Sodium Naphthalene Sulfonate Research Articles

Strength and workability of one-part sodium carbonate activated mortar incorporated with silicomanganese slag

This research utilized sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) as an alkaline activator to produce one-part alkali-activated mortar (AAM) with silicomanganese (SiMn) slag as the aluminosilicate precursor. In the experiment, the effect of Na2CO3 dosage (4 %, 6 %, 8 %, 10 %, 12 %) and binder replacement with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) (10 %, 30 %, 50 %) on the compressive strength and workability of AAM was investigated. To improve the workability, several types of superplasticizer (SP), including MasterGlenium ACE 389 (MG) and sodium naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde (SNSF), and retarder, including REAL SET 231 (RS231) and vinegar (acetic acid), were incorporated. The relationship between strength and workability of one-part AAM was also established. The results showed that increasing the Na2CO3 content from 4 % to 10 % improved the strength by about 2 times but reduced workability by 7.8 % due to the increased alkalinity and OH− concentration. The incorporation of up to 50 % OPC further increased the strength by 3.2–5.3 times due to the synergetic effect of alkali activation of SiMn slag and cement hydration. In addition, SNSF-type SP outperformed MG-type SP in terms of workability and compressive strength. Both the RS231 retarder and acetic acid enhanced the workability by 8%–48 % and strength by 10.5 %–28.3 %. A quadratic regression equation with R2 values of 0.58–0.81 was developed to correlate the strength and workability of one-part AAM.

Investigation of The Use of Calcium Naphthalene Sulfonate as A Binder in Magnesite Spinel Brick Production and Determination of Optimum Conditions

Refractory materials are indispensable for industries working with high temperatures. Magnesite spinel refractory bricks are used in the cement industry, and calcium lignosulfonate is used as a binder in their production. Due to forest fires and similar reasons in recent years, there is a problem in the supply of calcium lignosulfonate raw materials. In this study, research was conducted on alternative binders to be used in the production of magnesite spinel bricks and the optimum conditions for production with the selected binder were determined. Some of the binders are calcium naphthalene sulfonate, sodium naphthalene sulfonate, magnesium oxide, magnesium sulfate, and molasses. As a result of preliminary tests, it was observed that the most successful results were obtained with calcium naphthalene sulfonate. The optimum conditions for the production of magnesite spinel refractory bricks using calcium naphthalene sulfonate were found by the Taguchi method. As parameters, seawater sintered magnesite in 4 different fractions (A: 3-5 mm, B: 1-3 mm, C: 0-1 mm and D: Powder) and Sinter Spinel in 2 different fractions (E: 3-5 mm and F: 1-3 mm) in total, 6 parameters were selected and an L16 (44x22) Taguchi orthogonal array design was created for this. Volume weight, water absorption, porosity, and strength tests were performed on the samples obtained. Accordingly, taking into account the strength values, the optimum conditions were determined as A1, B1, C2, D4, E1 and F2. Under these conditions, the estimated strength value was calculated as 84.24 N/mm2 and the experimental value was 83.85 N/mm2.

Sodium Naphthalenesulfonate and Sodium Polynaphthalenesulfonate.

The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety reviewed newly available studies since their original assessment in 2003, along with updated information regarding product types and concentrations of use, and confirmed that Sodium Naphthalenesulfonate and Sodium Polynaphthalenesulfonate are safe as cosmetic ingredients in the practices of use and concentration as described in this report in formulations intended to be applied to the skin.

Turkey Red Oil as a Renewable Leveling and Dispersant Option for Polyester Dyeing with Dispersed Dyes

The objective of this work was to evaluate Turkey red oil as a renewable dispersant and leveling option for dyeing polyester knitted fabric with disperse dyes. The dyeing results were evaluated by measuring the color at several positions of the dyed samples to verify the levelness. In addition, the amount of residual dye was evaluated. Migration tests were also carried out to evaluate the leveling effectiveness of Turkey red oil. Wet rubbing and washing fastness analysis, hydrophilicity, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), surface analysis with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and modification of functional groups by FTIR were also carried out. The results obtained in the analyses show that Turkey red oil is efficient as a dispersant and leveling agent when compared to the well-known sodium naphthalene sulfonate. It is concluded that Turkey red oil reduces the time of the dyeing process and consequently its energy consumption, and reduces the amount of effluent generated while improving hydrophilicity and fastness, thus being a renewable and sustainable option for current products based on petroleum.

Tracer test and design optimization of doublet system of carbonate geothermal reservoirs

The imbalance between large-scale exploitation and reinjection year by year has led to the decline of the water level of the geothermal reservoirs in the North of China. The reinjection tracer test was carry out based on the doublet system in the Xianxian geothermal field in China with sodium naphthalene sulfonate as the tracer in this paper. The 1D and 3D models were modeled on the software COMSOL in this study to simulate the predictive analysis of multiple exploitation-reinjection schemes and optimize the design. The monitoring data of the tracer concentration in the water samples collected at the wellhead of the exploitation well showed that the tracer was firstly detected on 30th days after the tracer test started. Afterwards, the tracer concentration reached a peak on the 100th day and then gradually decreased until ∼ 140th day, with a tracer recovery rate of 0.0225%. And one dominant fissure channel between the exploitation well and reinjection well with a length of ∼ 513.7 m was shown in the test. The thermal breakthrough time of the exploitation well was defined as the time when the temperature decreases by 2 °C after 100 years of geothermal exploitation. Based on this, the optimal exploitation solution of the geothermal resources was proposed as the spacing between the exploitation well and reinjection well should be set as ∼ 375 m and the exploitation and reinjection volume is 75 m3/h.

Mechanisms of dispersion of metakaolin particles via adsorption of sodium naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde polymer

The influence of different alkali and alkaline earth cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+), and of solution pH, on surface interactions of metakaolin particles with a sodium naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde polymer (SNSFP) (a commercial superplasticizer for concretes) was investigated in aqueous systems relevant to alkali-activated and blended Portland cements. This study used zeta potential measurements, adsorption experiments, and both in situ and ex situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements of the suspensions to gain a fundamental understanding of colloidal interactions and physicochemical mechanisms governing dispersion in this system. SNSFP was most effective in dispersing metakaolin suspensions in Ca2+-modified aqueous NaOH systems (CaCl2-NaOH) at dosages of 5 wt.%. Additionally, Ca2+ was the most effective alkaline earth cation mediator in providing a dispersion effect in metakaolin dispersed in aqueous NaOH and SNSFP mixtures, while Mg2+ was the most effective in aqueous KOH and SNSFP mixtures. The colloidal dispersion remained stable in the highly alkaline environment, and therefore SNSFP could be utilized to improve dispersion of metakaolin-based alkali-activated systems. The suggested mechanism for colloidal stability and fluidity of metakaolin-based cements (e.g. Portland cement blends and alkali-activated cements) is explained by changes in the distribution and structure of the electric double-layer, as well as structural forces, due to alteration in surface charge density and hydrated shell, facilitating competitive adsorption of the polymer.

Influence of Carbon Nanotubes on Traditional Material

Brick as a material is of vital importance in the construction industry, however, the burning processes for its preparation contribute to environmental pollution and the generation of greenhouse gases; for this reason, the present research has as aims to propose quality traditional materials for sustainable buildings through the design of soil-cement mixtures in making brick using raw materials from the amazon region of Ecuador: Centza mine (MC) and Quiringue mine (MQ) and improve the mechanical properties of the brick by incorporating carbon nanotubes, which have been dispersed in two aqueous media, sodium naphthalene sulfonate (NSS) and calcium chloride (CC) in percentages of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%. The characterization of the raw material (analysis: physicochemical and mineralogical) was of great help. The optimum percentage of cement and water was determined through simple compression tests and soil compaction respectively. The different combinations were tested at indirect traction strength at ages 7, 14 and 28 days, determining an optimal mixture for each group of combinations, in this way the simple compressive strength of bricks has been estimated using the Griffith criterion and validation of results by finite element method applying the CivilFEM software, obtaining a resistance of 4 MPa in mixtures of SC-Ar1, 6.3 MPa in combinations of MWCNTs NSS-9 and 5.3 MPa in mixtures of CC-4 MWCNTs, increasing resistance by 57.5% and 32.5% with respect to soil-cement bricks and qualifying them as suitable for use in construction according to standars.

Comparison of Flow and Solubility Properties of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Cement with Two Additive Plasticizing Agents: An In Vitro Study

Proposition: To evaluate the physical properties of flow and solubility of pure and improved mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) cement with the addition of two plasticizing agents: sodium ether polycarboxylate and sodium naphthalene sulfonate at three different concentrations. Material and Methods: Flow and solubility tests were carried out using the established methodology recommended by the 57 ANSI/ADA and ISO 6876:2012 standards. Pure MTA was used as control group and was compared to the MTA containing sodium ether polycarboxylate and sodium naphthalene sulfonate at concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by a post-hoc Tukey test at a 5% significance level. Results: Sodium ether polycarboxylate increased the MTA flow at the three concentrations. The flow increased with increasing concentration (P<0.05). Sodium sulfonate naphthalene also facilitated flow, though it was inferior to sodium ether polycarboxylate. Sodium naphthalene sulfonate promoted a significant increase in the solubility of MTA (p=0.000). Conclusions: The additives improved the physical properties of MTA. Sodium ether polycarboxylate was found to be superior to sodium naphthalene sulfonate at all concentrations.

Congo Red Decolorization and Detoxification by Aspergillus niger: Removal Mechanisms and Dye Degradation Pathway.

Congo red is one of the best known and used azo dyes which has two azo bonds (-N=N-) chromophore in its molecular structure. Its structural stability makes it highly toxic and resistant to biodegradation. The objective of this study was to assess the congo red biodegradation and detoxification by Aspergillus niger. The effects of pH, initial dye concentration, temperature, and shaking speed on the decolorization rate and enzymes production were studied. The maximum decolorization was correlated with lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase production. Above 97% were obtained when 2 g mycelia were incubated at pH 5, in presence of 200 mg/L of dye during 6 days at 28°C and under 120 to 150 rpm shaking speed. The degraded metabolites were characterized by using LC-MS/MS analyses and the biodegradation mechanism was also studied. Congo red bioconversion formed degradation metabolites mainly by peroxidases activities, i.e., the sodium naphthalene sulfonate (m/z = 227) and the cycloheptadienylium (m/z = 91). Phytotoxicity and microtoxicity tests confirmed that degradation metabolites were less toxic than original dye.

Photochemical degradation of an anionic surfactant by TiO2 nanoparticle doped with C, N in aqueous solution

Novel C,N-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared by a solid phase reaction. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The results showed that crystallite size of synthesized C,N-doped TiO2 particles were in nanoscale. UV light photocatalytic studies were carried out using sodium naphthalenesulfonate formaldehyde condensate (SNF) as a model pollutant. The effects of initial concentration of surfactant, catalyst amount, pH, addition of oxidant on the reaction rate were ascertained and optimum conditions for maximum degradation was determined. The results indicated that for a solution of 20 mg/L of SNF, almost 98.7% of the substance were removed at pH ~ 4.0 and 0.44 g/L photocatalyst load, with addition of 1 mM K2S2O8 and irradiation time of 90 min. The kinetics of the process was studied, and the photodegradation rate of SNF was found to obey pseudo-first-order kinetics equation represented by the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model.

Photochemical Degradation of an Anionic Surfactant By TiO2 nanoparticle Doped with C, N in Aqueous Solution

In this work, We synthesized a novel C, N-doped TiO2 nanoparticles by sol-gel method. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The results showed that crystallite size of synthesized C, N-doped TiO2 particles were in nanoscale. UV light photocatalytic studies were carried out using sodium naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde (SNF) as pollutant. The effects of initial concentration of surfactant, catalyst amount, pH, addition of oxidant on the reaction rate were ascertained and optimum conditions for maximum degradation was determined. The results indicated that for a solution of 20 mg/L of sodium naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde, almost 98.7% were removed, in pH around 4.0, 0.44 g/L photocatalyst, 1 mM K2S2O8 irradiated for 90 min. The kinetics process was studied and the photodegradation rate of SNF was found to obey pseudo-first-order kinetics equation represented by the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model.

Properties of normal-strength concrete and mortar with multi-walled carbon nanotubes

This investigation studied the strength and performance of cementitious materials, such as concrete and mortar, with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). One hundred cylindrical specimens 10 cm in diameter and 20 cm in height were used to investigate strength variation and changes in the durability of concrete and mortar as a function of the weight percent (0∼1·5 wt%) of MWNTs and the effectiveness of a dispersion method that used a sodium naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde solution. Industrial-grade MWNTs (purity: >90%, diameter: >50 nm) were used for the test. Ball milling with 1·5 wt% MWNT was processed for 7 h, followed by a dilution process with 0·25, 0·5, 0·75, 1·0, 1·25 and 1·5 wt% dispersive solutions. Ultrasonication treatments were then applied to each diluted solution for 20 min. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, permeability, electrical conductivity and the relative dynamic modulus of the concrete cylinders were tested under a 24 MPa mix design by increasing the wt% MWNT using standard ASTM guidelines. In parallel, MWNT mortar tests were performed for compressive strength, flexural bending and shrinkage with 50 prismatic specimens (4 × 4 × 16 cm in size).

10.2478/s11814-009-0223-6

As a preliminary study for the gasification of an anthracite and petroleum coke mixture, viscosity was measured at various temperatures (20–50 °C), slurry concentrations (60–70 wt%) and additive amounts (0–0.8 wt%) by using an LV-II type viscometer. In addition, four types of different additives, sodium naphthalene sulfonate, poly(methyl methacrylate), polypropylene and a polypropylene glycol based additive, were applied to Korean anthracite, petroleum coke and mixtures of these materials, and the viscosity data were compared. Viscosity dependency values for coal, anthracite, bituminous and sub-bituminous coal, were compared, and it was found that a high content of moisture and particularly ash increases CWS viscosity. The four types of additives tested in this research can effectively diminish the viscosity of coal and especially petroleum coke-water slurry by more than 70% to 95%, respectively. Moreover, the sodium naphthalene sulfonate-based additive reduced the viscosity of coal and petroleum coke-water slurry best, especially at concentrations in excess of 65 wt%. Based on these results, highly loaded slurry created by mixing anthracite and petroleum coke with additives was achieved.

The effect of additive chemicals on the viscosity of coal-petroleum coke-water slurry fuel for a gasification process

As a preliminary study for the gasification of an anthracite and petroleum coke mixture, viscosity was measured at various temperatures (20-50 o C), slurry concentrations (60-70 wt%) and additive amounts (0-0.8 wt%) by using an LV-II type viscometer. In addition, four types of different additives, sodium naphthalene sulfonate, poly(methyl methacrylate), polypropylene and a polypropylene glycol based additive, were applied to Korean anthracite, petroleum coke and mixtures of these materials, and the viscosity data were compared. Viscosity dependency values for coal, anthracite, bituminous and sub-bituminous coal, were compared, and it was found that a high content of moisture and particularly ash increases CWS viscosity. The four types of additives tested in this research can effectively diminish the viscosity of coal and especially petroleum coke-water slurry by more than 70% to 95%, respectively. Moreover, the sodium naphthalene sulfonate-based additive reduced the viscosity of coal and petroleum coke-water slurry best, especially at concentrations in excess of 65 wt%. Based on these results, highly loaded slurry created by mixing anthracite and petroleum coke with additives was achieved.

Stabilization of raw porcelain gres suspensions with sodium naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensates

The stabilization of raw porcelain gres suspensions with sodium naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensates (SNSFC) was examined systematically in order to understand the basis mechanism of dispersion. Small additions of SNSF to the classical deflocculating mixture with sodium silicate were tested. The repulsion between the colloidal particles was correlated with the adsorption isotherm and zeta potential. The naphthalene sulfonate condensates were effective as dispersant for raw porcelain gres suspensions. The efficiency of these dispersant was attributed to electrostatic effect between the colloidal particles. The ability of the SNSFC to stabilise stabilize raw porcelain gres suspensions was not affected by the degree of condensation.

A chromatographic estimate of the degree of surface heterogeneity of reversed-phase liquid chromatography packing materials: II-Endcapped monomeric C 18-bonded stationary phase

In a previous report, the heterogeneity of a non-endcapped C 30-bonded stationary phase was investigated, based on the results of the measurements of the adsorption isotherms of two neutral compounds (phenol and caffeine) and two ionizable compounds (sodium naphthalene sulfonate and propranololium chloride) by frontal analysis (FA). The same method is applied here for the characterization of the surface heterogeneity of two new brands of endcapped C 18-bonded stationary phases (Gemini and Sunfire). The adsorption isotherms of the same four chemicals were measured by FA and the results confirmed by the independent calculation of the adsorption energy distribution (AED), using the expectation-maximization (EM) method. The effect of the length of the bonded alkyl chain was investigated. Shorter alkyl-bonded-chains (C 18 versus C 30) and the end-capping of the silica surface contribute to decrease the surface heterogeneity under the same experimental conditions (30% methanol, 25 mM NaCl). The AEDs of phenol and caffeine are bimodal with the C 18-bonded columns while they are trimodal and quadrimodal, respectively, with a non-endcapped C 30-bonded column. The “supersites” (adsorption energy >20 kJ/mol) found on the C 30-Prontosil column and attributed to a cation exchange mechanism completely disappear on the C 18-Gemini and C 18-Sunfire, probably because the end-capping of the silica surface eliminates most if not all the ionic interactions.

The Properties of Sodium Naphthalene Sulfonate in Lowering Interfacial Tension and its Possibility of Application in EOR

Sodium naphthalene sulfonate (SNS) and methyl naphthalene sulfonate (SMNS) were studied for their interfacial tension under different conditions. It was found that even though it has no soft alkyl chain, SNS displays good activity in lowering the IFT of SNS/alkali/crude oil. When it is mixed with a small amount of other surfactants properly, the activity can be strengthened. These properties make it possible to apply SNS in EOR. Furthermore, the results show it is possible that the rigid aromatic ring can play the role of a hydrophobic group.

Preparation and the mechanisms of formation of silver particles of different morphologies in homogeneous solutions

Uniform, well-dispersed silver particles of various morphologies have been prepared by reducing highly acidic silver nitrate solutions with ascorbic acid in the presence of a sodium naphthalene sulfonate–formaldehyde copolymer as dispersing agent. By varying the temperature of the reaction, the free acid content, the addition rate of the reductant, and the aging time, both isometric and anisotropic silver particles could be obtained. It was found that the latter were formed by aggregation of nanosize subunits, which were identified by electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry.

Effect of Sodium Aromatic Sulfonate Group in Anionic Polymer Dispersant on the Viscosity of Coal−Water Mixtures

This paper focused on the effect of sodium aromatic sulfonate in anionic polymer dispersants on the viscosity of coal−water mixtures (CWMs) with a Tatung coal powder. To determine the optimum molecular structure of a polymer dispersant for the minimum viscosity of a CWM, various anionic co-polymers with different hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups or different molecular weights were prepared, using various types of monomers. Anionic co-polymers with sodium aromatic sulfonate, such as sodium styrene-sulfonate and sodium naphthalene-sulfonate, reduced the viscosity of dense CWMs. In particular, a co-polymer of sodium styrene-sulfonate and sodium acrylate with a molar ratio of 70:30 and a molecular weight of ∼10 000 gave the minimum viscosity of a 70 wt % CWM. To obtain a low viscosity for a CWM, a large electrostatic repulsive force with an absolute value of the zeta potential of the coal particles of >70 mV and >6.5 mg/g of adsorbed polymer on the coal surface were needed. The mixture of sodium polystyrene-sulfonate and sodium polyacrylate with a weight ratio of 50:50 also gave a low viscosity of 70 wt % CWM. On the basis of the results, the adsorption behavior of polymer dispersants on the coal surface is examined by measuring the wettability of coal powder pellets.

Redox history effects accompanying the electrochemical cycling of poly(vinylferrocene)

Cyclic voltammetric studies of poly(vinylferrocene), PVF, in aqueous sodium perchlorate, sodium p-toluenesulfonate, and sodium naphthalenesulfonate solutions revealed unexpected history effects. The films contain redox sites in two local environments. One type of ferrocene site is in a compact, unsolvated environment; it undergoes redox switching in NaClO4 with only the transfer of counter ions. The other type of ferrocene site is in a more diffuse environment; it undergoes redox switching with the transfer of perchlorate counter ion and water. Only the latter sites can accommodate large anions (toluenesulfonate or naphthalenesulfonate), and therefore undergo redox switching in such media. Upon multiple redox cycling, these large anions get progressively locked into the structure, thereby blocking the diffuse sites. Upon transfer back to NaClO4 solution, only the “compact” sites are able to undergo redox switching.