Sodium Metabisulfite Research Articles

In-vitro Antisickling Activity of Pergularia daemia, Canna indica and Petiveria alliacea Plants used in the Treatment of Sickle Cell Anaemia in Edo State, Nigeria

Sickle cell disease is a genetic blood disorder that affects the shape and transportation of the red blood cells (RBCs) in blood vessels, leading to various clinical complications. Available medicines for treating the disease are insufficiently effective, toxic or expensive. Therefore, there has been a pressing need for effective and inexpensive therapeutic agents from indigenous medicinal plants. Petiveria alliacea, Canna indica and Pergularia daemia, respectively were evaluated for their cationic constituents as a measure for their antisickling activity in sickle cell anaemia disorder. The three medicinal plants were extracted separately with methanol solvent using maceration method for 72 hours. The extracts were concentrated using a rotary evaporator (Model RE, 200, USA). Phytochemical screenings were conducted using standard method, while other portions of the extract were subjected to dry ash digestion for determination of mineral elements by emission flame photometry (EFP) and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Evaluation of the antisickling activity of the extracts was done using the sodium metabisulphite (SMBS) test. Eugenol, terpenoids and alkaloids were present in the three plant extracts, while K+ values recorded for Petiveria alliacea, Canna indica and Pergularia daemia were 54.30 mg kg–1, 180.10 mg kg–1 and 28.30 mg kg–1, respectively. Other mineral elements detected in the three plants were Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and Mg2+. The leaves extract of Canna indica and Pergularia daemia at high dose of 300 µg/mL caused significant reductions of sickle red blood cells from 15% to 6% and 15% to 1%, respectively at 90 minutes of the antisickling test. The research confirmed that extracts of both Canna indica and Pergularia daemia used in this study have significant antisickling properties in invitro studies than Petiveria alliacea.
 Keywords: Antisickling activity, Petiveria alliacea, Canna indica, Pergularia daemia, sickle cell, phytochemicals, minerals

Radical Cascade Cyclization of Unactivated Alkene-Tethered Indoles with Aryldiazonium Salt and Sodium Metabisulfite to Access Azo- and Sulfonylated-2,3-Dihyro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indoles.

A method for the construction of heterocyclic scaffold 2,3-dihyro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indoles via arylsulfonyl radical-triggered cascade cyclization of unactivated alkene-tethered indoles in the absence of any external photocatalyst has been developed. This protocol features easily accessible starting materials such as sodium metabisulfite and aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates at room temperature and offers good functional group compatibility, enabling the introduction of various functionalized sulfonyl and azo groups into pyrrolo[1,2-a]indoles.

CD02 A retrospective comparison of Chemotechnique Cosmetic series–positive contact allergens with the British Society for Cutaneous Allergy facial series

Abstract Patch testing is an important tool in the assessment of facial dermatitis. The cosmetic or facial series of haptens are highly relevant in facial dermatitis. The British Society for Cutaneous Allergy has recently updated the facial series to include the reduced number of 24 haptens. We compared positive allergens found in the Chemotechnique Cosmetic series (60 haptens) with that of the British Society for Cutaneous Allergy (BSCA) facial series. We conducted a retrospective review of patients who were patch tested to the Chemotechnique Cosmetic series over a 30-month period. We recorded and compared positive contact allergens in this series with that of the BSCA facial series. Sixty-three patients were patch tested to the Chemotechnique Cosmetic series over a 30-month period. Twenty-one patients were diagnosed with at least one positive contact allergen. In total, 35 contact allergies were diagnosed. Contact allergen positivity was seen to sorbitan oleate (Span 80; positive rate 4.7%), thimerosal (Merthiolate; positive rate 4.7%), chloroacetamide (positive rate 4.7%), hexahyrdo-1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl) triazine (Groton BK; positive rate 4.7%), abitol (hydroabietyl alcohol; positive rate 9.5%), benzophenon-3 (Eusolex® 4360, EscalolTM 567, oxybenzone; positive rate 4.7%), sorbitan sesquioleate (positive rate 14.2%), benzyl salicylate (positive rate 9.5%), tert-butyl hydroquinone (positive rate 14.2%), tea tree oil oxidized (positive rate 4.7%), 3-(dimethylamino)-1-propylamine (positive rate 4.7%), Amerchol (positive rate 4.7%), quaternium (positive rate 4.7%), methyldibromo glutaronitrile (MDBGN; positive rate 9.5%), methylisothiazolinone (MI; positive rate 4.7%), sodium metabisulfite (positive rate 28.5%) and gallate mix (positive rate 28.5%). Nine patients (43%) were found to have more than one contact allergy. Five of the positive haptens (Amerchol, quaternium, MDBGN, MI and sodium metabisulfite) are captured within the BSCA standard series but are not found within the BSCA facial series. Benzophenone 3 is captured within the BSCA extra facial series. Five further haptens [sorbitan oleate (Span 80), thimerosal (Merthiolate), chloroacetamide, hexahyrdo-1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl) triazine (Groton BK) and benzyl salicylate] were captured with the Chemotechnique series. However, these five are not included in the BSCA facial series and would not otherwise have been identified. Seventeen per cent of contact allergies would not have been diagnosed in this study if the BSCA facial series had been applied. This study highlights the variation in positivity seen between the Chemotechnique and BSCA facial series and the potential for missed diagnoses.

Kakadu plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana) bioactivity against spoilage microorganisms and oxidative reactions in refrigerated raw beef patties under modified atmosphere packaging

Raw beef patties were treated with either 450 ppm of Sodium metabisulphite (SMB), or Kakadu plum powder (KPP) (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%) or no additive (negative control) and stored under Modified Atmosphere Packaging at 4 ± 1 °C for 20 days. Lipid oxidation, microbial growth rate, pH, instrumental color, and surface myoglobin were studied. Total phenolic compounds (TPC) and vitamin C of the KPP were also measured. The TPC was 13.9 g GAE/ 100 g dry weight (DW) and for vitamin C, the L-AA (l-ascorbic acid) and DHAA (dehydroascorbic acid) were 12.05 g/100 g and 0.5 g/ 100 g DW, respectively. The experimental results indicated that lipid oxidation was significantly delayed throughout the storage period for KPP-treated samples compared to both the negative control and SMB-treated samples. KPP at levels of 0.2% and 0.4% in the raw beef patties were efficient in slowing down the microbial growth rate compared to the negative control; however, SMB had a higher antimicrobial activity. The pH, the redness as well as metmyoglobin formation in the raw beef patties were reduced by the inclusion of the KPP in treated samples. A correlation (r = −0.66) was noted between KPP treatments and lipid oxidation, but there was no correlation (r = −0.006) between KPP treatment and microbial growth. This study demonstrates that KPP could be used as natural preservative for shelf-life extension of raw beef patties.

Developing sodium metabisulfite (SMBS)-containing Eudragit L100-55 microparticles for controlled intestinal release of SMBS to detoxify deoxynivalenol

This study aimed to achieve effective in vivo detoxification of deoxynivalenol (DON) contained in piglet feedstuff by developing sodium metabisulfite (SMBS)-containing Eudragit L100-55 (ES) microparticles as a novel feed additive. DON detoxification was assessed in vitro (IPEC-J2 cell) and in vivo (piglet). Within 2 h of exposure to simulated gastric fluid (SGF), 14.31% of encapsulated SMBS was released from ES microparticles, while 82.93% was released in another 80 min in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). In IPEC-J2 cells, 0.1% ES microparticles remediated the toxicity of DON after 2 h incubation in SGF and 40 min in SIF. Forty weaned piglets with similar body weights (10 pigs/treatment) were fed for 28 days. Four diets were used: negative control (NC, 0.00 ppm DON), positive control (PC, 3.33 ppm DON), pure SMBS (PST, 3.33 ppm DON and 0.2% SMBS), and ES microparticles (EST, 3.33 ppm DON and 0.40% ES microparticles). The PC diet reduced ADG by 21.4% and ADFI by 20.1% compared to the NC diet (P < 0.05). The EST diet increased ADG and ADFI by 21.7% and 17.7% compared to the PC diet (P < 0.05), with no significant difference from the NC diet (P > 0.05). Compared to the PC and PST diets, the EST diet increased villus height, villus height/crypt depth ratio, mRNA levels of claudin 3 and peptide transporter 1, and decreased mRNA level of toll-like receptor 4 (P < 0.05). ES microparticles could protect SMBS, and the released SMBS could mitigate the toxic effects of DON in piglets.

Drying parameters of wild lettuce (Lactuca taraxaxifolia L) affected by different drying methods

This study focused on the effect of drying method on drying properties of wild lettuce leaves. The fresh wild lettuce was washed thoroughly to remove extraneous parts and subjected to pretreatments by dipping 200 g of vegetable samples into the water (1.5w/v) solution with 0.3% sodium metabisulphite held at room temperature. The pre-treated and untreated leaves were weighed and loaded in stainless steel tray and subjected to drying under cabinet dryer, open-sun drying and solar dryer. The wild lettuce drying curve exhibits a gentle downward curve, i.e. a high moisture loss at the early period of drying for all the drying methods used. The effective moisture diffusivity and activation energy were determined. The effective moisture diffusivity increased with the increase in temperature of drying. This study showed that post harvest losses of wild letuce can be minimized through drying, using mechnical devices or open sun drying, which is one of the oldest preservation processes available to the mankind.

Contact sensitisation in oral lichen planus: An Australian perspective.

The role of contact sensitisation in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus (OLP) has not been clearly defined. We aimed to evaluate relevant contact sensitisers in OLP. A retrospective study was conducted on OLP patients who underwent patch testing from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2020 at an Australian tertiary dermatology institution, compared to cheilitis patients patch tested over the same time period. Ninety-six OLP patients and 152 cheilitis patients were patch tested during the 15-year period. Seventy-one (73.9%) OLP patients and 100 (65.8%) cheilitis patients recorded one or more relevant reactions. Forty-three (44.8%), 22 (22.9%), 21 (21.9%) and 17 (17.7%) OLP patients had relevant reactions to mercury-related chemicals, amalgam, spearmint and carvone, respectively, compared to 6 (3.9%), 3 (2.0%), 4 (2.6%) and 0 (0%) cheilitis patients, respectively (p-value <0.001 each). Four (4.2%) OLP patients had relevant positive reactions to sodium metabisulfite, compared to none in the cheilitis group (p-value 0.021). While dental amalgam is used less frequently these days, we report that mercury (found in amalgam) and additionally spearmint and carvone are relevant sensitisers in OLP in Australia. Sodium metabisulfite may also be a relevant sensitiser in OLP, which has not previously been reported.

Visible-Light-Induced Synthesis of Alkylsulfonated Isoquinolinones from 2-Aryl Indoles/Benzimidazoles through Insertion of Sulfur Dioxide.

A visible-light-induced three-component reaction of 2-aryl indoles/benzimidazoles, Hantzsch esters, and sodium pyrosulfite through a radical cascade cyclization process with the insertion of sulfur dioxide is described. It provides a novel and powerful way for the synthesis of alkylsulfonated isoquinolinones. Hantzsch esters and Na2S2O5 are employed as alkyl radical precursors and SO2 surrogate, respectively. This transformation exhibits good functional group tolerance and substrate applicability under mild conditions.

Anionic bio-flocculants from sugarcane for purification of sucrose: An application of circular bioeconomy

In sugar production, polyacrylamide-based anionic flocculants are added for juice treatment, the main objective being to remove impurities that affect the quality of the sugar. However, if they remain in the final product, those polymers can present carcinogenic and neurotoxic actions besides contaminating the soils where the waste is discharged. To overcome this problem, the present study proposes, for the first time, natural flocculants based on cellulose obtained from sugarcane bagasse (residue from sugarcane processing) as substitutes for the flocculants based on polyacrylamide, normally used in sugar cane juice purification. Additionally, cellulose-based flocculants obtained from Acacia wood, developed in a previous study, have also been tested for sugar juice treatment. Acacia wood and sugarcane bagasse were first treated with a choline chloride/levulinic acid solution in a molar ratio of 1:2, at 160 °C, for 4 h. Subsequently, the cellulose-rich samples were modified by a two-stage process (oxidation with sodium periodate followed by reaction with sodium metabisulfite), and polyelectrolytes with different characteristics were produced. The final products obtained were characterized, and their performance in the treatment of sugarcane juice, at different concentrations (10, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg kg−1), was evaluated and compared to the synthetic commercial flocculant (Flonex, based on polyacrylamide) usually used by the sugarcane industry in Brazil. The substitution of petrol-based flocculants by natural-based ones, obtained from sugarcane residues, is presented for the first time in this study, with very relevant performance of the new flocculants. Overall, it was possible to produce anionic flocculants, modifying the cellulose obtained from different raw materials, which showed good results in the purification of sucrose, when compared with the commercial polyacrylamide normally used. It is also important to stress that, for the first time, a residue from sugarcane industry could be used with success in the purification of the sugar juice itself, which constitutes a major novelty.

The effects of sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) on the physicochemical properties of breadnut seeds (artocarpus camansi)

Starch can be produced from many plant varieties and through various processing methods. Breadnut (Artocarpus camansi) is a plant variety containing seeds that are rich in carbohydrates to produce starch. However, it has not been widely used and converted into useful products because it is still traditionally considered waste. Starch can be produced physically, chemically, and enzymatically. In this study, the starch extraction from breadnut seeds was conducted using a chemical method, namely immersion into sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) at concentrations of 600, 800, and 1000 ppm. Characterization includes starch content, water content, amylose content, crystallinity using XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), functional groups using FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), and morphology using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). The results showed the immersion of breadnut seeds into sodium metabisulfite affected the physicochemical properties. The produced starch content ranged from 53.56-54.87%; water content ranged from 5.83-6.66%; amylose content ranged from 27.07-30.80%. Based on the X-ray diffraction pattern, breadnut seed starch belonged to Type B which reached the highest peak at 17° 2θ. The functional group also showed the same FTIR spectrum in the breadnut seeds starch. Meanwhile, the morphological result showed that the starch granules of breadnut seeds ranged from 6.6 μm to 8.1 μm.

Application of Amine Salts of Glycyrrhizinic Acid for Prevention of Grape Rot during Storage Period

Rots of various origins account for a significant part of the losses of grapes both during the growing season and during long-term storage. Along with traditional methods, to prevent damage to grapes during storage, environmentally friendly preparations were tested, the raw materials for which were licorice roots (Glycyrrhiza). The corresponding salts of glycyrrhizic acid were synthesized by the interaction of glycyrrhizic acid with o-phenylenediamine and methyl ester of p-aminobenzoic acid in a medium of dry acetone. The universal grape variety Moldova was chosen as the object of the study, and the storage was carried out in a refrigerator at a temperature of 5°C for 4 months. To prevent the development of pathogenic microflora, granules of sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) were used at the rate of 20 g per 7–8 kg of grapes and in the same dose granules of o-phenylenediamine glycyrrhizic acid and methyl ether of p-aminobenzoic acid, as well as granules of dried crushed licorice root. It was revealed that when using Na2S2O5, to protect against the effects of harmful microflora, there were no losses either from rotting or from tearing the berries from the crest of the bunch, the color and consistency of the berries remained the same as during storage. The effectiveness of the tested drugs with the same method of application was somewhat less: in the variant with licorice root granules, losses amounted to more than half, with o-phenylenediamine glycyrrhizic acid (compound 2) – about half of the product, with methyl ester of p-aminobenzoic acid (compound 3), the yield of standard products was slightly more than 70% of the batch stored.

Inactivation of zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in complete feed for weaned piglets: Efficacy of ZEN hydrolase ZenA and of sodium metabisulfite (SBS) as feed additives

Female pigs respond sensitive both to DON and ZEN with anorexia and endocrine disruption, respectively, when critical diet concentrations are exceeded. Therefore, the frequent co-contamination of feed by DON and ZEN requires their parallel inactivation. The additive ZenA hydrolyzes ZEN while SBS inactivates DON through sulfonation. Both supplements were simultaneously added (+, 2.5 g SBS and 100 U ZenA/kg) to a control diet (CON−, 0.04 mg DON and < 0.004 mg ZEN/kg; CON+, 0.03 mg DON and < 0.004 mg ZEN/kg) and a Fusarium toxin contaminated diet (FUS−, 2.57 mg DON and 0.24 mg ZEN/kg; FUS+, 2.04 mg DON and 0.24 mg ZEN/kg). The 4 diets were fed to 20 female weaned piglets each (6 kg initial body weight) for 35 days; the piglets were sacrificed thereafter for collecting samples. Supplements improved performance and modified metabolism and hematology independent of dietary DON contamination. The mechanisms behind these changes could not be clarified and require further consideration. SBS reduced DON concentration in feed by approximately 20% and to the same extent in blood plasma and urine suggesting that no further DON sulfonate formation occurred in the digestive tract before absorbing DON in the upper digestive tract or that additionally formed DON sulfonates escaped absorption. DON sulfonates were detected in feces suggesting that unabsorbed DON sulfonates reached feces and/or that unabsorbed DON was sulfonated in the hindgut. The observed reduction rate of 20% was evaluated to be insufficient for feeding practice. Galenic form of SBS added to dry feed needs to be improved to support the DON sulfonation in the proximal digestive tract.ZenA was active in the digestive tract as demonstrated by the presence of its hydrolyzed none-estrogenic reaction products hydrolyzed ZEN (HZEN) and decarboxylated and hydrolyzed ZEN (DHZEN) both in feces, systemic circulation, and urine of group FUS+ compared to group FUS−. The presence of these hydrolysis products was paralleled by a significant decrease in high-estrogenic ZEN concentrations which, in turn, was related to a decrease in relative weights of uteri and ovaries when compared to group FUS−. Thus, ZenA was proven to be effective; both in terms of biomarkers and biological effects.

Non-Destructive Screening of Sodium Metabisulfite Residue on Shrimp by SERS with Copy Paper Loaded with AgNP.

In order to prompt the appearance of the shrimp color, sodium metabisulfite is frequently added in shrimp processing, which is, however, prohibited in China and many other countries. This study aimed to establish a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method for screening sodium metabisulfite residues on shrimp surfaces, in a non-destructive manner. The analysis was carried out using a portable Raman spectrometer jointly with copy paper loaded with silver nanoparticles as the substrate material. The SERS response of sodium metabisulfite gives two fingerprint peaks at 620 (strong) and 927 (medium) cm-1, respectively. This enabled unambiguous confirmation of the targeted chemical. The sensitivity of the SERS detection method was determined to be 0.1 mg/mL, which was equal to residual sodium metabisulfite on the shrimp surface at 0.31 mg/kg. The quantitative relationship between the 620 cm-1 peak intensities and the concentrations of sodium metabisulfite was established. The linear fitting equation was y = 2375x + 8714 with R2 = 0.985. Reaching an ideal balance in simplicity, sensitivity, and selectivity, this study demonstrates that the proposed method is ideally suitable for in-site and non-destructive screening of sodium metabisulfite residues in seafood.

Effect of soaking time sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) and carboxymethyl cellullose (CMC) on the characteristics of lowe banana starch

Effect of soaking time sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) and carboxymethyl cellullose (CMC) on the characteristics of lowe banana starch

Consumer preferences and willingness to pay for dried traditional mangos from Kitui – A marketing analysis for Kenya and Germany

The Kenyan mango value chain faces high post-harvest losses due to poor market access alongside a lack of storage technologies and processing facilities. Thus, using fruit processing methods, like solar drying, can enhance shelf life and help smallholder farmers access new markets, diversifying income and livelihoods. Nonetheless, the processing of both indigenous and grafted mango fruits is not a very common practice. This study was conducted to support product development targeting processing and marketing to link farmers to both local and export markets. Four independent consumer testing and sensory evaluation rounds on Kitui’s dried mango flakes were conducted in Germany and Kenya. Data were collected via a group tasting by 31 randomly selected participants and an online questionnaire of 304 randomly selected participants. All participants were given samples of different varieties of dried mango flakes with and without additives. Results show that high-quality mango cultivars, like Ngowe, receive high hedonic scores without any additives (honey, sodium metabisulfite, or ascorbic acid). Some varieties positively respond to the treatments and achieve higher scores, e.g., Van Dyke or the indigenous variety Kikamba. The consumers testing in Germany show that extrinsic attributes, such as organic production, fair trade, cooperative, and sustainable labelled flakes open up new opportunities for farmers who aim for the export market. Against findings derived from German panellists, in Kenya, consumers do not show a higher willingness to pay despite having a positive attitude toward sustainability. Thus, the local market should focus on cost-reduction strategies rather than introducing standardisation.

Utilization of Porcine Livers through the Formation of Zn-Protoporphyrin Pigment Optimized by a Response Surface Methodology.

There is a growing demand for clean-label products. This study aimed to obtain a food-grade coloring ingredient for meat products based on the formation of Zn-protoporphyrin from porcine livers, thus contributing to the development of nitrite-free products. First, the effects of sodium disulfite and acetic, ascorbic, and lactic acids on the formation of Zn-protoporphyrin and the total microbial count were studied. The combination of ascorbic and acetic acids resulted in a higher Zn-protoporphyrin content than acetic acid alone, and microbial levels were maintained (ca. 3 log CFU/mL). Second, a response surface methodology was used to maximize Zn-protoporphyrin while maintaining microbiological food standards. To that end, the effects of pH (4.2-5.4), incubation time (3-30 h), and temperature (25-50 °C) were studied. The selected conditions for Zn-protoporphyrin formation involved anaerobic incubation at pH 4.8 and 45 °C for 24 h. The safety was validated through challenge testing for relevant pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Clostridium perfringens). A significant reduction (>6 log units) was observed in the selected conditions for L. monocytogenes and Salmonella, whereas C. perfringens spores remained at the inoculated levels. The optimized procedure is proven to be microbiologically safe, and may improve the color of nitrite-free meat products.

Systemic Contact Dermatitis to Sodium Metabisulfite Presenting As Episodic, Unilateral Lip Swelling.

Dermatitis®Ahead of Print Pearls & ZebrasSystemic Contact Dermatitis to Sodium Metabisulfite Presenting As Episodic, Unilateral Lip SwellingHadley Johnson and JiaDe YuHadley Johnsonhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0101-2017University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.Search for more papers by this author and JiaDe YuAddress reprint requests to JiaDe Yu, MD, MS, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, Suite 200, Boston, MA 02114, USA. E-mail Address: jiade.yu@mgh.harvard.eduDepartment of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:2 May 2023https://doi.org/10.1089/derm.2023.0039AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail View article"Systemic Contact Dermatitis to Sodium Metabisulfite Presenting As Episodic, Unilateral Lip Swelling." Dermatitis®, , pp. FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 0Issue 0 Information© 2023 American Contact Dermatitis Society. All Rights Reserved.To cite this article:Hadley Johnson and JiaDe Yu.Systemic Contact Dermatitis to Sodium Metabisulfite Presenting As Episodic, Unilateral Lip Swelling.Dermatitis®.ahead of printhttp://doi.org/10.1089/derm.2023.0039Online Ahead of Print:May 2, 2023PDF download

Production Process Technology and Physic-Chemical Characterization of Beneng Taro Flour

Beneng Taro (Xanthosoma undipes) is one of the taro that grows in a specific location developed in the Banten Province, Indonesia. Taro has the main component in the form of flour and starch are widely used. However for further use, there are components that cause itching in the form of oxalate levels that must be lowered. Several process technologies can be utilized to optimize thecharacteristics of taro flour, making it feasible to be used as raw main based material for furtherfood processing. The purpose of this research activity to carry out the production process along with physical characterization and oxalate content of taro beneng flour. The research method consisted of a variation of the immersion treatment and the drying process. The results obtained were then analyzed for yield, color, whiteness, moisture content and oxalate content of the resulted flour. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be seen that immersion using NaCl, sodium metabisulfite and citric acid can reduce the oxalate content. In the variation of the combination of 0.5% citric acid addition in immersion with sun drying method is effective treatment. While the combination of 0.1% citric acid is effective in the oven drying method. The results ofthis production process can be further developed in the field in a larger capacity.

Study of acidic air pollutant (SO2 and NO2) tolerance of microalgae with sodium bicarbonate as growth stimulant

Abstract The major environmental toxicity of acidic pollutant in the fossil fuel gas substances has long been well known. Macro and microalgae are biological sources with a large range of biotechnological uses, for e.g., bioremediation, bio-fuel, air pollutant absorber, and many more. This study addresses the use of Chlamydomonas sp., an effective biomaterial in their tolerance against 2 and 5% of the SO2 &amp; NO2. Growth kinetics were improved by the addition of sodium bicarbonate to the culture conical media. SO2 and NO2 were provided to culture media by the use of sodium meta-bisulfite and nitrous acid. The control combination of SO2 and NO2 provides: 2% SO2, 5% SO2, 2% NO2, 5% NO2, (2% SO2 + 2% NO2), (5% SO2 + 5% NO2) at the seventh day of incubation. The optimum pH ranged between 7.1 and 8.6 when exposed to gas. Results suggested that the growth kinetics of Chlamydomonas sp. is greater in SO2 and low in the 5% exposure of NO2. The maximum absorbing concentrations of SO2 and NO2 were 921.625 μg/ml and 906.25 μg/ml respectively for Chlamydomonas sp. This work highlights the potential of algae in tolerance to NO2 &amp; SO2 from the polluted air.

Oxidative preservative and sensory effects of Harpephyllum caffrum (wild plum) peel extracts in fresh ground beef patties

Indigenous, underutilized fruits-byproducts are potential sources of novel antioxidants for the food industry. The current study evaluated the effects of different levels of purified ethanolic extracts of Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh peel (HCP, 0, 250, 450 and 650 ppm) on shelf life and sensory attributes of fresh ground beef patties stored at 4 °C during 9 days in comparison with sodium metabisulfite (SMB, 450 ppm). Antioxidant type × day interactions influenced (P ≤ 0.05) shelf life parameters, including loss of colour, myoglobin and protein oxidation. The HCP extracts improved colour and protein (i.e., reduced thiol loss) stability during storage compared to the control. The HCP treatments had lower (P ≤ 0.05) TBARS on day 9 compared to the control. Also, HCP reduced (P ≤ 0.05) tenderness and juiciness, and increased undesirable flavours in beef patties compared to control and SMB. The study indicates that HCP is a potential alternative to SMB in improving oxidative shelf life of the beef patties, with additional studies recommended to reduce adverse effects on sensory quality.