Sodium Oxalate Solution Research Articles

IN VITRO INVESTIGATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-UROLITHIATIC ACTIVITY OF HOMONOIA RETUSA ROOTS

Ayurvedic practitioners utilise Pashanabheda as an anti-urolithiatic. The root of Homonoia retusa (Euphorbiaceae), which grows in the Indian town of Tirupathi, was chosen for this study's screening for its antioxidant and anti-urolithiatic properties. The hydrogen peroxide assay (H2O2), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) techniques were utilised to assess antioxidant activity. The anti-urolithiatic activity was evaluated by nucleation and aggregation assay by adding 0.01 M sodium oxalate solutions that caused the crystallisation of Calcium oxalate. By measuring turbidity in the presence or absence of extract at 620 nm using a spectrophotometer, the effect of extract (200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 µg/ml) was investigated. According to the result, aqueous root extract can prevent crystal growth and aggregation more than methanol-based root extract.

Preliminary evaluation of in vitro anti-urolithiasic effect of six Algerian plant products

The present paper reports on the preliminary evaluation of in vitro anti-urolithiasic effect (AULE) of six Algerian plant products: lemon (Citrus limon L.), orange (Citrus sinensis L.), grapefruit (Citrus grandis L.), lemon/grapefruit (1/1 ratio, v/v) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) juices, [and aqueous extract from hairy rupturewort (Herniaria hirsuta L.), the bi-distilled water being taken as reference. The AULE was evaluated, based on the ability of considered plant liquids to prevent the crystallization of calcium oxalate (CaOx) from the mixture of stock solutions of calcium chloride and sodium oxalate. For this, the juices and the aqueous extract to be analyzed were used as solvents to prepare the two stock solutions. The formation of CaOx was assessed by means of microscopic observation and presented in the form of images. A better AULE was observed for citrus juices, compared with bi-distilled water, tomato juice and hairy rupturewort extract. In the case of lemon juice, it was also found that the AULE is more effective when the juice acidity is adjusted to high pH values (6-7). Based on these results, citrus juices may be recommended for the prevention of urinary lithiogenesis. However, in-depth confirmatory studies are always desired, knowing that opinions are not unanimous on this issue.

PANi/PPy and PANi Films on ZnNi Alloy Coated Carbon Steel; Electrochemical Syntheses and Corrosion Performances

Zinc–nickel alloy coating (ZnNi) was successfully deposited on carbon steel (CS) applying current density of 47 mAcm-2 with galvanostatic technique. The ZnNi alloy coating image showed that CS metal surface was plated with a blue-grey homogeneous layer. Polyaniline film (PANI) film was synthesized with cyclic voltammetry technique from 0.10 M aniline containing 0.20 M sodium oxalate solution on ZnNi coated carbon steel (CS/ZnNi) electrode surface. And then the synthesis of top PPy film was achieved in pyrrole monomer containing acetonitrile + tetrabutyl ammonium perchlorate medium successfully. After the top PPy synthesis, it was observed that both the PANi homopolymer film and the ZnNi coating continued to exist on the CS surface. The corrosion behaviors of uncoated and coated electrodes were investigated in 3.5% NaCl solution. For this aim, the anodic polarization plots and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique were used. The results showed that the top PPy homopolymer film provided an effective barrier property on CS/ZnNi/PANi electrode and a remarkable anodic protection to substrate for longer exposure time.

Performance and characterization of MnOx-NiO catalysts for removing formaldehyde at room temperature

The effects of the hydrothermal co-precipitation factors of hydrothermal temperature, hydrothermal time, calcination temperature and calcination time on the crystal structure, microstructure, lattice defect and formaldehyde removal properties at indoor temperature of MnOx-NiO composite oxide catalysts were investigated by using the X-ray diffactiono (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and the catalytic activity testing apparatus. The results showed that the formaldehyde removal rate of the catalysts would increase first and then decrease with increasing in the hydrothermal temperature, or hydrothermal time, calcination temperature, calcination time. The maximum formaldehyde removal rate at indoor temperature is 95.57% with the best technology of the catalysts is as the following: 0.0125 mol potassium permanganate, 0.005 mol nickel nitrate, 5 ml sodium oxalate solution, 0.5 ml ammonia solution, hydrothermal 5 h at 130 °C and then calcination 5 h at 200 °C, the loose spherical accumulation specimen was composed of amorphous and crystal, and existed abundant Mn4+ species and lattice oxygen on the catalyst surface.

Neodymium naphthenate-loaded organic phase stripping using sodium oxalate

Neodymium naphthenate-loaded organic phase stripping using sodium oxalate solution was studied to explore the feasibility of synchronous rare earth-loaded organic phase stripping, rare earth precipitation, and blank organic phase saponification. Experimental results show that loaded organic phase stripping, rare earth precipitation, and blank organic phase saponification can be realized simultaneously. When using 20% excess of sodium oxalate over the stoichiometry with the volume ratio of organic phase to aqueous phase of 1:1 at 25 °C for 40 min, the single stage stripping rate and saponification value are about 40% and 0.29 mol/L, respectively. After 16 stages of countercurrent continuous stripping, the stripping rate of neodymium can reach 99%, the saponification value is 0.42 mol/L, the Nd3+ concentration in saponified organic phase is less than 0.0020 mol/L, and the main phase in precipitation is Nd2(C2O4)3·10H2O. Afterwards, this saponified organic phase can be used in the extraction of NdCl3 solution, and then the loaded organic phases (neodymium naphthenate) with 0.16 mol/L Nd3+ can be retrieved. The morphology, particle size distribution, and composition of the Nd2(C2O4)3·10H2O products are similar to those of the current direct precipitation products. The neodymium oxide prepared by continuous calcination of neodymium oxalate meets the national standard of China (GB/T 5240−2015). These results prove the feasibility of stripping neodymium naphthenate-loaded organic phase by using sodium oxalate solution. Sodium oxalate can serve as a stripping agent, a saponifier, and a precipitator, thereby simplifying rare earth extraction and separation. This study provides theoretical and technical support for the development of a novel method for rare earth extraction and separation.

Improvement on corrosion resistance of gypsum for ceramics molding with soluble salts

Dissolution of dihydrate gypsum and severe chemical corrosion are the principal causes of short working life of gypsum molds in slip casting technology. In this experiment, a new modification method was focused on the improvement of corrosion resistance on the premise of ensuring water absorption and mechanical strength. The effects of three soluble salts (barium chloride, sodium phosphate and sodium oxalate) on various properties of gypsum molds were evaluated using three different methods, which included solution mixing, immersing and coating. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to evaluate the phase transformations, structures and morphologies. Results revealed that immersing hardened sample into sodium oxalate solution effectively enhanced the corrosion resistance at the optimum concentration of 1.8 wt%. The water-saturated flexural strength and softness coefficient were increased by 36.7% and 22.2%, respectively. Calcium oxalate was produced by chemical reaction between dissolved Ca2+, SO42− and sodium oxalate. Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) was crystallized after water evaporation and the crystals accumulated on the outer surfaces of hardened pastes forming as waterproof film, which reduced the dissolution of dihydrate gypsum and further improved the corrosion resistance.

Effect of Ginger Hydro Alcoholic Extract on Oxalate Renal Stone in Rats

Nowadays, biotechnology of medicinal plants is a modern sub-branch of biotechnology and pharmacy that has gradually become the focus of attention of pharmaceutical and traditional medicine specialists which results to major changes and jumps in production of science. Since herbal medicine is one of the oldest therapies in Middle East and Chinese tradition, herbal medicines, owing to less side effect levels compared to chemical treatments, have long been used for preventative and therapeutic treatment, as well as the attention of medical professionals. Herbal medicine is totally based on plant parts like roots, leaves, etc., there are various manners of using herbals in different traditions such as soaking into the water, boiling, chewing, etc.. The present study intends to investigate the effect of ginger hydro alcoholic extract on kidney stone (oxalate type). [1] We initially divided the rats into five groups which includes control group, 2 doses of Ginger extract, treating by regular medication and not treating. By injecting peritoneal of sodium oxalate solution to the rats after about 7 to 10 days, and by observing the oxalate crystals in the urine samples taken from the kidneys and physical signs of kidney stones like decrease in volume of urine, Zingiber officinalis rhizome, which was used as a herbal remedy, was extracted and injected into the rats with different doses. As results of injection on a regular basis, we observed treatment in rats with kidney stone. According to the dosage, the pace of treatment was different in samples. So, low dose can be used for minor problem in a long term and high dose can be use for major level of kidney stone which is working more efficiently with a higher speed of treatment. [2],[3]

Porphyra yezoensis polysaccharide and potassium citrate synergistically inhibit calcium oxalate crystallization induced by renal epithelial cells and cytotoxicity of the formed crystals

Mineralization crystallization is considered to be the initial stage of stone formation. However, the formation of crystals and subsequent cell damage have rarely been investigated. An oxidatively damaged cell model was established using oxalic acid to injure human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2). Subsequently, CaOx crystallization was induced by adding 2.0 mmol/L sodium oxalate solution. We compared the synergistic effects of PYPs with molecular weights of 49.54 kDa (PYP1) and 4.02 kDa (PYP2) and K3Cit on the inhibition of CaOx crystallization and studied the nucleation, growth, and retention process of CaOx crystals on the cell surface and the subsequent damage of the formed crystals to the cells. Normal HK-2 cells mainly induced the formation of CaOx dihydrate (COD), whereas the damaged cells mainly induced the formation of CaOx monohydrate (COM) crystals. Under the protection of PYPs, the state of cells was improved, and the proportion of COD crystals in the formed crystals increased. Small-molecular-weight PYP2 exhibited better abilities of inhibiting CaOx crystallization and improving cell state compared with PYP1. Under the synergistic effects of PYPs and K3Cit, the number of formed crystals was obviously reduced, and the size was obviously decreased. PYPs can repair damaged cells and inhibit the conversion of COD phase to COM phase. K3Cit can obviously inhibit the nucleation of CaOx crystal and reduce the amount of crystal formation. The repair of damaged cells by PYPs and the synergistic inhibition of CaOx crystallization by PYPs and K3Cit reduce cell damage and crystal formation on the cell surface. By simultaneously repairing damaged cells and inhibiting crystallization, this strategy is expected to exert a desirable effect in preventing the formation and recurrence of stones.

Electrochemical Synthesis and Corrosion Behaviour of Poly(o–anisidine)‐TiO2 Nanocomposite on ZnNi‐Plated Carbon Steel

AbstractElectrosynthesis of poly(o‐anisidine) (POA) homopolymer and poly(o‐anisidine)‐TiO2 (POA‐TiO2) nanocomposite were carried out on ZnNi plated carbon steel (CS/ZnNi). The synthesis was achieved cyclic voltammetry technique in 0.2 M sodium oxalate solution containing 0.1 M o‐anisidine and o‐anisidine + 0.2 gL−1 TiO2 nanoparticles for POA and POA‐TiO2, respectively. The POA and POA‐TiO2 nanocomposite were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersion x‐ray analysis (EDX), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear sweep voltammetry, open circuit potential‐time and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, open circuit potential‐time (Eocp‐t) and potentiodynamic polarization tests were done in 3.5% NaCl solution. Potentiodynamic polarization curves showed that a strong decrease of corrosion current for POA‐TiO2 coated CS/ZnNi (CS/ZnNi/POA‐TiO2) electrode when compared to the POA coated CS/ZnNi (CS/ZnNi/POA) and CS/ZnNi electrodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results indicated that polarization resistance (Rp) of the CS/ZnNi/POA‐TiO2 electrode was higher than the other electrodes. These results revealed that TiO2 nanoparticles increased the anticorrosive property of the POA film.

In-Vitroanti-Urolithiatic Activity of Theriophonum Minutum and Remusatia Vivipara

Kidney stone is a very common disease worldwide threat. The calcium oxalate is the important compound of calculi formation in the urinary tract. Traditional studies on use of herbal based medicinal plants for treating severe disease is satisfying its bad to advanced world . In this regard, the study was analyzed with an objective to carry out the role of Theriophonum minutum and Remusatia vivipara leaves extract in different solvents to reduce stone formation and to find out the concentration of medicinal plant extract exhibit dissolution rate of kidney stones In dissolution studies, the extract of Remusatia vivipara has greater ability to dissolve artificial calcium stones and kidney stones rather than the standard drug. Calcium oxalate crystal formation was stimulated by the sodium oxalate solutions. The effect of different extract concentration was applied to measure the dissolution rate, turbidity, nucleation aggregation assay . The extract of Theriophonum minutum and Remusatia vivipara reflected the blocking action in both of nucleation and aggregation to better level

Reaction kinetics and mechanism of calcium oxide in dilute sodium aluminate solution with oxalate based on lime causticization

Abstract The formation kinetics and mechanism of tricalcium aluminate hydrate and calcium oxalate in dilute sodium aluminate solution and sodium oxalate solution were studied respectively based on the lime causticization, and the optimal conditions for removing the oxalate in dilute sodium aluminate solution as well as the mechanism were finally obtained. The formation processes of tricalcium aluminate hydrate and calcium oxalate are mainly controlled by the chemical reaction and the inner diffusion respectively, and the corresponding reaction rate equations as well as the apparent activation energy were calculated. The hydrocalumite with a spatially interleaved structure will form in dilute sodium aluminate solution with sodium oxalate, greatly removing the oxalate impurity by absorption. Calcium oxalate can be converted to tricalcium aluminate hydrate with the increasing reaction time. The oxalate causticization efficiency and the alumina loss rate can be over 90% and below 31% respectively when reacted at 50 °C with a stirring rate of 200 r/min.

Usefulness of dark field microscopy (DFM), IGM ELISA and microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for the early diagnosis of acute leptospirosis

Usefulness of dark field microscopy (DFM), IGM ELISA and microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for the early diagnosis of acute leptospirosis - IJMR- Print ISSN No: - 2394-546X Online ISSN No:- 2394-5478 Article DOI No:- 10.18231/j.ijmr.2019.036, Indian Journal of Microbiology Research-Indian J Microbiol Res

Preparation of Zirconium-89 Solutions for Radiopharmaceutical Purposes: Interrelation Between Formulation, Radiochemical Purity, Stability and Biodistribution.

Zirconium-89 is a promising radionuclide for nuclear medicine. The aim of the present work was to find a suitable method for obtaining zirconium-89 solutions for radiopharmaceutical purposes. For this purpose, the ion exchange behavior of zirconium-89 solutions was studied. Radio-TLC (thin layer chromatography) and biodistribution studies were carried out to understand speciation of zirconium-89 complexes and their role in the development of new radiopharmaceuticals. Three methods of zirconium-89 isolation were studied using ZR (hydroxamate) and Chelex-100 resins. It was found that ZR-resin alone is not enough to obtain stable zirconium-89 formulations. An easy and effective method of reconstitution of [89Zr]Zr-oxalate to [89Zr]Zr-citrate using Chelex-100 resin was developed. Developed procedures allow obtaining [89Zr]Zr-oxalate (in 0.1 M sodium oxalate solution) and [89Zr]Zr-citrate (in 0.1–1.0 M sodium citrate solution). These solutions are perfectly suitable and convenient for radiopharmaceutical purposes. Our results prove [89Zr]Zr-citrate to be advantageous over [89Zr]Zr-oxalate. During evaluation of speciation of zirconium-89 complexes, a new TLC method was developed, since it was proved that there is no comprehensive method for analysis or zirconium-89 preparations. The new method provides valuable insights about the content of “active” ionic form of zirconium-89. The interrelation of the chromatographic behavior of zirconium-89 preparations and their biodistribution was studied.

In vitro antilithiatic activity of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume bark on calcium oxalate crystallization

ObjectiveThe study examines the effect of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume bark on crystallization of calcium oxalate. MethodsThe antilithiatic effect of various concentrations of the hydro-alcoholic extract of C. zeylanicum was investigated at various stages of stone formation, using Cystone as a standard reference drug. The effect on calcium oxalate crystallization was evaluated by measuring the change in turbidity over time, during crystal nucleation, growth and aggregation, in the metastable solution of calcium chloride and sodium oxalate. The slope from the change in turbidity over time was measured using a spectrophotometer at 620 and 214 nm in respective tests. The inhibition rate was estimated by comparing turbidity in the presence and absence of extract. Crystals formed under experimental conditions were observed under a light microscope, and number and shape of the crystals were assessed in a randomly selected field. Phytochemical analysis and high-performance thin-layer chromatography of the extract was also carried out. ResultsC. zeylanicum significantly reduced crystal nucleation at concentrations of 4, 8 and 10 mg/mL (P < 0.001). The inhibition percentage of crystal growth was between 28.30% and 92.46% in the presence of C. zeylanicum extract and from 20.76% to 64.15% with various concentrations of Cystone. The maximum inhibition of crystal growth was obtained from C. zeylanicum at 2 mg/mL (92.46%). Microscopic examination revealed a reduction in the number and size of crystals. In the aggregation assay, the inhibition percentage of C. zeylanicum was between 16.27% and 100%, while Cystone was from −214.68% to 100% at different concentrations. The highest (100%) inhibition of aggregation was found at 4 mg/mL of both the test and standard drugs. ConclusionWe found that C. zeylanicum hydro-alcoholic extract has notable inhibitory effects on various stages of crystallization, in terms of turbidity of solution, as well as the crystal size, number and morphology.

Evaluation of Antiurolithiatic activity of Polyherbal formulation (Lithout Tablets) by In-vitro inhibition of Calcium Oxalate Crystallization

The present study is to determine the inhibitory effect of prepared Lithout tablets for their antiurolithiatic activity. In this study we used the turbidimetric model. In this model the inhibitory effect of Lithout tablets were determined by adding solution of different concentrations of prepared polyherbal formulation in the solution of calcium chloride and sodium oxalate. The absorbance of this solution was taken at 620 nm for each minute till 10 minutes. The percentage inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization was calculated. Study reveals that prepared Lithout tablets effectively reduce the crystallization of calcium oxalate in the solution. And thus it was concluding that the Lithout tablets produce significant antiurolithiatic activity.

Poly(2-chloroaniline) and poly(aniline-co-2-chloroaniline) films on ZnFe alloy plating

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate and compare the protective, anticorrosion behaviors and electrochemically synthesis of poly(2-chloroaniline) (PCANI) and poly(2-chloroaniline-co-aniline) P(CANI-co-ANI) films on thin zinc–iron plated carbon steel (CS).Design/methodology/approachZinc–iron (ZnFe) alloy plating was successfully achieved on CS applying 3 mA constant current value. The PCANI and P(CANI-co-ANI) films on ZnFe-plated CS electrode were synthesized by cyclic voltammetry technique using monomer(s) containing 0.20 M sodium oxalate solution. The CS/ZnFe electrodes with and without PCANI or P(CANI-co-ANI) films were characterized using SEM and anodic linear sweep voltammograms. The anticorrosive behaviors of uncoated and coated electrodes were studied in 3.5 per cent NaCl solution by corrosion techniques which include open circuit potential measurements, the anodic polarization curves and alternative current electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique.FindingsThe protection efficiency values (E per cent) for CS/ZnFe, ZnCS/ZnFe/PCANI and CS/ZnFe/P(CANI-co-ANI) electrodes were calculated as 71.05, 84.53 and 92.79, respectively, after 168 h of immersion time. The results showed that P(CANI-co-ANI) coating on ZnFe-plated CS electrode exhibited higher corrosion resistance and provided better barrier property in comparison with PCANI coating and ZnFe alloy plating, in longer exposure time.Originality/valueA number of reports on the synthesis and characterization of PANI have appeared in the literature during the past decade, but there is no such publication of PCANI. At the same time, the synthesis of PCANI onto the surface of metal alloy coating being the first of this kind, no such proceedings have been reported in the literature so far.

PD03-09 ESTABLISHMENT OF A NEW METHOD TO EVALUATE THE PHAGOCYTIC ABILITY OF CALCIUM OXALATE MONOHYDRATE CRYSTALS BY MACROPHAGES

You have accessJournal of UrologyStone Disease: Basic Research & Pathophysiology I1 Apr 2018PD03-09 ESTABLISHMENT OF A NEW METHOD TO EVALUATE THE PHAGOCYTIC ABILITY OF CALCIUM OXALATE MONOHYDRATE CRYSTALS BY MACROPHAGES Atsushi Okada, Hiroshi Takase, Teruaki Sugino, Rei Unno, Kazumi Taguchi, Shuzo Hamamoto, Ryosuke Ando, Keiichi Tozawa, and Takahiro Yasui Atsushi OkadaAtsushi Okada More articles by this author , Hiroshi TakaseHiroshi Takase More articles by this author , Teruaki SuginoTeruaki Sugino More articles by this author , Rei UnnoRei Unno More articles by this author , Kazumi TaguchiKazumi Taguchi More articles by this author , Shuzo HamamotoShuzo Hamamoto More articles by this author , Ryosuke AndoRyosuke Ando More articles by this author , Keiichi TozawaKeiichi Tozawa More articles by this author , and Takahiro YasuiTakahiro Yasui More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2018.02.275AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES It is recently being established that phagocytosis of crystals formed in the kidney by anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2-M&[phis]) inhibits urinary calculi formation, thus preventing stone formation. The aim of this study is to establish a new analytical method for quantifying the phagocytic ability of crystals by macrophages. METHODS Fluorescently labeled calcium oxalate monohydrate (f-COM) crystals were prepared by mixing Alexa Fluor 488 with 200 mM sodium oxalate solution and 200 mM calcium chloride dihydrate solution. After culturing mouse M&[phis]s (J774.1 and RAW264.7) for 24 h, f-COM crystals were exposed at 62.5 μg/cm2 (for 0, 6, and 24 h) and 133 μg/cm2 (for 24 h). At the defined times, the cells were washed with PBS to remove suspended f-COM crystals and then fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde. The cytoplasm of macrophages was stained with Phalloidin-iFluor 555 and the nucleus with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). By using the IN Cell Analyzer 6000, which is an imaging cytometer, 100 fields of view of each well were scanned to quantify the signal intensity of f-COM crystals per cell and the number of phagocytic cells. RESULTS Imaging cytometry revealed f-COM crystals as green and cytoplasm and nucleus of macrophages as red and blue, respectively, in both cell lines. By quantitative analysis, COM signal intensity per cell showed significantly higher RAW 264.7 than J 774.1 at 6 and 24 h. These values also increased significantly with time and COM concentration dependence. Moreover, the COM signal positive cell number showed the same tendency. CONCLUSIONS We developed a method to accurately quantify COM crystals phagocytosed by macrophages. This method is expected to contribute to the development of future drugs that enhance the crystal phagocytic ability of macrophages. © 2018FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 199Issue 4SApril 2018Page: e74-e75 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2018MetricsAuthor Information Atsushi Okada More articles by this author Hiroshi Takase More articles by this author Teruaki Sugino More articles by this author Rei Unno More articles by this author Kazumi Taguchi More articles by this author Shuzo Hamamoto More articles by this author Ryosuke Ando More articles by this author Keiichi Tozawa More articles by this author Takahiro Yasui More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Spatial Separation of Copper and Cobalt Oxalate by Flow-Driven Precipitation

A precipitation reaction is investigated far from equilibrium by introducing a continuous flow of the homogeneous mixture of water-soluble metal salts into sodium oxalate solution. The spreading gravity current maintained by the density difference between the solutions creates a radially symmetric precipitate pattern that contains spatially separated copper oxalate monohydrate and cobalt oxalate tetrahydrate, identified by X-ray diffraction measurements. In the transition zone, a unique crystalline composite containing copper oxalate plates with cobalt oxalate coating also forms.

Poly(N-methylpyrrole) Film on ZnNi Plated Carbon Steel Electrode.

In this study, zinc-nickel (ZnNi) particles were electrochemically deposited on carbon steel (CS) electrode applying constant current of 1 mA with chronopotentiometry technique. Poly(N-methylpyrrole) (PNMP) film on CS/ZnNi electrode was synthesized with cyclic voltammetry technique from 0.10 M N-methylpyrrole containing 0.20 M sodium oxalate solution. The corrosion performances of coated and uncoated electrodes in 3.5% NaCl solution were evaluated with the help of AC impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and anodic polarisation curves. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) were used to characterization of coatings. It was shown that the ZnNi particles exhibited important barrier effect on CS substrate. The highest 298350 ohm value of polarization resistance showed that PNMP film on the CS/ZnNi electrode exhibited an effective barrier property and electrocatalytic behaviour protection of substrate for longer exposure time.

Pb(II) removal with hydrophobic quaternary pyridinium salt and methyl isobutyl ketone

The extraction equilibrium behaviour of Pb(II) by noncommercial ionic liquid having extraction properties (3-[1-(hydroxyimine)undecyl]-1-propylpyridinium chloride) dissolved in MIBK was investigated. The obtained results show that extraction of lead(II) depends on the aqueous phase composition, contact time and the extractant concentration. The conducted stoichiometric studies indicated that lead(II) forms complexes with the studied quaternary salt (PbCl42−)H(LR+) and (PbCl42−)(LR+)2, which at the stripping stage can be decomposed by treatment with the 1% solution of oxalic acid and sodium oxalate (10:1, w/w). Separation test was carried out using synthetic solutions containing both Pb(II), Zn(II) and Fe(III) or Fe(II).