Six (55%) patients required multiple or staged inflow embolization procedures, with a mean of 3.3 (range, 1-10) interventions. Thirty-two arterial embolization procedures were performed in total. n-Butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (nBCA) adhesive was used in 22 (69%), microspheres in 8 (25%), and a combination of coils and nBCA adhesive in 2 (6%) cases. Technical angiographic success was seen in all patients. Six (55%) patients also had interventions to treat the venous component of the malformation, either concomitantly or during a separate procedure. This included radiofrequency ablation in 1 (17%), coil embolization in 1 (17%), sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) sclerotherapy in 2 (33%), and a combination of STS, coil embolization, and vein stripping in 2 (33%) patients. Ten (91%) patients experienced a partial response and 1 (9%) patient experienced no response to treatment. No patients had a complete response, as expected with the diffuse nature of this disease. There were no periprocedural complications. Two of 3 patients with complex wounds required major amputations for gangrene, including one above-knee and one below-knee amputation at 128months and 66months after the index procedure, respectively. AVMs in PWS can be successfully treated by a transcatheter approach. Multiple interventions are usually required. Patients with extensive wounds remain at risk for loss of limb.

Minimization of artifact protein aggregation using tetradecyl sulfate and hexadecyl sulfate in capillary gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions.

In the biopharmaceutical industry, CE-SDS assesses the purity, heterogeneity, and stability of therapeutic proteins. However, for mAb-1 and mAb-2, typical CE-SDS under reducing conditions produced atypical protein peak profiles, which led to biased purity results, thus were not acceptable for biologics manufacturing. This bias was caused by the formation of method-induced higher molecular weight artifacts, the levels of which correlated with protein concentration. Here we show that adding sodium tetradecyl and hexadecyl sulfates to the sample and the sieving gel buffer solutions was required to prevent formation of aggregate artifacts and to maintain detergent:protein uniformity, suggesting their importance during the sample preparation steps of heat denaturation and subsequent cooling as well as during capillary migration. For these proteins, we show that this uniformity was likely due to the ability of these detergents to bind proteins with markedly higher affinities compared to SDS. "CE-SCX S" methods (where CE-SCX S is CGE using detergent composed of a sodium sulfate head group and a hydrocarbon tail, with "CX " representing various tail lengths), were developed with a sodium tetradecyl sulfate sample buffer and a sodium hexadecyl sulfate containing sieving gel buffer that minimized artifacts and provided robust characterization and release results for mAb-1 and mAb-2.

Induced Alterations in the Aggregation Behavior and Thermodynamic Properties of Anionic Surfactant Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate (STS) in presence of Imidazolium Based Ionic Liquid in Aqueous Media: A Conductometric Study

Surfactants can be considered as an important class of chemical species having a polar head and non-polar tail, which make it capable to be utilized in many industrial formulations such as coatings, paints, lubricants, and cosmetics, etc. Also, ionic liquids, which are actually molten salts, are also having many useful properties such as negligible vapor pressure, high thermal stability, etc. They can modify the physiological as well as aggregation properties of conventional surfactants according to our desire. The mixtures of ionic liquids with a surfactant are found to be better systems for many industrial applications than individual ones. Thus the micellization behavior of sodium tetradecyl sulfate STS is investigated in the presence of 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide [C3mim][Br] in aqueous media. For this, ionic liquid 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide [C3mim][Br] is synthesized in our lab. Then the conductivity measurement is done to determine the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of sodium tetradecyl sulfate STS in the absence and presence of (0.02, 0.05 and 0.1) wt. %, of 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide [C3mim][Br] in aqueous medium at three different temperatures i.e. (298.15, 303.15 and 308.15) K. The results are then utilized to find the thermodynamic parameters of micellization such as, standard free energy of micellization, standard enthalpy of micellization, and standard entropy of micellization, which are important to understand the driving force behind the process of micellization.

Thoracic aggressive vertebral hemangiomas: multidisciplinary management in a hybrid room.

Vertebral hemangiomas (VH) account for 2-3% of all spinal tumors. The majority is incidentally found on radiographic studies: 1% present with pain and/or neurologic deficits. We report our experience with the multidisciplinary management of aggressive symptomatic thoracic VH by concomitant intraoperative sclerotization with sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS), vertebroplasty, posterior decompression (with/without fusion) and surgical resection in a hybrid operating room (HR) equipped with a rotational scanner and a radiolucent operating table. Patients admitted with aggressive spinal VH between 2007 and 2018 were included. Data regarding demographics, presenting symptoms, location of the lesion, preoperative embolization, length of the surgery, estimated blood loss (EBL) as well as follow-up (FU) were retrieved. Five patients were included (three females, mean age 65years; range 59-75). Three patients presented with a myelopathy and two mechanical thoracic pain. All patients underwent a single-stage percutaneous sclerotization and vertebroplasty followed by a surgical decompression associated with epidural intralesional injection of STS and subtotal resection of the epidural lesion. Two patients had preoperative embolization. Mean procedural duration was 338min (range 210-480min). Four patients had marginal EBL, one patient had 500ml EBL. Patients had no evidence of lesion recurrence or progression at the end of the follow-up. The single-stage multimodal management of aggressive symptomatic VH is safe and effective. It allows for a direct intraoperative sclerotherapy combined with maximal tumor resection, resulting in reduced blood loss. The use of STS as a direct intraoperative sclerotizing agent is safe and reliable.

Safety and efficacy of foam sclerotherapy for treatment of low-flow vascular malformations in children

ObjectiveCongenital vascular malformations are a heterogeneous group of lesions with the potential to cause significant lifelong morbidity in children. Diagnosis and treatment of these lesions may be complex and require a multidisciplinary approach. Sclerotherapy is widely used for the treatment of low-flow vascular malformations (LFVMs) as an alternative to surgical resection in adults; however, limited data of its use in a pediatric setting are available. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sclerotherapy for pediatric LFVMs. MethodsIn this retrospective study, we reviewed our multidisciplinary vascular malformations team database for all patients younger than 18 years treated for congenital vascular malformations from 2008 to 2017. Of these, patients with LFVM treated with foam sclerotherapy were included. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging was used to select patients for sclerotherapy by the multidisciplinary team. Foam sclerotherapy was performed with either polidocanol or sodium tetradecyl sulfate. Patients' characteristics, including demographics, presenting symptoms, and anatomic location of malformation, were assessed. Outcomes included treatment response, number of procedures, and postprocedural complications. ResultsThe 61 patients with 61 LFVMs included 27 boys (44.3%) and 34 girls (55.7%), with mean age of 10.3 years (standard deviation, ± 5.3 years). The cohort included 32 venous (52.5%), 16 lymphatic (26.2%), and 8 mixed venous and lymphatic (13.1%) malformations along with 5 (8.2%) associated with Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome. Primary indications for intervention included pain and swelling (n = 12 [19.6%]), pain alone (n = 23 [37.7%]), swelling alone (n = 15 [24.6%]), functional impairment (n = 8 [13.1%]), and bleeding (n = 3 [4.9%]). Anatomic distributions varied, with 13 head and neck (21.3%), 5 truncal (8.2%), 10 upper extremity (16.4%), 27 lower extremity (44.3%), and 6 diffuse (9.8%). Among the head and neck lesions, 8 (13.1%) extended to the face; and of the extremity lesions, 5 (8.2%) extended to the hand and 17 (27.9%) to the foot. Overall, sclerotherapy resulted in significant improvement or complete resolution of symptoms in 53 patients (86.9%). Complications were observed in seven patients (11.4%); six cases (9.8%) of superficial skin ulceration resolved without intervention, and one infection (1.6%) required antibiotics. No patients experienced adverse hemodynamic consequences or venous thromboembolism. ConclusionsThis series of pediatric LFVMs, the largest of its kind to date, demonstrates that sclerotherapy with foam-based agents effectively reduces symptoms with an acceptable rate of complications. Further study is needed to determine the optimal sclerosing agents for individual subsets of LFVMs in the pediatric population.

Spectroscopic Characterization of Emulsions Generated with a New Laser-Assisted Device.

This paper presents a spectroscopic study of emulsions generated with a laser-assisted device. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman and UV–Vis–NIR reflectance spectra of emulsions, recorded before and after exposure to laser radiation were used to characterize the effect of laser irradiation. The paper also presents a comparison between the calculated IR spectra and the experimental FTIR spectra of an emulsion’s components. FTIR measurements allowed the identification of absorption bands specific to each of the emulsions’ components. Moreover, it enabled the observation of destabilization of the emulsion in real-time. Raman spectroscopy allowed the observation of the modifications at a molecular level, by identifying the vibrations of the representative functional groups and the polymerization of sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) molecules by analyzing the evolution of the carbonyl band. UV–Vis–NIR reflectance spectra of emulsions before and after exposure to laser radiation showed that the physical characteristics of the emulsions changed during irradiation—the dimensions of the droplets decreased, leading to an emulsion with a better time stability. These results proved that the employed spectroscopy techniques were powerful tools in emulsion analysis.

Experience of application of mechanochemical scleroobliteration in treatment for recurrence of lower extremity varicose vein disease

Aim. Evaluation of the effectiveness of mechanochemical scleroobliteration in treatment for recurrent lower extremity varicose veins (VVD).&#x0D; Materials and Methods. A retrospective analysis of the results of examination and treatment of 19 patients (17 women and 2 men, average age 36.34.5 years) with recurrences of VVD, in whom mechanochemical sclerotherapy as the main method of treatment was used. In all cases, mechanochemical ablation of the superficial venous trunks was performed using Phlebogriph catheter. As a hardener, 3% sodium tetradecyl sulfate solution (fibro-vein) was used in the volume not more than 10 ml per procedure.&#x0D; Results. According to the CEAP classification, 15 patients had C2 and 4 patients had C3 class. Recurrence of VVD in one lower extremity was diagnosed in 17 (89.5%) patients, and bilateral in 2 (10.5%). In 6 (31.6%) cases, recurrence occurred in 5 or more years after the first operation, in 8 (42.1%) patients after 3-5 years, in 5 (26.3%) after 1-3 years. The diameter of varicose veins before treatment according to color duplex scanning (CDR) was 7.90.8 mm. The duration of the detected saphenofemoral reflux (n=10) with the trunk of the great saphenous vein (GSV) left on the hip was 5.71.4 s, with the length 31.231.4 mm. With the preserved зtrunk of the GSV, crossectomy was performed in combination with mechanochemical scleroobliteration. Crossectomy was also performed in two patients with repeated dilation of the trunk of the small saphenous vein (SSV) followed by mechanochemical scleroobliteration. In two cases, insufficient shin perforants were ligated from mini-incisions, and in two more cases, foam scleroobliteration of them was performed. Within 3 weeks after the procedure, a good result was recorded in 94.7% of cases in the form of complete occlusion of sclerotized veins with the absence of reflux in them. Only in one observation incomplete occlusion of the sclerotized vein on the hip was noted, which required a repeated procedure. Long-term results were studied in 19 patients, in 94.7% of who complete obliteration of sclerotized veins and improvement of the clinical course of chronic venous disease were recorded.&#x0D; Conclusion. Mechanochemical scleroobliteration has proven to be an effective method of treatment for lower extremity VVD being a minimally invasive procedure.

Sirolimus and propranolol inhibit endothelial proliferation while detergent sclerosants induce endothelial activation, microparticle release and apoptosis in vitro.

To investigate the effects of detergent sclerosants, sodium tetradecyl sulphate and polidocanol, on endothelial cell activation and microparticle release and the effects of detergent sclerosants, sirolimus and propranolol, on apoptosis in vitro. Cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells and murine haemangioendothelioma (EOMA) cell lines were incubated with different concentrations of sodium tetradecyl sulphate and polidocanol, as well as sirolimus and propranolol. Endothelial activation was assessed using flow cytometry for CD62e (E-Selectin), CD54 (ICAM-1), CD105 (endoglin), CD144 (VE-Cadherin), CD146 (MCAM) and the release of endothelial microparticles. Cell proliferation was assessed using [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] and carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester assays. Apoptosis was assessed using flow cytometry for lactadherin/propidium iodide staining and for Caspase-3 expression. Sublytic concentrations of sodium tetradecyl sulphate and polidocanol (0.075%-0.3%) increased the expression of the activation markers CD62e and CD54. The expression of CD105 decreased in sclerosant treated cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Both sodium tetradecyl sulphate and polidocanol induced the release of endothelial microparticles. All agents inhibited cell proliferation. Sodium tetradecyl sulphate and polidocanol-induced apoptosis as evidenced by increased phosphatidylserine exposure and caspase-3 expression, whereas sirolimus and propranolol increased caspase-3 expression only. Sublytic concentrations of detergent sclerosants induce endothelial activation and the release of endothelial microparticles. All agents were anti-proliferative in EOMA cell lines, with sodium tetradecyl sulphate and polidocanol inducing cellular apoptosis.

4:12 PM Abstract No. 116 Safety of high-dose 3% sodium tetradecyl sulfate for sclerotherapy treatment of renal cysts in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a five-year study

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common hereditary kidney disease and is a frequent cause for dialysis. Large, central renal cysts are thought to be especially detrimental due to local mass effect resulting in obstruction to blood and urine flow. Over the last five years we have performed cyst sclerotherapy using 3% sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS). Food and Drug Administration approved dosage of STS is ≤10 mL; however, this relates to its on-label intravascular use. The aim of this study is to assess the safety profile of high-dose (>10 mL) 3% STS sclerotherapy for the treatment of renal cysts in ADPKD. A retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with ADPKD at the Hereditary Kidney Disease Clinic, Toronto who had undergone percutaneous renal cyst sclerotherapy was performed. Patients treated between August 2014 to August 2019 were included. Patients were divided into groups who received treatments that utilized >10 mL of STS (high-dose) and ≤10 mL STS (low-dose). MRI was used to determine the volume of the targeted kidney(s). Electronic patient records were reviewed for complications. Currently, data for 107 sclerotherapy procedures in patients (mean age, 52.4 years) who have undergone renal sclerotherapy up until August 2017 has been analyzed (high-dose STS = 62; low-dose STS = 45). Mean length of follow-up was 15.4 months. Target kidney volume decrease as measured on MRI was greater in patients who received high-dose STS (high-dose STS = 387 CC, low-dose STS = 178 CC; P <0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of total adverse events (high-dose STS = 14, low-dose STS = 5); however, post procedure pain was more frequent in patients receiving high-dose STS group (high-dose STS = 9, low-dose STS = 1 P <0.05). No major complications occurred. High intracystic doses of STS are associated with more effective cyst volume reduction but no apparent increase risk of adverse events apart from postprocedural pain.

A Review of Sclerosing Foam Stability in the Treatment of Varicose Veins.

Varicose veins are common clinical entities. Foam sclerotherapy is a minimally invasive and simple procedure; however, the side effects, efficacy, and stability of sclerosing foam are not ideal. To summarize the current studies on sclerosing foam stability and promote foam sclerotherapy development. We reviewed the literature before June 2018 and included only representatives studies on sclerosing foam stability. We summarized the foam half-life time (FHT) of polidocanol (POL) under 17 preparation conditions and the FHT of sodium tetradecyl sulfate under 21 preparation conditions. The preparation conditions included various combinations of temperature, liquid-gas ratio, preparation method, etc. RESULTS: The FHT of POL varied between 40 and 4,000 seconds under different conditions. The FHT of sodium tetradecyl sulfate varied from 25.7 to 390 seconds. The higher the drug concentration, the lower the temperature required to increase foam stability. The addition of surfactant greatly increased foam stability. For different gas compositions, the FHT sequence was as follows: CO2 < CO2 + O2 < O2 < air. Foam stability can be improved by changing the preparation conditions; therefore, the role of surfactants and predictive methods for FHT are worth investigating further.

Sclerotherapy for Venous Malformations of Head and Neck: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies performing sclerotherapy for treatment of venous malformations (VMs) of the face, head and neck. It is our hope that data from this study could be used to better inform providers and patients regarding the benefits and risks of percutaneous sclerotherapy for treatment of face, head and neck VMs. We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, and EMBASE from 2000–2018 for studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of percutaneous sclerotherapy of neck, face and head VMs. Two independent reviewers selected studies and abstracted data. The primary outcomes were complete and partial resolution of the VM. Data were analyzed using random-effects meta-analysis. Thirty-seven studies reporting on 2,067 patients were included. The overall rate of complete cure following percutaneous sclerotherapy with any agent was 64.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 57.4–72.0%). Sodium tetradecyl sulfate had the lowest complete cure rate at 55.5% (95% CI, 36.1–74.9%) while pingyangmycin had the highest cure rate at 82.9% (95% CI, 71.1–94.7%). Overall patient satisfaction rates were 91.0% (95% CI, 86.1–95.9%). Overall quality of life improvement was 78.9% (95% CI, 67.0–90.8%). Overall permanent morbidity/mortality was 0.8% (95% CI, 0.3–1.3%) with no cases of mortality. Our systematic review and meta-analysis of 37 studies and over 2,000 patients found that percutaneous sclerotherapy is a very safe and effective treatment modality for treatment of VMs of the head, neck and face.

Venolymphatic Malformation of the Tongue and Response to Sclerotherapy Using Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate.

Venolymphatic Malformation of the Tongue and Response to Sclerotherapy Using Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate.

Cidofovir Intralesional Injection for Recalcitrant Common Warts: A Comparison with Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate Intralesional Injection.

BackgroundA novel treatment method is required for recalcitrant common warts.ObjectiveThis study aimed to compare the complete wart removal rate of cidofovir, a broad-spectrum antiviral agent, intralesional injection and sodium tetradecyl sulfate intralesional injection.MethodsThis retrospective study included 45 patients with recalcitrant common warts on the hands and/or feet, treated with cidofovir or sodium tetradecyl sulfate intralesional injection.ResultsThe treatment results were evaluated in three groups as follows: (1) failure - recalcitrant common warts remaining despite three or more injections, (2) success - free from warts for more than 6 months after the injection, and (3) recurrence. The cidofovir group (n=22) showed significantly higher treatment success rates than the sodium tetradecyl sulfate group (n=23) (90.91% vs. 26.09%, p<0.001). Two immunosuppressed patients in the cidofovir group had recurrent lesions after 2 months of being declared free from warts. Considering adverse effects, two patients in the cidofovir group complained of bulla formation with severe pain requiring narcotic painkillers.ConclusionAlthough this study has the limitations of a small sample size and retrospective design, patients with recalcitrant common warts showed a dramatic response to the treatment with cidofovir intralesional injection, with minimal complications.