Sodium-potassium ATPase Activity Research Articles

Short term deuterium depletion in drinking water reduced tumor induced oxidative stress in mice liver.

The aim of current work was able to show the oxidant effect of cancer cells found in any part of the body on the liver and to investigate the possible protective effect of deuterium-depleted water (DDW) on this oxidant effect by determining of some liver parameters. Ehrlich ascites tumor bearing BALB/c mice were used for this purpose. BALB/c mice were selected randomly and divided into four groups (n=5 in each group) as control group, tumor group, control+DDW group, tumor+DDW group, fifteen days after tumor cell injection, liver tissue samples were taken for all groups. In the tumor group, liver lipid peroxidation, sialic acid and protein carbonyl levels, xanthine oxidase, myeloperoxidase, catalase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities, were significantly higher than those in the control group while glutathione levels and paraoxonase1, sodium potassium ATPase, glutathione-S-transferase, alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase activities decreased significantly. Compared with the tumor group, the changes in all parameters except sialic acid, catalase, alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase were reversed in the DDW given tumor groups, while sialic acid and catalase values continued to increase, and alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase values continued to decrease. In conclusion, the consumption of DDW may be beneficial and protective against excessive oxidative stress in cancer complications.

Start Me Up: How Can Surrounding Gangliosides Affect Sodium-Potassium ATPase Activity and Steer towards Pathological Ion Imbalance in Neurons?

Gangliosides, amphiphilic glycosphingolipids, tend to associate laterally with other membrane constituents and undergo extensive interactions with membrane proteins in cis or trans configurations. Studies of human diseases resulting from mutations in the ganglioside biosynthesis pathway and research on transgenic mice with the same mutations implicate gangliosides in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Gangliosides are reported to affect the activity of the Na+/K+-ATPase, the ubiquitously expressed plasma membrane pump responsible for the stabilization of the resting membrane potential by hyperpolarization, firing up the action potential and ion homeostasis. Impaired Na+/K+-ATPase activity has also been hypothesized to cause seizures by several mechanisms. In this review we present different epileptic phenotypes that are caused by impaired activity of Na+/K+-ATPase or changed membrane ganglioside composition. We further discuss how gangliosides may influence Na+/K+-ATPase activity by acting as lipid sorting machinery providing the optimal stage for Na+/K+-ATPase function. By establishing a distinct lipid environment, together with other membrane lipids, gangliosides possibly modulate Na+/K+-ATPase activity and aid in “starting up” and “turning off” this vital pump. Therefore, structural changes of neuronal membranes caused by altered ganglioside composition can be a contributing factor leading to aberrant Na+/K+-ATPase activity and ion imbalance priming neurons for pathological firing.

Anticataract activity of pioglitazone by using in-Vitro goat lens model

In the present study we have selected antioxidants agents like Pioglitazone and Ascorbic acid were subjected for anti-cataract activity by in vitro glucose induced cataract model. In the procedure, goat lenses was incubated along with the aqueous humor solution containing 55mM glucose with Enalpril as a standard compound and Pioglitazone with varied concentration for the time interval of 72 hours at room temperature. There was a formation of blur layer on the goat eyeball occurs after 10-12 hours and this process complete after 72 hours. The cataract inducing lenses showing higher level of Na, MDA (P<0.001) along with the decreases in sodium-potassium ATPase activity and water-soluble protein content. The goat lenses treated with Ascorbic acid 40 µg/ml and Pioglitazone in concentrations of 15, 30, and 60 µg/ml showed increased protein content and prevent the formation of cataract.

Ameliorative effects of Coccinia grandis leaf extract on Diabetes-Induced alterations of glucose metabolism, Cox activity and histological changes in Brain of Wistar Rats

Coccinia grandis has been used in tribal populations of India both as food and medicine, but it has been not reported to be a neuroprotective agent yet. The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of Coccinia grandis leaf extract on diabetes induced brain damage of Wistar rats. This study reports the protective effect of methanolic leaf extract of Coccinia grandis against STZ induced diabetes in rats. Metformin (150mg/kg body wt.) was used as a reference drug. The enzymes of the polyol pathway and its related substrates were studied in the brain tissue. The effect of Coccinia on Cyclooxygenase (COX) and Prostaglandin peroxidise (PG) was also studied. Diabetes induced rats showed a significantly increased activity of Aldose reductase, Sorbitol dehydrogenase, Glucose-6-phosphodehydrogenase, whereas the decreased activity of Hexokinase. The content of Glucose, Sorbitol significantly increased in rat brain. Sodium potassium ATPase activity was also decreased in diabetic rats. COX, PG peroxidase was increased. Histological alternations were induced in the hippocampus of STZ treated diabetic rats. Oral administration of Coccinia leaf extract (200mg/kg) of body weight to diabetic rats for 21 days efficiently attenuated the parameters studied. A decreased activity of brain AR, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glucose-6-dehydrogenase was observed along with the increase in Hexokinase and Sodium potassium ATPase activity. It also showed decreased content of glucose and Sorbitol. Diabetes induced brain damage in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex was restored with Coccinia treatment. Decreased COX and PG peroxidase suggest its protection against inflammation. The current results suggest that Coccinia grandis leaf extract exerts the potential ability to reverse the progression of hyperglycemia and its concomitant induced brain damage.

Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis: A Rare Presentation of Graves’ Disease

Abstract Background: Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) is a rare but serious thyroid emergency characterized by hypokalemia, acute onset flaccid paralysis & thyrotoxicosis. Typically, seen in an Asian male with untreated hyperthyroidism symptoms, who awakens at night or in the early morning with flaccid ascending paralysis. This is precipitated by exercise, alcohol or carbohydrate rich meal. TPP is widely reported & studied in Asian population. Its prevalence is about 2 % in Asian hyperthyroid patients. However, incidence is 0.1-0.2% in non-Asian hyperthyroid patients. Clinical Case: 33-year-old Caucasian male with celiac disease and no thyroid disease sought emergency care for complaints of sudden onset severe weakness in all extremities. He reported 20-pound unintentional weight loss, intermittent palpitations and low-grade fever. He noticed leg cramps with numbness and unable to move his extremities. At initial evaluation, he had acute flaccid paralysis and tachycardia. Initial laboratory studies showed potassium at 1.9 mmol/l, Magnesium at 1.8, suppressed TSH <0.005 uIU/ml with elevations in free T4 at 2.43 ng/dl and total T3 at 1.9 ng/ml. CT and MRI head were normal. Patient’s aldosterone level was normal. The patient’s paralysis and hypokalemia resolved after potassium replacement. Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin was elevated and increased vascularity suggestive of Grave’s disease noted on thyroid Ultrasound. Methimazole and propranolol were initiated. His neurological workup was negative. After resolution of paralysis and hypokalemia he was discharged home. Since our patient presented with severe hypokalemia, flaccid paralysis and hyperthyroidism, that resolved promptly with potassium replacement, hence likely diagnosis of thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. Discussion: Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis is potentially reversible and mostly seen with Graves’ disease among Asian population. Early diagnosis & treatment prevents life threatening complications. Differential diagnosis of TPP includes familial periodic paralysis, Guillain-Barre Syndrome & acute intermittent porphyria. Diagnosis is based on family history, characteristic presentation, hyperthyroidism with low serum potassium level. Possible mechanism is increased sodium-potassium ATPase activity in the skeletal muscle membrane leading to intracellular shift of potassium causing hypokalemia and muscle inexcitability. Treatment includes potassium replacement, nonselective beta-blocker and definitive treatment of hyperthyroidism, to prevent further episodes.

Influence of salinity on survival, growth, hemolymph osmolality, gill sodium potassium ATPase activity, and sodium potassium chloride co‐transporter expression in the redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus

AbstractThe Australian redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus is a freshwater crustacean aquacultured in many countries. Redclaw crayfish are often exposed to saline waters in attempts to improve flavor, to relieve stress during transport, and to prevent or treat parasitic infestations. However, the effect of salinity on the crayfish osmoregulatory process is not well studied. In the present work, we assessed the effect of various salinities on survival, growth, and osmoregulation in redclaw crayfish. Adult crayfish were maintained at seven salinities (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 ppt) for 4 weeks, and hemolymph osmolality, gill sodium potassium ATPase activity, and sodium potassium chloride cotransporter expression were assessed. In another experiment, juvenile crayfish were size sorted to similar weights and stocked at four salinities (0, 2, 4, and 6 ppt) for 8 weeks. The animals were group weighed every 2 weeks and individually weighed at the end of the eighth week. Hemolymph osmolality was constant as salinity increased from 0 to 10 ppt then a significant increase was observed at 12 ppt. Redclaw growth rate decreased with an increase in salinity from 0 to 6 ppt. Sodium potassium ATPase activity and sodium potassium chloride cotransporter expression increased with salinity increase. Although salinity might help treat ectoparasites, improve taste, and reduce transportation stress, long‐term exposure increases osmoregulatory metabolic costs and affects growth and energy consumption.

A potential control of Parkinson's by administering sodium potassium ATPase activity using Prazosin and Propranolol

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder. The first signs are problems with movement. Smooth and coordinated muscle movements of the body are made possible by a substance in the brain called dopamine. Dopamine is produced in a part of the brain called the “substantia nigra.” We have studied the effect of Norepinepherine, Serotonin (5HT) individually, in combination and in presence of receptor antagonists Prazosin and Propranolol in different permutations and combinations in Male Lewis rats intraperitoneally injected with rotenone for 60 days eventually exhibiting severe PD like phenotypes.

Adenosine Receptor Modulation of Hypoxic-ischemic Injury in Striatum of Newborn Piglets

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a major cause of pediatric and adult mortality and morbidity. Unfortunately, to date, no effective treatment has been identified. In the striatum, neuronal injury is analogous to the cellular mechanism of necrosis observed during NMethyl- D-Aspartate (NMDA) excitotoxicity. Adenosine acts as a neuromodulator in the central nervous system, the role of which relies mostly on controlling excitatory glutamatergic synapses. To examine the effect of pretreatment of SCH58261, an adenosine 2A (A2A) receptor antagonist and modulator of NMDA receptor function, following hypoxic-ischemia (HI) on sodium- potassium ATPase (Na+, K+-ATPase) activity and oxidative stress. Piglets (4-7 days old) were subjected to 30 min hypoxia and 7 min of airway occlusion producing asphyxic cardiac arrest. Groups were divided into four categories: HI samples were divided into HI-vehicle group (n = 5) and HI-A2A group (n = 5). Sham controls were divided into Sham vehicle (n = 5) and Sham A2A (n = 5) groups. Vehicle groups were pretreated with 0.9% saline, whereas A2A animals were pretreated with SCH58261 10 min prior to intervention. Striatum samples were collected 3 h post-arrest. Sodium-potassium ATPase (Na+, K+-ATPase) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) + 4-hydroxyalkenals (4-HDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels were compared. Pretreatment with SCH58261 significantly attenuated the decrease in Na+, K+-ATPase, decreased MDA+4-HDA levels and increased GSH in the HI-A2A group when compared to HIvehicle. A2A receptor activation may contribute to neuronal injury in newborn striatum after HI in association with decreased Na+, K+-ATPase activity and increased oxidative stress.

Alpha-lipoic acid prevents brain injury in rats administered with valproic acid.

Valproic acid (VPA) is an effective drug, which is preferred for the treatments of epilepsy and various kinds of seizures. Nonetheless, VPA has many life-threatening side effects associated with free radical production. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a powerful antioxidant, which can scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). The effects of ALA against VPA-stimulated brain injury were investigated. In this study, Sprague-Dawley rats were divided as four groups: Group I, control rats; Group II, ALA-administered rats (50 mg/kg/d); Group III, VPA-administered rats (0.5 g/kg/d); Group IV: VPA- and ALA-administered rats at the same dose and time. According to the results, VPA increased lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl, advanced oxidation protein products, total oxidant status, nitric oxide levels and glutathione-S-transferase, adenosine deaminase, xanthine oxidase activities, decreased glutathione, total antioxidant capacity levels, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, sodium-potassium ATPase, and paraoxonase activities. Treatment with ALA reversed these effects. In conclusion, we may suggest that ALA may be a good candidate for prevention of VPA-induced brain injury.

SUN-519 Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis

Background:Hypokalemic periodic paralysis is a rare disorder associated most often with a genetic defect in electrolyte channels, which can also occur in the setting of thyrotoxicosis. The presenting state in the acquired form has a low potassium, low TSH, high free T4 or high T3. It is more common in men, and in the Asian population with an approximate incidence of 2%. Symptoms can last from hours to days and are often precipitated by stress, exercise, and/or high carbohydrate intake. It is believed that the excess thyroid hormone creates an increased catabolic state which drives potassium inward and hyperpolarizes the muscle membrane to create a paralytic state. Case:A 23 year old African American male presented with chest discomfort and palpitations. TSH was <0.01 μU/mL (normal 0.530 - 6.340) with a free T4 of 3.31 ng/dL (normal 0.60–1.60). EKG showed ventricular conduction delay and he was sent home on propranolol 20mg daily and methimazole 5mg three times daily. He returned 5 days later with worsening palpitations and now new onset weakness. He was found to have a potassium of 1.4 mmol/L (normal 3.5–5.1) and magnesium of 1.2 mg/dL (normal 1.6–2.5). EKG showed normal sinus rhythm at a rate of 97, prolonged QT at 524msec (normal 330–470 msec), with repeat EKG 20 minutes later showing atrial tachycardia with a rate of 114 (normal 60–100). He was not able to move anything beyond his head, other than minor upper extremity hand movements, and could not sit up in bed. His potassium was initially repleted with eight doses of 10mEq KCl given q1h. His paralysis significantly improved within the first 4hrs, and was completely resolved by the next morning. Additional lab workup revealed thyroid stimulating antibody level of 13.00% (normal 0.0–0.55). He was discharged on methimazole 10mg twice daily and propranolol 10mg twice daily with instruction to follow up closely with his primary care physician and endocrinology. Conclusion:This patient presented with acute onset of weakness and palpitations in the setting of hyperthyroidism from Graves’ disease and hypokalemia consistent with thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. The physiology behind the presentation is not clear, but the current hypothesis is that depolarization of the neuromuscular junction leads to a tonic state from hyper-polarization. Thyroid hormone increases the metabolic demand, which along with an increase in sympathetic tone drives the sodium-potassium ATPase activity into overdrive, thus decreasing extracellular potassium. Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis is rare presentation, but should be considered for any patient that presents potassium abnormalities and symptoms of thyrotoxicosis.

Effects of Clostridium butyricum on production performance and intestinal absorption function of laying hens in the late phase of production

Laying hens in the late phase of production were characterized by the compromises of production performance and absorption capacity. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of supplemental Clostridium butyricum on production performance and intestinal absorption function of laying hens in the late phase of production. A total of 384 59-week-old Hy-Line Brown layers were randomly divided into 4 groups that consisted of 8 replicates with 12 birds each. Birds were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0, 0.3, 0.9 or 2.7 g/kg C. butyricum (the actual bacterial count was 9.3 × 108 colony-forming unit (CFU)/g). The experiment lasted for 8 weeks after a 1-week adaptation period. Results showed that increasing C. butyricum addition resulted in a quadratic reduction (P < 0.05) of feed conversion ratio of layers from weeks 5 to 8 and from weeks 1 to 8, concurrent with quadratic elevations (P < 0.05) in yolk color, ileal villus height, ileal lipase and alkaline phosphatase activities of layers at the end of week 8. These responses were maximized at medium dose (0.9 g/kg) of C. butyricum addition. Furthermore, there were quadratic increases (P < 0.05) in ileal adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level and sodium-potassium ATPase activity, along with the relative mRNA expression of ileal L-type amino acid transporter-1 and fatty acid-binding protein-1 of layers at the end of week 8 due to the increase of C. butyricum addition, with 0.9 g/kg being the most effective. In conclusion, dietary C. butyricum supplementation could improve feed efficiency and yolk color of laying hens in the late phase of production probably through the promotion of intestinal absorption function. The optimal dose of C. butyricum in layer diet in the present study was 0.9 g/kg (8.37 × 108 CFU/kg).

Elucidation of sodium potassium atpase activity of epileptic rat brain synaptosome by neurotransmitters

Elucidation of sodium potassium atpase activity of epileptic rat brain synaptosome by neurotransmitters

Stimulation of Na+/K+-ATPase with an Antibody against Its 4th Extracellular Region Attenuates Angiotensin II-Induced H9c2 Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy via an AMPK/SIRT3/PPARγ Signaling Pathway.

Activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Sodium potassium ATPase (NKA) expression and activity are often regulated by angiotensin II (Ang II). This study is aimed at investigating whether DR-Ab, an antibody against 4th extracellular region of NKA, can protect Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Our results showed that Ang II treatment significantly reduced NKA activity and membrane expression. Pretreatment with DR-Ab preserved cell size in Ang II-induced cardiomyopathy by stabilizing the plasma membrane expression of NKA and restoring its activity. DR-Ab reduced intracellular ROS generation through inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity and protection of mitochondrial functions in Ang II-treated H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Pharmacological manipulation and Western blotting analysis demonstrated the cardioprotective effects were mediated by the activation of the AMPK/Sirt-3/PPARγ signaling pathway. Taken together, our results suggest that dysfunction of NKA is an important mechanism for Ang II-induced cardiomyopathy and DR-Ab may be a novel and promising therapeutic approach to treat cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.

SAT-589 Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis: A Rare Presentation of Thyrotoxicosis

Background. Periodic paralysis (PP) is a rare muscle disorder caused by ion channel dysfunction and manifesting as episodes of painless muscle weakness. Most cases of PP are autosomal dominant, though thyrotoxic PP may complicate any etiology of hyperthyroidism. We present a case of thyrotoxic PP occurring in a patient with Graves’ thyrotoxicosis. Case. A 34 year-old Caucasian male was brought to the emergency department due to abrupt onset of diffuse muscle weakness and inability to ambulate. One week prior to onset of muscle symptoms, the patient had been diagnosed with Graves’ thyrotoxicosis during evaluation of atrial fibrillation. Examination was notable for tachycardia, irregularly irregular rhythm, small and smooth goiter, 3/5 upper extremity strength, and 2/5 lower extremity strength. Admission laboratories revealed TSH < 0.03 mIU/L (0.45-5.33), free T4 2.4 ng/dL (0.5-1.3), total T3 223 ng/dL (87-178), and potassium level 2.3 mM (3.5-5.1). A regimen of high dose oral propranolol (3 mg/kg/d), methimazole (80 mg/d), supersaturated potassium iodide (SSKI), and prednisone was immediately started, and the critical care team administered 80 mEq of potassium in two divided doses during the first hospital day. By the next day, muscle weakness had resolved, and potassium level was 4.2 mM. The patient required three additional days of treatment to bring atrial fibrillation under rate control. At hospital discharge, SSKI and prednisone were stopped, and the patient was discharged home on extended release propranolol and methimazole. Unfortunately, he was lost to outpatient endocrinology follow up. Conclusion. Thyrotoxic PP occurs most commonly in association with Graves’ disease, has a very strong male predominance, usually manifests initially in the third decade of life, and is reported much more commonly in Asian populations than among other ethnic groups. In some series, thyrotoxic PP has a prevalence of approximately 10% among Asian men with Graves’ thyrotoxicosis. The prevalence of thyrotoxic PP is 0.1-0.2% in non-Asian populations. Hypokalemia of thyrotoxic PP appears to be due to increased skeletal muscle sodium-potassium ATPase activity induced by enhanced beta-adrenergic responsiveness of the ion channel and hyperinsulinemia that occur in the setting of significant thyroid hormone excess. Weakness is typically most severe in proximal muscles and lower extremities. Potassium supplementation and non-selective beta-blockade (e.g. propranolol) can rapidly reverse hypokalemia and muscle weakness, though doses of supplemental potassium exceeding 90 mEq in 24 hr predispose to rebound hyperkalemia. Restoration of euthyroidism is required to entirely eliminate episodes of thyroxic PP.

Spondias mombim L. (Anacardiaceae): Chemical fingerprints, inhibitory activities, and molecular docking on key enzymes relevant to erectile dysfunction and Alzheimer's diseases.

Due to the exceptional wide range in biochemical activities of natural plant products, Spondias mombim L. are attaining a new height because they present great prospects for drug advancement. This research was designed to analyze the pharmaceutical properties of S. mombim L. ethyl acetate fraction (SMEAF) on key enzymes relevant to erectile and cognitive dysfunction. SMEAF inhibitory activities of the specified enzymes were determined spectrophotometrically. Chemical profile of SMEAF were assessed by HPLC/MS analysis. Thereafter, molecular docking of the studied enzymes with chlorogenic acid, lutein, and zeaxanthin were carried out using PATCHDOCK. SMEAF had remarkable enzyme inhibitory effects against phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5), arginase, angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE), cholinesterase, monoamine oxidase A (MAO), ecto-5' nucleotidase (E-NTDase), tyrosinase, and stimulated sodium-potassium ATPase (Na+/K+-ATPase) activities. HPLC/MS analysis revealed that phenolics and carotenoids were major components in these fraction notably, chlorogenic acid, lutein, and zeaxanthin. Our results suggested that SMEAF could be explored as phytopharmaceuticals. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Spondias mombim L. are cooked as green vegetable with enormous medicinal value probably due to its polyphenols with potent antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the leaves could also be useful for therapeutic purposes against erectile dysfunction and central nervous system disorders.

Effects of Xingpi Kaiyu Fang on ATP, Na/K-ATPase, and Respiratory Chain Complexes of Hippocampus and Gastrocnemius Muscle in Depressed Rats.

Objective To clarify the effectiveness and mechanism of the Chinese herbal formula Xingpi Kaiyu Fang (XPKYF) which is composed of American ginseng (Xi-Yang-shen), Radix curcumae (Yu-Jin), Acori tatarinowii rhizoma (Shi-Chang-pu), and Hypericum perforatum (Guan-Ye-lian-qiao) in depressed rats. Methods The rat model of depression was established by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) method for 6 weeks. Rats were randomly divided into six groups: control group, CUMS group, CUMS+XPKYF (3.6g/kg/d, 7.2g/kg/d, 14.4g/kg/d) groups, and CUMS+sertraline (4.5mg/kg/d) group. The sucrose preference test and the forced swimming test were performed to assess the rats' depression behavior. Mitochondrial ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscope and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, sodium potassium ATPase (Na/K-ATPase) activity, and mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes activities in hippocampus and gastrocnemius muscle were measured at the 14th and 42nd day. Results Rats subjected to six weeks of CUMS exhibited decreased sucrose preference ratio and prolonged immobility time. CUMS reduced ATP content in hippocampus, decreased Na/K-ATPase activity and respiratory chain complex I, III, and IV activities in hippocampus and gastrocnemius muscle, and damaged mitochondrial ultrastructure of hippocampus and gastrocnemius muscle. XPKYF at 14.4g/kg, the efficacy trend of which was better than the other drug groups, could prevent the stress-induced depressed behavior changes, inhibit the decrease of Na/K-ATPase activity in hippocampus, inhibit the decrease of respiratory chain complex III activities in hippocampus and gastrocnemius muscle, and protect mitochondria from ultrastructural damage. Conclusions Energy deficiency and damaged mitochondrial ultrastructure were found in hippocampus and gastrocnemius muscle of depressed rats established by CUMS. XPKYF could partly reverse alterations in ATP, Na/K-ATPase, and respiratory chain complexes of hippocampus and gastrocnemius muscle and protect mitochondria from ultrastructural damage. This provides another experimental evidence for the clinical application of XPKYF in the treatment of depression.

Neuroprotective potential of Cucurbita maxima Duchesne ex Poir, Caeselpenia bunduc (L.) Roxb and Bombax ceiba Linn extracts

Plant derived molecules are gaining importance as an alternative to synthetic drugs for the treatment of cognitive and related disorders. Modulation of cholinesterases, monoamine oxidases and sodium–potassium ATPase activities in brain through phyto-molecules has been found effective in the treatment and management of cognitive disorders. Considering the pleiotropic action of plant secondary metabolites, the present investigation was undertaken to explore neuroprotective activity of the ethanolic and hexane extracts from Cucurbita maxima Duchesne ex Poir (seeds), Caeselpenia bunduc (L.) Roxb (seeds) and Bombax ceiba Linn (flowers). To investigate the neuroprotective activity of these plant extracts, cholinesterases (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase), monoamine oxidase (MAO) and Na+/K+ ATPase activities were estimated. To test if chosen plant extracts have also effect on oxidative stress lipid peroxidation and metal chelating ability were determined in mice brain homogenate. In this investigation the ethanolic and hexane extracts from these plants were able to inhibit the acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase (43.32–69.94%), which was comparable to standard drug, donepezil at the concentration of 50 μg/ml. The chromatographic (HPTLC) estimation revealed the maximum presence of quercetin in C. maxima whereas p-coumaric acid and gallic acid were found as major constituents in B. ceiba. In conclusion, the findings of current study provide evidence for the selected plant extracts with potent cholinesterase activity which can be taken as lead for further mechanistic study and also for development of plant based formulation after pre-clinical evaluation.

The pyrethroid λ-cyhalothrin induces biochemical, genotoxic, and physiological alterations in the teleost Prochilodus lineatus

The λ-cyhalothrin (CL) is a globally used pyrethroid insecticide that has been detected in different water bodies worldwide. However, studies on the effects of CL on freshwater fishes are still incipient. In this context, we evaluated the acute effects of a commercial formulation containing CL (Karate Zeon® CS 50) in juveniles of the teleost Prochilodus lineatus exposed for 96 h to four concentrations of the active ingredient (5, 50, 250 and 500 ng.L−1). Biochemical, physiological, and genotoxic biomarkers were evaluated in different organs of the fish. Exposure to CL induced significant changes in the enzymatic profiles of P. lineatus, with specific alterations in biotransformation enzymes and antioxidant defence in different tissues. Lipid peroxidation was observed in fish gills and kidney. Increases in esterases were observed in the liver of fish exposed to all CL concentrations evaluated, whereas acetylcholinesterase activity decreased in the muscles of fish at all concentrations. CL also promoted osmoregulatory disorders, with decreases in calcium and magnesium gill ATPases, with consequent hypocalcaemia, in addition an increase in sodium-potassium ATPase activity was observed in the gills of fish exposed to the highest CL concentration, probably in order to compensate a reduction in plasma sodium. Besides, increases in DNA damage were observed in the erythrocytes of fish exposed to all CL concentrations. Thus, despite the low CL concentrations and the short exposure time, this pyrethroid caused hematological adjustments, oxidative stress, osmoregulatory disorders, and DNA damage in P. lineatus, showing that the species is highly sensitive to the deleterious effects of CL.

Modulation of sodium potassium ATPase activity of rat brain synaptosome by norepinepherine and serotonin

Background: Sleep and wakefulness are behavioral and physiological activities. Sleep has been defined as areversible behavioral state of perceptual disengagement from and unresponsiveness to the environment. It is modified form of the basic rest activity cycle.

Memory Improvement Effect of Ethanol Garlic (A. sativum) Extract in Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats Is Mediated through Increasing of Hippocampal Sodium-Potassium ATPase, Glutamine Synthetase, and Calcium ATPase Activities.

Studies suggest that garlic (A. sativum) improves memory dependent on the hippocampus. However, the effect of ethanol garlic extract on hippocampus Na+/K+ ATPase, Ca2+ ATPase, and glutamine synthetase (GS) activities as possible mechanisms in memory improvement in diabetic Wistar rats has not been reported. Twenty-four male Wistar rats weighing 200–250 g were divided into three groups with 8 rats each. Group (A), normal control rats, and Group (B), diabetic rats, received 1 ml of normal saline; diabetic rats in Group (C) received 1000 mg/kg of garlic extract orally for 21 days. Hyperglycemia was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin 60 mg/kg followed by 120 mg/kg nicotinamide while extraction of garlic was done by cold maceration method. Memory was tested in all groups. After that, the rats were sacrificed, the brain was removed, and the hippocampi were carefully excised and then homogenized. Activities of Na+/K+ ATPase, calcium ATPase, and GS were analyzed from the homogenate. Results showed improvement in memory and a significant increase (P < 0.05) in hippocampus Na+/K+ ATPase, Ca2+ ATPase, and GS activities in diabetic rats treated with garlic extract. In conclusion, the increased activity of hippocampus Na+/K+ ATPase, calcium ATPase, and glutamine synthetase may account for the memory improvement.