Sodium Sulfite Treatment Research Articles

An empirical equation for predicting mechanical property of chemically treated natural fibre using a statistically designed experiment

An empirical equation was developed for single fibre tensile strength for industrial hemp fibres which were subjected to a combination of chemical treatment conditions varying two sets of four different treatment variables (sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration, sodium sulphite (Na2SO3) concentration, treatment temperature, and digestion time) using partial factorial design. Estimation of tensile strength (TS) for untested combination of treatment factors, prediction of the combination of factors for a target value of fibre TS and sensitivity analysis and tolerance design confirms the validity of the derived empirical model. Such an approach of deriving empirical equation to predict fibre TS would obviously save money, time and use of chemicals and hence would be a very important land mark for industries related to natural fibre polymer composites.

Characterizing The Effect Of Sodium Sulfite On Cashew Allergens

RationaleSulfites are multipurpose compounds included in the FDAs Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) list, but they can cause serious immunologic reactions in some individuals.They are commonly used as preservatives, to prevent enzymatic and non-enzymatic browning, and are found naturally in some foods. Our objective was to characterize the effect of sulfite compounds on cashew allergens.MethodsCashew extracts and purified cashew allergens were treated with sodium sulfite at various concentrations and temperatures and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. LC-MS/MS analysis identified sites of sulfite modification on cashew allergens, and cashew allergen structure was characterized by circular dichroism. IgE binding with cashew allergic patient sera was evaluated by immunoblot and ELISA.ResultsTreatment of cashew extracts with sodium sulfite at concentrations as low as 1 mM (126 ppm) altered migration of Ana o 2 and Ana o 3 on SDS-PAGE. LC-MS/MS and circular dichroism studies indicate that sodium sulfite targets the disulfide bonds of Ana o 3 disrupting its structure. Sodium sulfite treatment of cashew extracts reduced IgE binding to the Ana o 2 and Ana o 3 cashew allergens.ConclusionsTreatment of cashew extracts with sodium sulfite disrupts the structure of Ana o 2 and Ana o 3 allergens and reduces IgE binding. It is possible that sulfite treatment may diminish the allergenicity of cashew nuts. The potential creation of sulfite-dependent neo-antigens is unknown. Continued research is warranted to evaluate the inclusion of sodium sulfite or other sulfite compounds in cashew processing steps. RationaleSulfites are multipurpose compounds included in the FDAs Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) list, but they can cause serious immunologic reactions in some individuals.They are commonly used as preservatives, to prevent enzymatic and non-enzymatic browning, and are found naturally in some foods. Our objective was to characterize the effect of sulfite compounds on cashew allergens. Sulfites are multipurpose compounds included in the FDAs Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) list, but they can cause serious immunologic reactions in some individuals.They are commonly used as preservatives, to prevent enzymatic and non-enzymatic browning, and are found naturally in some foods. Our objective was to characterize the effect of sulfite compounds on cashew allergens. MethodsCashew extracts and purified cashew allergens were treated with sodium sulfite at various concentrations and temperatures and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. LC-MS/MS analysis identified sites of sulfite modification on cashew allergens, and cashew allergen structure was characterized by circular dichroism. IgE binding with cashew allergic patient sera was evaluated by immunoblot and ELISA. Cashew extracts and purified cashew allergens were treated with sodium sulfite at various concentrations and temperatures and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. LC-MS/MS analysis identified sites of sulfite modification on cashew allergens, and cashew allergen structure was characterized by circular dichroism. IgE binding with cashew allergic patient sera was evaluated by immunoblot and ELISA. ResultsTreatment of cashew extracts with sodium sulfite at concentrations as low as 1 mM (126 ppm) altered migration of Ana o 2 and Ana o 3 on SDS-PAGE. LC-MS/MS and circular dichroism studies indicate that sodium sulfite targets the disulfide bonds of Ana o 3 disrupting its structure. Sodium sulfite treatment of cashew extracts reduced IgE binding to the Ana o 2 and Ana o 3 cashew allergens. Treatment of cashew extracts with sodium sulfite at concentrations as low as 1 mM (126 ppm) altered migration of Ana o 2 and Ana o 3 on SDS-PAGE. LC-MS/MS and circular dichroism studies indicate that sodium sulfite targets the disulfide bonds of Ana o 3 disrupting its structure. Sodium sulfite treatment of cashew extracts reduced IgE binding to the Ana o 2 and Ana o 3 cashew allergens. ConclusionsTreatment of cashew extracts with sodium sulfite disrupts the structure of Ana o 2 and Ana o 3 allergens and reduces IgE binding. It is possible that sulfite treatment may diminish the allergenicity of cashew nuts. The potential creation of sulfite-dependent neo-antigens is unknown. Continued research is warranted to evaluate the inclusion of sodium sulfite or other sulfite compounds in cashew processing steps. Treatment of cashew extracts with sodium sulfite disrupts the structure of Ana o 2 and Ana o 3 allergens and reduces IgE binding. It is possible that sulfite treatment may diminish the allergenicity of cashew nuts. The potential creation of sulfite-dependent neo-antigens is unknown. Continued research is warranted to evaluate the inclusion of sodium sulfite or other sulfite compounds in cashew processing steps.

Discovery and Targeted LC-MS/MS of Purified Polerovirus Reveals Differences in the Virus-Host Interactome Associated with Altered Aphid Transmission

Circulative transmission of viruses in the Luteoviridae, such as cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV), requires a series of precisely orchestrated interactions between virus, plant, and aphid proteins. Natural selection has favored these viruses to be retained in the phloem to facilitate acquisition and transmission by aphids. We show that treatment of infected oat tissue homogenate with sodium sulfite reduces transmission of the purified virus by aphids. Transmission electron microscopy data indicated no gross change in virion morphology due to treatments. However, treated virions were not acquired by aphids through the hindgut epithelial cells and were not transmitted when injected directly into the hemocoel. Analysis of virus preparations using nanoflow liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry revealed a number of host plant proteins co-purifying with viruses, some of which were lost following sodium sulfite treatment. Using targeted mass spectrometry, we show data suggesting that several of the virus-associated host plant proteins accumulated to higher levels in aphids that were fed on CYDV-infected plants compared to healthy plants. We propose two hypotheses to explain these observations, and these are not mutually exclusive: (a) that sodium sulfite treatment disrupts critical virion-host protein interactions required for aphid transmission, or (b) that host infection with CYDV modulates phloem protein expression in a way that is favorable for virus uptake by aphids. Importantly, the genes coding for the plant proteins associated with virus may be examined as targets in breeding cereal crops for new modes of virus resistance that disrupt phloem-virus or aphid-virus interactions.

Bioplastics from Feather Quill

Poultry feather quills have been extruded in a twin screw extruder with sodium sulfite treatment as a reducing agent. The effect of four different plasticizers (ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, and diethyl tartrate) on the thermoplastic properties was then investigated. Conformational changes and plasticizer-protein interactions in the extruded resins were assessed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), while viscoelastic behavior of the quill keratin plasticized with different plasticizers was investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine the effect of different plasticizers on protein denaturation. Thermal degradation patterns of the extrudates were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effect of plasticizers on the mechanical properties of resins was also assessed by tensile strength measurements. Results indicated that ethylene glycol was able to interact more effectively with quill keratin at the molecular level, exhibiting only one sharp glass transition, better mechanical properties, and higher transparency compared to other plasticized resins. The two phases found in glycerol plasticized material were attributed to glycerol-rich and protein-rich zones. Propylene glycol and diethyl tartrate exhibited lower H-bonding interactions and showed wide transition regions in DMA profiles during heating, suggesting weak and heterogeneous interactions between quill keratin and these plasticizers.

Catalytic decomposition of hypochlorite ion in petrochemical plant waste water

Abstract During the incineration of the chlorinated hydrocarbons originating as the side products in vinyl chloride plant, hypochlorite ion appears as a pollutant in plant waste water. To remove it to the permitted level of 2 mg/l the process of the catalytic oxidation by cobalt (II, III) oxide, followed by sodium sulphite treatment has been chosen. It was shown that the above choice gives satisfactory results. The influence of some parameters such as retention time, effluent pH and temperature versus removal efficiency have been determined.

Evaluation of Teratogenic Potential of Sodium Sulfite in Rats

The teratogenicity of sodium sulfite was examined in Wistar rats. The pregnant rats were fed diets containing 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.63 or 0.32% of sodium sulfite heptahydrate(Na2SO3.7H2O) ad libitum from day 8 to 20 of pregnancy. Maternal toxicity, as evidenced by decreased body weight gain and decreased food consumption was observed at the 5% group, but no clinical signs of toxicity were observed. A significant reduction in the fetal body weight of both sexes was observed in all dose groups except 2.5% group. No significant differences in the numbers of live fetuses and intrauterine death (dead fetuses and resorptions) or sex ratios of fetuses were found between the sodium sulfite-treated and control groups. Fetal external, skeletal and internal malformations were not observed at any dose level. However, several types of skeletal and internal variations as well as delayed ossifications were observed in some groups treated with sodium sulfite, but the incidences were not significantly different from controls. Also, some fetuses with dilatation of the renal pelvis and the lateral ventricle were found in all groups except 1.25% group, but there was no dose-response. The live birth index and survival rate of offspring within 4 weeks and their body weight gain at 3 weeks after birth were not affected by sodium sulfite-treatment. In conclusion, sodium sulfite (0, 0.32, 0.63, 1.25, 2.5 or 5.0% as Na2SO3.7H2O) administered in the diet to Wistar rats during days 8-20 of pregnancy produced related signs of fetal toxicity but no evidence of teratogenicity.

Elimination of adhesiveness in eggs from the white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus: Chemical treatment of fertilized eggs

Chemical elimination of the adhesive jelly coat in live Acipenser transmontanus eggs was investigated. Following fertilization, urea/sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium sulphite (Na 2SO 3) treatment followed by a tannic acid wash, successfully removed the adhesive layer. In hatchery incubators, urea/NaCl-tannic acid treatment resulted in an increase in the number of hatched larvae over Na 2SO 3-tannic acid treatment. This treatment resulted in a hatch at least as great as silt-treated control eggs. The decrease in manual labor and time required for de-adhesion of sturgeon eggs as well as the high percentage of hatched larvae indicate that the urea/NaCl treatment is superior to the manual silting method.

Effects of Acylation of Defatted Cottonseed Flour with Various Acid Anhydrides on Protein Extractability and Functional Properties of Resulting Protein Isolates

ABSTRACTMaleylation, succinylation, dimethylglutarylation, and sodium sulfite treatment of cottonseed flour increased protein extraction from the flour in suspension, and precipitated more protein in the extract at pH 4.0, compared to unmodified flour processed through conventional methods. However, acetylation decreased protein extraction and precipitation at this pH. Protein isolates from succinylated, maleylated and dimethylglutarylated flours were highly water‐soluble, and did not coagulate by heating. Acetylation decreased heat coagulability of the resulting protein isolate, but did not affect water solubility of the isolate. Treatment of the flour with sodium sulfite markedly increased heat coagulability of the isolate, and decreased its solubility. Oil absorption capacity of the isolate was increased slightly by dimethylglutarylation, but other treatments did not affect the capacity significantly. Sensitivity of proteins in isolates to calcium ions was not affected by acylation or sodium sulfite treatment of the flour.

Tolerance of low oxygen stress in insecticide-resistant and susceptible populations of mosquitofish ( [formula omitted][formula omitted

The tolerance of low oxygen stress in insecticide-resistant and susceptible populations of mosquitofish ( Gambusia affinis ) was investigated. Dissolved oxygen was reduced chemically with formaldehyde and sodium sulfite treatment. Available oxygen was reduced physically through barriers, both by preventing oxygen exchange at the air-water interface and by preventing the fish from contacting the surface of the water. In all cases, the tolerance to low oxygen stress was reduced in the insecticide-resistant population compared to the susceptible population. The results indicate that although tolerance of pesticides in the resistant population has been dramatically increased by environmental selective pressures, tolerance to other stresses has not been concomitantly increased.

Adaptation of the Three Stage Extraction Process to Rapeseed Meal for Preparation of Colourless Protein Extracts

The three stage extraction method reported for preparation of four different protein fractions from detoxified rapeseed flour (Kodagoda et al., 1973) was unsuitable for application to commercial oil-extracted meals since the separation of the basic protein fraction from the acidic and neutral fractions was incomplete. Adaptation of the original method to commercial rapeseed meals became feasible by decreasing the number of water extractions in the first stage from three to two. Further repetition of the water extraction caused contamination of the acid-neutral protein fraction with the basic proteins. The oxalic acid treatment used in the original procedure to decrease the ash content in the basic proteins was no longer required. The basic proteins separated in the second stage contained higher lysine, histidine and cystine than the acid-neutral proteins extracted in the first stage and also exhibited excellent emulsifying and foaming properties.Of the four different oxidizing agents, hydrogen peroxide was the most effective in decolourizing the dark brownish or greenish protein extracts. However, a significant loss in the sulfur containing amino acids occurred by this treatment. A sodium sulfite or sulfur dioxide treatment was found effective in conjunction with protein precipitation from ethanol solutions; after drying, the powders were nearly colourless.

Effect of delignification on the in vitro rumen digestion of polysaccharides of bagasse

AbstractSugar cane bagasse was partially delignified by three different chemical methods, viz. sodium sulphide/hydroxide (Kraft process), sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphite.The Kraft and alkali treatments each reduced the lignin content by about 55%, and increased the rumen dry matter digestibility (d.m.d., measured by an in vitro method) by over 170%. Treatment of the bagasse with sodium sulphite removed only 15% of the lignin and increased the d.m.d. by only 37%. The digestibility of hemicelluloses (measured as xylan and arabinan) and cellulose in delignified bagasse increased fourfold and twofold, respectively, for the Kraft and alkali treatments and twofold for the sodium sulphite treatment.