Sodium Soaps Research Articles

Influence of critical micelle concentration of choline-based long chain fatty acid soaps on their antibacterial activity against Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus

HypothesisAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a pressing global health concern. ESKAPEE pathogens, such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are notable of concern in healthcare settings due to their resistance to critical antibiotics. To combat AMR, the development of alternatives such as bacterial membrane-active agents is crucial. Fatty acids (FAs) have emerged as a sustainable, antibiotic-free solution with inherent antibacterial activity. However, long chain saturated fatty acids (LCFAs) sodium soaps exhibit poorly antibacterial properties in comparison to short chain FAs, believed to be linked to limited solubility in aqueous media. ExperimentsWe employed choline as a chaotropic organic counter-ion to enhance the solubility of LCFAs and investigated their antibacterial effects against MRSA. The optimal medium conditions for micelle formation for LCFAs was first investigated. Then, we determined the critical micelle concentration (CMC), micellar morphology, and aggregation number through surface tension measurements and small angle neutron scattering experiments. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays and time-kill experiments. FindingsWe have identified conditions where LCFAs are effective against MRSA for the first time, providing valuable insights for developing new antibacterial agents to fight AMR. LCFAs need to be used above their Krafft temperatures and CMC to exhibit antibacterial efficacy.

Experimental study of frictional behaviour of powdered soaps for wire drawing

Better understanding of frictional behaviour of powdered soaps used in dry wire drawing can lead to improvements in wire quality and large savings in energy consumption. The latter is particularly significant given the colossal amounts of energy expended in wire drawing processes. However, there is currently a very limited understanding of the subject, including a lack of quantitative data on soap friction. This is at least in part likely to be due to complex tribological behaviour of the powdered soaps, which is very different from that of lubricating oils. This paper studies frictional behaviour of sodium and calcium powdered soaps, using a ball-on-disc tribometer (ETM rig) incorporating a powder ‘scoop’, and under contact conditions pertinent to die-wire contact in wire drawing. Tests employed a WC ball and C15E steel disc to mimic die and wire materials respectively. Results show that under high sliding conditions, friction coefficient with powered soaps is remarkably low, at 0.03 and 0.04 for sodium and calcium soaps respectively. Friction generally decreased with increasing contact pressure and sliding speed. Post-test analysis of ETM specimens showed the presence of thick soap layers on the rubbed surfaces. However, in ETM tests friction was observed to sharply increase leading to the onset of scuffing, soon after the supply of soap to the contact was interrupted, suggesting that any solid deposited layers are easily removed and cannot exclusively explain the low friction. The observed trends suggest that low soap friction may be due to the ability of the soaps to form low shear stress lubricating films at high contact temperatures which are associated with the harsh conditions of high-speed and high-pressure. The results provide new insights into the frictional behaviour of powdered soaps which can be used to optimise the wire drawing processes as well as a direct input to wire deformation models.

Versatility of plant oil as sustainable source for advanced functional materials design

A highly efficient combinatorial strategy was developed to prepared functional materials using cottonseed oil (CSO) to achieve high atomic economy. Four high value-added products namely Hg2+ adsorbent, C22-tricarboxylic ester, high purity oleic acid, and heavy oil viscosity reducer were prepared using CSO as starting materials. Polysulfide as Hg2+ adsorbent was prepared by inverse vulcanization reaction. The polysulfide showed great selectivity and reusability and the maximum adsorption capacity was 116.1 mg/g 22-Carbon tricarboxylic ester was synthesized by Diels-Alder reaction with CSO methyl linoleate. By reaction-assisted separation approach, oleic acid with a purity of 96.8% was obtained. CSO and 5% sodium soap of cottonseed oil solution were used as viscosity reducer for heavy oil, and the viscosity reduction rate was greater than 94.5%. It showed impressive versatility of plant oil for bio-based materials.

Evaluation of Sodium and Potassium Soaps Prepared from Beeswax: Adding Value to Material

This study investigated the potential of producing quality soaps from beeswax with a view to widening its applications and providing alternative to the high demanding fats and oils. Its potassium and sodium soaps were prepared by hot method and their properties examined. The FTIR spectroscopy indicated carboxylate band at 1560.46 cm−1 for both soaps, which is, however, absent in the original beeswax, showing that metal ions associated with the COO− ions in monodendate structures. The soaps have good qualities with respect to pH, foam ability, longevity, hardness, free alkali and total fatty matter, with the potassium soap having higher qualities. The foam ability and stability of the potassium soap were comparable to those of some commercial toilet and laundry soaps. The sodium soap, however, has better lubricating properties due to its unstable foam and low water solubility. Both prepared soaps showed lower antibacterial activity than tested antiseptic soaps but displayed almost the same activity with those of tested toilet soaps. The results showed that beeswax has the potential to serve as a good alternative to the conventional fats and oils in soap industry.

WHITENING AND COLOR IMPROVING IN TOILET SOAP MANUFACTURE WITH THE STUDY OF SOME PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Soap is one of the most effectual cleaning agents in water. Soaps are prepared by the process of saponification reaction. Sodium and potassium salts soap is used for both laundry and antiseptic purposes. Toilet soap is the perfumery and cosmetic product and serves for personal hygiene, so it should have the broadest possible range of specific characteristics. This study was undertaking to address the raw material in soap and method of saponification and manufacturing usage. The study was also conducted some of the physical and chemical properties such as: (pH, Total dissolve solids (TDS), free alkali, saponification valueof toilet soaps). The study revealed that soapbleaching is usually done to improve color, remove impurities and improve taste. Sodium chloride and sodium silicate were used as bleaching chemicals as well as improving the color the toilet soapmanufacture.

Evaluation of the effects of repeated disinfection on medical exam gloves: Part 1. Changes in physical integrity

COVID-19 has created shortages of personal protective equipment. In resource-constrained situations, limited cycles of disinfection and extended use of gloves is recommended by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to conserve supplies. However, these guidelines are based on limited evidence. In this study, serial cycles of hand hygiene were performed on gloved hands using an ethanol-based hand rub (six and 10 cycles), 0.1% sodium hypochlorite (bleach) solution (10 cycles), or soap and water (10 cycles) on latex and nitrile medical exam gloves from the United States and India. A modified water-leak test evaluated glove integrity after repeated applications of these disinfecting agents. When aggregated, dilute bleach demonstrated the lowest difference between treatment and control arms: −2.5 percentage points (95% CI: −5.3 to 0.3) for nitrile, 0.6 percentage points (95% CI: −2.6 to 3.8) for non-powdered latex. For U.S.-purchased gloves tested with six and 10 applications of ethanol-based hand rub, the mean difference in failure risk between treatment and control gloves was within the prespecified non-inferiority margin of five percentage points or less, though some findings were inconclusive since outside the margin. The aggregated difference in failure risk between treatment and control was 3.5 percentage points (0.6 to 6.4) for soap and water, and 2.3 percentage points (−0.5 to 5.0) and 5.0 percentage points (1.8 to 8.2) for 10 and 6 applications of ethanol-based hand rub, respectively. Most leaks occurred in the interdigital webs (35%) and on the fingers (34%). This indicates that some combinations of glove types and disinfection methods may allow for extended use. Ten applications of dilute bleach solution had the least impact on glove integrity. However, the majority of glove and exposure combinations were inconclusive. Additional testing of specific glove and disinfectant combinations may inform future strategies to guide extended use during glove shortages. Additional considerations, not evaluated here, include duration of use, disinfectant chemical permeation, and the effects of hand temperature, movement, and manipulation of instruments on glove integrity.

Exploring What Lies Ahead in the Field of Disinfecting Coronavirus

Recently, huge awareness has been accorded to potential circulation of SARS- CoV-2 through water systems. This work deals with this problem and researches the behavior of coronaviruses (CoVs) in water media, with specific interest on the new data on the fresh SARS-CoV-2. The examination of the natural persistence of CoVs and the performance of the disinfection technologies are also discussed. All CoVs have a restricted stability in water media: 2 - 5 days in tap water and 2 - 6 days in wastewater were judged enough for 2-log reduction of SARS-CoV-2 titer. SARS-CoV-2 is distinguished by a weak construction and is vulnerable to traditional disinfection technologies that have been demonstrated to be very efficient in their neutralization. Approximately 5 min of exposure to sodium hypochlorite (1%), ethanol (70%), iodine (7.5%), soap solution and additional usual disinfectants was enough for reaching 7 - 8-log of SARS-CoV-2 titer decrease. Thermal treatment is efficacious in SARS-CoV-2 demobilization: 30 min at 56 or 5 min at 70°C were enough for attaining the total depletion of the infectivity. Further, SARS-CoV-2 remains vulnerable to sunlight and quickly demobilized by UV radiation. UV-C at 254 nm and intensity of 2.2 mW/cm2 yields 3-log of SARS-CoV-2 titer decrease in less than 3 s of application. Consequently for SARS-CoV-2 disinfection, usual injections of killing agents remain required for sanitation and for wastewater treatment. Relating to controlling CoVs diffusion and applying disinfection technologies, vigilance remains essential.

Al2O3 Nano Coating and Hydrophobicity of Glass Surface

The Al2O3 nano-coating was obtained by the decomposing of aluminum resinate (Al resinate) on the glass surfaces heated at 650°C for 30 min. The Al resinate is a product of the chemical reaction between sodium soap and aluminum chloride solution (AlCl3 solution). The sodium soap was obtained from the chemical reaction of coconut oil and the solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH solution). The nano-characteristics of the coating on the glass surface were investigated by the transmission electron microscope and atomic force microscope techniques. The “lotus effect” was created by small Al2O3 spikes with the average height of about 4.20 nm on the glass surface. The glass surface has changed from hydrophilic to hydrophobic, and the coating did not affect the average transmission intensity within the visible light wavelength range (370–780 nm).

Salt-tolerance of alkyl-glyceryl ether carboxylates hydrotropes and surfactants. Dramatic effect of the methylation of the glyceryl spacer

HypothesisThe insertion of polyether spacers between the anionic head and the alkyl chain of ionic surfactants significantly improves their salt-tolerance. The aim of this work is to study whether the petro-based polyethoxy spacer can be replaced by a glyceryl ether group for high salinity applications. ExperimentsA series of amphiphilic sodium salts of alkyl glyceryl ether carboxylates are synthesized with different alkyl chain lengths from 4 to 12 and various spacers between the glyceryl and the carboxylate groups. Their aggregation behavior is studied by tensiometry and their amphiphilicities are assessed by the PIT-slope method. The dramatic effect of the methylation of the glyceryl spacer on the salt-tolerance is highlighted, and rationalized by DFT calculations and molecular dynamics. FindingsIn contrast to the corresponding sodium soap, n-C6H13-CO2Na, and to the non-methylated counterpart, the sodium salt of 1-pentyl-3-methyl glyceryl ether methylene carboxylate ([5.0.1]-CH2CO2Na) exhibits an excellent salt-tolerance since it remains water-soluble with NaCl or CaCl2 concentrations greater than 20 wt% at 25 °C. Amphiphiles with short alkyl chains (<C8) act as hydrotropes whereas longer compounds behave as surfactants whose CMC are lower than their corresponding isomers with ethoxy spacers n-Ci(EO)2CH2CO2Na.

Recovery of γ-oryzanol from rice bran oil soapstock derived calcium soap: Consideration of Hansen solubility parameters and preferential extractability in various solvents

This study aimed to develop an effective procedure for the recovery of γ-oryzanol through calcium (Ca)-induced precipitation of rice bran oil soapstock (RBOS), a by-product of the RBO industry. The most suitable pretreatment condition was found to be saponification with sodium hydroxide at 2× the saponification value, 90 °C for 40 min, providing 100% and 63.5% conversion of triglycerides and free fatty acids, respectively, and a 79.4% γ-oryzanol yield. Addition of calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution at 0.3 g CaCl2:1 g of sodium soap (Na-FA) effectively induced the precipitation of γ-oryzanol-containing calcium soap (Ca-FA). Based on experimental solubility measurements, theoretical Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs), and a preferential extractability study, the most suitable extraction solvents were suggested to be ethyl acetate and furfural. Ethyl acetate gave a γ-oryzanol selective extractability and recovery of 55.4% and 59.3%, respectively, whilst those for furfural were 55.3% and 62.8%, respectively. In addition to obtaining a high γ-oryzanol yield in a relatively simple and energy efficient process, Ca-FA residue, a high price animal feed supplement, was also obtained by this proposed process.

Design and Preparation of Polysulfide Flexible Polymers Based on Cottonseed Oil and Its Derivatives.

Polysulfide-derived polymers with a controllable density and mechanical strength were designed and prepared successfully using bio-based cottonseed oil (CO) and its derivatives, including fatty acid of cottonseed oil (COF) and sodium soap of cottonseed oil (COS). The reaction features of CO, COF and COS for polysulfide polymers were investigated and compared. Based on the free radical addition mechanism, COF reacts with sulfur to generate serials of polysulfide-derived polymers. COF strongly influences the density and tensile strength of these polymer composites. Whereas COS was not involved in the reaction with sulfur, as a filler, it could increase the density and tensile strength of polysulfide-derived polymers. Moreover, the results showed that these samples had an excellent reprocessability and recyclability. These polysulfide-based polymers, with an adjustable density and mechanical strength based on CO and derivatives, could have potential applications as bio-based functional supplementary additives.

ГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ МОДЕЛИ МИСЦЕЛЛ РАСТВОРОВ НАТРИЕВЫХ СОЛЕЙ ЖИРНЫХ КИСЛОТ

The existing scientific positions of the properties of colloidal systems consisting of low concentrated solutions of individual salts of sodium soaps are studied to construct a graphic model of mycelium of soap soaps, the projection of the cut of the micelle surface in a straight line is approximated. According to the established graphic model, it was revealed that the anions are in dynamic equilibrium with a micelle of sodium soaps

Effect of Alkyl Structure (Straight Chain/Branched Chain/Unsaturation) of C18 Fatty Acid Sodium Soap on Skin Barrier Function

Anionic surfactants are commonly used as detergents and emulsifiers. However, these compounds are potent skin irritants. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the alkyl structure of anionic surfactants on the skin barrier function using the transmission index (TI) method. The TI method is used to measure the skin penetration rate of drugs. Sodium soaps of C18 fatty acids with different structures were evaluated. Sodium laurate was used as the control. In addition, microscopic observations of the skin tissue treated with different soaps and controls were performed to study the mechanism of skin permeation. Results showed that unsaturated fatty acid soaps exerted the most potent effect on the skin barrier function and saturated fatty acid soaps exerted the least effect; saturated branched fatty acid soap had an intermediate effect. This could be attributed to the differences in the melting points of different fatty acids. In addition, unlike lauric acid soap, C18 fatty acid soap did not cause morphological changes in the skin tissue. Thus, differences in the alkyl structure of fatty acids resulted in differences in the effect of fatty acid soaps on the skin barrier function. The mechanism was presumed to be an effect on intercellular lipids.

Reconsideration of regulated contamination limits to improve filterability of biodiesel and blends with diesel fuels

Abstract For the fulfillment of the Directive EU/2001/2018 targets for 2030, one of the main restrictions in the development of biodiesel fuels from sustainable feedstocks are currently the filterability problems. Contaminants such as saturated monoglycerides, sodium soaps and free steryl glucosides in biodiesel fuels have been found to clog fuel filters in vehicles, fuel dispensers and other industrial equipment which reduces the lifetime of the filters, and may result in fuel starvation, with engine operating difficulties and possible fuel-injection equipment damage. From a distilled biodiesel fuel spiked with these contaminants and subsequently blended with diesel fuel, samples fulfilling quality standards were prepared. filter blocking tendency, cold soak filtration test and total contamination tests were measured. It was found that filterability properties were affected always by the highest contaminant contents, both individually and synergistically. Total contamination test presented inconclusive results. The following conclusions were achieved: i) improvements in the precision of filterability and total contamination methods should be searched; ii) future regulations of biodiesel fuels should limit the free steryl-glucoside, saturated monoglyceride and sodium soap contents; iii) the current biodiesel fuel standards around the world do not secure the filterability properties, which could cause premature fuel filter clogging.

Delignification of softwood by glycerol from biodiesel by-product I: model reaction using glycerol and fatty acid sodium soap mixture for pretreatment on bioethanol production

This study investigated the use of glycerol–fatty acid sodium soap mixtures to delignify woody biomass as a model for utilization of crude glycerol by-product from biodiesel manufacture. Lignin-bearing glycerol was also produced. Delignification was carried out using glycerol mixed with sodium salts of laurate, stearate, oleate, or linoleate at 100–250 °C for 0.5–3 h. Oak, beech, bamboo, and rice straw were easily delignified by 20% sodium oleate dissolved in glycerol at around 150 °C for 1 h. For softwood (Japanese cedar and spruce), delignification did not occur below 200 °C. However, the lignin content decreased from 37.5% in untreated Japanese cedar to 10.6% and from 29.4% in untreated spruce to 11.2% by treatment at 250 °C. Japanese cedar was not delignified in glycerol mixtures with oleic acid or sodium acetate. It is suggested that the surfactant activity of soap assists delignification, but the alkaline action of sodium acetate was not effective. Enzymatic saccharification of delignified Japanese cedar (9.3% lignin) and oak (3.6% lignin) samples gave glucose yields of 0.55–0.67 g/g after 72 h and these yields were comparable with that from pure cellulose (0.77 g/g). Lignin dissolution also increased the calorific value of the collected glycerol fraction from 20 to 25 MJ/kg. The results suggest that a waste-free delignification method can be achieved based on the combined processes of biodiesel and bioethanol production.

A Comparison of the Efficacy of Enema Solutions in Pediatric Emergency Department Patients.

Children presenting to pediatric emergency departments (EDs) are frequently given enemas for relief of constipation symptoms; there is very little literature guiding solution selection. Our aim was to assess and compare the efficacy of the various enema solutions used in a pediatric ED, including the "pink lady," a previously unreported compounded combination of docusate, magnesium citrate, mineral oil, and sodium phosphate. We identified all children who received any enema over a 5-year period in an urban, quaternary care pediatric ED for inclusion in the study via electronic record review. Physician investigators retrospectively reviewed routine visit documentation to confirm the type and dosage of enema and assess comorbidities, indications, efficacy, and side effects. Subjective descriptions of output were classified as none, small, medium, or large by reviewer consensus. There were 768 records included. Median age was 6.2years (interquartile range 3.3-10.3years). Solutions used were sodium phosphate (n=396), pink lady (n=198), soap suds (n=160), and other (n=14). There was no significant difference in output by solution type (p=0.88). Volume delivered was highest for pink lady, with no significant association between volume delivered and output (p=0.48). Four percent of patients had side effects. Soap suds had a significantly higher rate of side effects (10.6%; p=0.0003), primarily abdominal pain. There was no significant difference in reported stool output produced by sodium phosphate, soap suds, and pink lady enemas in children treated in an ED. Further study via randomized controlled trials would be beneficial in guiding selection of enema solution.

Soybean oil refinery effluent treatment and its utilization for bacterial cellulose production by Gluconacetobacter xylinus

Gluconacetobacter xylinus was used to treat soybean oil refinery effluent (SORE), which is rich in fatty acids, to produce bacterial cellulose (BC) under static conditions. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and oil content removed were over 50% and 65%, respectively, and the maximum BC production obtained reached 1.3 g/L. Feeding sodium soap from oil or fatty acids to G. xylinus further demonstrated that fatty acids could be utilized for BC production. Re-utilization of the treated SORE contributed to increased COD and oil content removal, and BC production. When the SORE was mixed with barm washing effluent at a ratio of 75:25 (v/v) or with 2% corn steep powder as a co-substrate, the BC production was 1.9 g/L and 2.2 g/L, respectively, and good wastewater treatment effects were seen. A series of characterization results indicated that there was no significant difference in the composition, microstructure, and characteristics of the BC produced from a rich medium and SORE. However, compared to BC from a rich medium, BC produced from the SORE displayed slender cellulose fibrils, larger pores in the fiber network, a looser structure, and good water-holding capacity. This study demonstrated that SORE could be utilized by G. xylinus for BC production, thus realizing resource utilization of wastewater.

Sodium grease formulation from waste engine oil

The present study was conducted to formulate sodium soap grease using waste engine oil (WEO). Greases were formulated by homogenizing sodium soap thickener in WEO for 2 hours at 150°C Different grease composition of oil-to-thickener ratio was designed which are 90/10, 80/20, 70/30 and 60/40. The formulated greases were analysed by conducting the consistency, oil bleeding, oil separation and FTIR characterization tests. The present study found that grease can be formulated using WEO and the thickener percentage have significant effect on formulated greases properties. Grease formulated with 70 – 80% of base oil and 20 – 30% of thickener was the best grease formulated as it shows desirable grease properties.

Biofuels production by thermal cracking of soap from brown grease

The transformation of waste oils and fats into biofuels attracts great interest due to the low cost of these materials. The thermal and/or catalytic cracking of oils and fats is an alternative route to the classic transesterification process of biodiesel production when the raw material has low quality. In this work, thermal cracking of sodium soaps of residual fatty materials from Brazilian restaurants (brown grease mainly composed of fatty acids of soybean oil) was tested to assess the feasibility of yielding a high quality diesel-like product. The reactions occurred in a single stirred steel reactor of 300 ml at high temperatures (723 °K) at atmospheric pressure for 1h45 min. The organic liquid product was analyzed for acid and saponification value, thermogravimetric characteristics. The chemical composition of the liquid product diesel-like fractions was determined by FT-IR, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR 1H and 13C) and GC–MS. The hydrocarbons obtained were very similar to diesel oil and suitable for use, in pure form or in mixtures, in diesel oil engines. Yields above 60% and very low acidity (0.5 mg KOH/g) were obtained, meeting the requirements of ANP (Brazilian National Petroleum Agency) Resolution No 51 de 25/11/15.

Assessing the lubrication performance of vegetable oil-based nano-lubricants for environmentally conscious metal forming processes

In metal forming processes, employing lubricants for providing desirable tribological circumstances at tool-workpiece interface is essential to increase the material formability, prolonging tool life and suppressing energy loss. With increasing the awareness and concerns towards the substantial hazardous effects of conventional metal forming lubricants a step forward is crucial to replace them with benign and compatible lubricants with environment. Despite the fact that vegetable oils have an immense potential to be utilized as green lubricants, but the limited tribological characteristics of them restrict their applications. Hence, the biodegradability and non-toxicity privileges of vegetable oils have been incorporated with friction reduction and extreme pressure capabilities of nanoparticle additives in this study, to develop a high performance lubricant with environmentally friendly feature. The CuO and SiO2 nanoparticles were dispersed in soybean and rapeseed oils in diverse concentrations and their lubrication performance were compared with two conventional metal forming lubricants, CM202A press drawing oil and solid lubricant of zinc phosphate plus sodium soap. The standard ring compression test was utilized to evaluate the efficiency of considered lubricants. The performance comparison was made using two key factors of friction coefficient and deformation load. The necessary friction calibration curves for estimating friction coefficient were provided employing finite element simulation. The acquired results convey that the lubricity of vegetable oil is dependent on its chemical structure. With increasing the concentration of nanoparticles, the friction factor and deformation load reach to a minimum for a certain amount of concentration. According to obtained results, the most efficient concentration of nanoparticles was determined within the range of 0.5–0.7 wt%, which provides 21–31% enhancement. It is demonstrated that the vegetable oil-based nano-lubricants which are enriched with optimum amounts of nanoparticles have the friction reduction capability comparable to conventional lubricants. The outcomes of this study can be fruitful in developing more environmentally conscious metal forming processes.