Sodium Iron Chlorophyllin Research Articles

Effects of sodium copper- and sodium iron-chlorophyllin primers on resin bonding to dentin.

This study evaluated the effects of two chlorophyll derivatives, sodium copper chlorophyllin (Cu-Chl) and sodium iron chlorophyllin (Fe-Chl), on the bond strength between a self-curing luting agent (4-META/MMA-TBB resin) and dentin. Five aqueous primers containing 35% 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate with 0.007% Cu-Chl, 0.07% Cu-Chl, 0.007% Fe-Chl, 0.07% Fe-Chl, or neither Cu-Chl nor Fe-Chl (no-Chl) were prepared. The extracted human dentin surfaces were etched with 10% phosphoric acid (10PA), primed, and bonded to a resin block using the 4-META/MMA-TBB resin. A conventional etching agent (10-3) and 10PA without primer (PA/no-primer) were used as controls. The microtensile bond strength was determined after 48h. The arithmetic medians for 20 stick specimens were calculated and statistically analyzed using a nonparametric Steel-Dwass test (α=0.05). The maximum bond strength was achieved in the 0.007% Cu-Chl group, followed by those in the 0.07% Cu-Chl, 0.07% Fe-Chl, 10-3, 0.007% Fe-Chl, no-Chl, and PA/no-primer groups. No significant difference was observed between 0.007% Fe-Chl, 0.07% Fe-Chl, and 10-3. The bond strength to dentin etched with 10PA was influenced by the type and concentration of the chlorophyll derivatives applied. Cu-Chl rather than Fe-Chl should be useful as a component of surface treatment agents for bonding 4-META/MMA-TBB resin to dentin.

Shengxuening Extracted from Silkworm Excrement Mitigates Myelosuppression via SCF-Mediated JAK2/STAT3 Signaling.

Shengxuening (SXN) is a Chinese patent medicine with main ingredients (including chlorophyll derivatives and sodium iron chlorophyllin) extracted from silkworm excrement. SXN exhibited efficacy in clinical trials of renal anemia and iron deficiency anemia; however, the specific mechanisms remain unclear. This study found that SXN increased the number of peripheral blood cells and improved the bone marrow morphology in myelosuppressed mouse model, reversed the reduction in body weight and spleen indices, and increased the serum levels of erythropoietin and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Quantitative real-time PCR array and Western blot analysis showed the enhanced expression of stem cell factor (SCF), JAK2, and STAT3 in the liver. These results suggested that SXN promoted the recovery of hemopoietic function in myelosuppressed models by increasing the secretion of hematopoietic factors and activating the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Therefore, this medicine may be applied as therapeutic pharmaceutical drug to mitigate myelosuppression.

Modelling of controlled drug release in gastrointestinal tract simulation

The drug release system is a process in which a bioactive substance discharged from a drug product and enters the process of absorption, distribution and metabolism to deliver its pharmacological action. The drug release is maintained at a specific rate to maximize the benefits as well as to suppress the side impacts. The release rate behaviour is affected by physiological conditions such as ion charge, pH level and enzymatic environment. Since the intestinal tract itself varies broadly in a pH environment, hence it is important to study the profile of drug release in different pH conditions. Mathematical model turns out very useful in predicting the drug release as well as reducing experimental works. The objective of this work was to study the mathematical model in describing the drug release profile in gastrointestinal tract liquid simulation. The release profiles of furosemide and sodium-iron chlorophyllin encapsulation were studied in the pH ranges 1.3-1.5 and 6.8-7.4 to simulate the different part of gastrointestinal tract acidity. The Korsemeyer-Peppas, Weibull and Gompertz were applied in describing the profile. Korsmeyer-Peppas model shows more superior (R2>0.912) than Weibull and Gompertz in describing the release kinetic of furosemide and sodium-iron chlorophyllin encapsulations in both pHs of GTS. The n values of Korsmeyer-Peppas are mostly less than 0.5 suggesting the release mechanism was governed by diffusion.

The Optimization and Verification of an Analytical Method for Sodium Iron Chlorophyllin in Foods Using HPLC and LC/MS

The Optimization and Verification of an Analytical Method for Sodium Iron Chlorophyllin in Foods Using HPLC and LC/MS

Efficacy of SXN in the Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Phase IV Clinical Trial.

Shengxuening (SXN) tablet is extracted from the excrement of the silkworm and has effects on hematopoiesis. The main components of SXN are chlorophyll derivatives and sodium iron chlorophyllin (SIC). The present study aims to investigate the efficiency and safety of SXN on iron deficiency anemia. This phase IV, multicenter, open-label, randomized clinical trial was conducted in 31 hospitals in China from June 2001 to April 2002. Adults and children were randomly divided into low-dose (L-SXN), medium-dose (M-SXN), and high-dose (H-SXN) groups, respectively. The course of treatment was 1 month. Peripheral hemogram levels and iron status were examined before and after treatment. Adults in all three dose groups demonstrated a significant increase in hemoglobin (HGB) concentration. Children who received SXN treatment in medium and high doses also demonstrated increased HGB concentration. Reticulocyte counts increased at the end of treatment in the M-SXN and H-SXN adult groups and in the M-SXN child group. For both children and adults, SXN in the three dose groups was found to significantly elevate red blood cell level, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. The total effective rate in the SXN-treated group reached 84.8%. The incidence of adverse events was 4.07%. The most common side effects were nausea (2.83%), diarrhea (0.74%), and rash (0.25%). SXN was proved to be efficient and safe for adults and children with iron deficiency anemia.

Simultaneous determination of sodium iron chlorophyllin and sodium copper chlorophyllin in food using high-performance liquid chromatography and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

A simultaneous method for analyzing sodium iron chlorophyllin (SIC) and sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC) using high-performance liquid chromatography was developed. This method employed an Inertsil ODS-2 column and diode array detection at 395 nm, using methanol-water (97:3 and 80:20, v/v) containing 1% acetic acid as the mobile phase. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify the main components of SIC and SCC as Fe-isochlorine e4 and Cu-isochlorine e4, respectively. The limits of detection and quantitation of SIC were 1.2 and 4.1 mg/kg, respectively, while those of SCC were 1.4 and 4.8 mg/kg, respectively. For intraday and interday tests, the SIC recoveries from candy ranged from 81% to 101%, while SCC recoveries ranged from 100% to 109%. The developed method can be applied to the rapid determination of SIC and SCC in candy.

In vitro Antioxidant Activities of Sodium Zinc and Sodium Iron Chlorophyllins from Pine Needles.

Chlorophyll was extracted from pine needles, and then sodium zinc chlorophyllin (SZC) and sodium iron chlorophyllin (SIC) were synthesised by saponification, purification and substitution reaction, using sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC) as a control. Their crystalline structures were verified by atomic absorbance spectroscopy, UV-VIS spectroscopy and HPLC. Moreover, their antioxidant activities were evaluated and compared with that of ascorbic acid through four biochemical assays: DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, reducing power, inhibition of β-carotene bleaching and O 2- scavenging activity. SZC had better antioxidant properties at a lower dosage than SIC and SCC in all assays. In the β-carotene bleaching assay, EC 50 of SZC, SIC and SCC was 0.04, 0.38 and 0.90 mg/mL, respectively, much lower than that of ascorbic acid (4.0 mg/mL). SZC showed a better result (p<0.05) than ascorbic acid in the O 2- scavenging activity assay. The results obtained from reducing power determination were also excellent: the absorbance values were all about 1.0 at 0.5 mg/mL, about half of that of ascorbic acid. In the investigation of DPPH radical scavenging activity, all chlorophyllins had lower activities than ascorbic acid. These results demonstrated the potential bioactivities of chlorophyll derivatives and supported their possible role in human health protection and disease prevention.

A 13-week subchronic toxicity study of sodium iron chlorophyllin in F344 rats

Sodium iron chlorophyllin (SIC), a water-soluble chlorophyll derivative, has been used as a food additive for green coloration. In the present study, a subchronic toxicity study of SIC was performed in male and female F344 rats with oral administration in diet at concentrations of 0%, 0.2%, 1.0%, and 5.0% for 13 weeks. No mortalities, abnormal clinical signs, and hematological changes were observed in any of the groups during the experiment. Significant reduction of body weight gain was noted in 5.0% males. In serum biochemistry, serum transferrin levels were significantly increased in 5.0% males and females. Relative spleen weights of both sexes were markedly reduced with 5.0% SIC as compared to the controls, and absolute weights of spleen were also significantly decreased in males. On histopathological assessment, diffuse hypertrophy of acinar cells in the parotid gland was observed in all examined 5.0% males and females, but not in the other groups. Based on the histopathology of the parotid glands, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of SIC in the present study was estimated to be 1.0% (609 mg/kg bw/day for males and 678 mg/kg bw/day for females).

Tungsten and nitrogen co-doped TiO2 electrode sensitized with Fe–chlorophyllin for visible light photoelectrocatalysis

Sol-hydrothermal method was used to fabricate tungsten (W) and nitrogen (N) co-doped titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were sensitized with a natural dye, sodium–iron–chlorophyllin (Fe–chl). The W and N co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), filed scanning electron microscopy (FSEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). This catalyst was sensitized with different concentrations of Fe–chl to prepare a photoelectrochemical electrode that was characterized by electrochemistry analysis and UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectra. The photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) degradation of methyl orange (MO) under visible light illumination on the obtained electrodes was investigated. The conduction and valence bands of TiO2 were respectively modified with W and N. The 3d orbit of W lowered the conduction band level of TiO2 and the 2p orbit of N shifts the valence band level of TiO2 upward. This condition, along with the excitation of the TiO2 electrode to electron–hole that was induced by porphyrin in Fe–chl under visible illumination, resulted in the high PEC activity of the W/N–TiO2–Fe–chl electrode. The highest degradation (64.3%) and CODCr removal (48.2%) efficiencies of MO on W/N–TiO2–Fe–chl-2mM under visible light illumination for 4h were obtained by applying bias potential +1.5V.

Comparative proteomic analysis of drug sodium iron chlorophyllin addition to Hep 3B cell line

The human hepatoma 3B cell line was chosen as an experimental model for in vitro test of drug screening. The drugs included chlorophyllin and its derivatives such as fluo-chlorophyllin, sodium copper chlorophyllin, and sodium iron chlorophyllin. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method was used in this study to obtain the primary screening results. The results showed that sodium iron chlorophyllin had the best LC(50) value. Proteomic analysis was then performed for further investigation of the effect of sodium iron chlorophyllin addition to the Hep 3B cell line. The proteins identified from a total protein extract of Hep 3B before and after the drug addition were compared by two-dimensional-gel-electrophoresis. Then 32 three-fold differentially expressed proteins were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF-TOF-MS. There are 29 unique proteins among those identified proteins. These proteins include proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), T-complex protein, heterogeneous nuclear protein, nucleophosmin, heat shock protein A5 (HspA5) and peroxiredoxin. HspA5 is one of the proteins which are involved in protecting cancer cells against stress-induced apoptosis in cultured cells, protecting them against apoptosis through various mechanisms. Peroxiredoxin has anti-oxidant function and is related to cell proliferation, and signal transduction. It can protect the oxidation of other proteins. Peroxiredoxin has a close relationship with cancer and can eventually become a disease biomarker. This might help to develop a novel treatment method for carcinoma cancer.

Preparation and In-vitro Release Performance of Sodium-iron Chlorophyllin Microcapsules

Objective To investigate the preparation and the drug in vitro release mechanism of Sodium-iron Chlorophyllin microcapsules. Methods Sodium-iron Chlorophyllin/ Ethylcellulose (EC) microcapsules were prepared by solvent- nonsolvent method. Model-fitting were used to study the in-vitro release mechanism of Sodium-iron Chlorophyllin microcapsules. Results The method has such advantages as simple technology, uniformity in diameters and drug loading. Conclusion The preparation procedure is simple. And the release mechanism of water-insoluble matrix preparations was fitting model.

In Vitro Bioavailability of Iron from the Heme Analogue Sodium Iron Chlorophyllin

The use of heme analogues from vegetable origin could provide an alternative iron source of potentially high bioavailability. Sodium iron chlorophyllin is a water-soluble semisynthetic chlorophyll derivative where the magnesium in the porphyrin ring has been substituted by iron. We have used an in vitro model that combines gastric and intestinal digestion followed by intestinal iron uptake in Caco-2 cells to determine the bioavailability of iron from sodium iron chlorophyllin. Our results demonstrate that sodium iron chlorophyllin is stable under simulated gastrointestinal conditions and is able to deliver bioavailable iron to Caco-2 cells. Similar to the heme, the bioavailability of iron from sodium iron chlorophyllin is dependent on the food matrix, and it was inhibited by calcium. Potentially, sodium iron chlorophyllin could be used as an iron fortificant from vegetable origin with high bioavailability.

Research on catalysis of sodium-metallochlorophylls in Ni/MH battery

The effects of sodium-metallochlorophylls including sodium-iron chlorophyllin, sodium-copper chlorophyllin and sodium-magnesium chlorophyllin on performance of Ni/MH battery were investigated. The results show that sodium-iron chlorophyllin can effectively activate the gases produced during charge in Ni/MH battery, therefore reducing the reduction potential of oxygen and the oxidation potential of hydrogen, and the increased speed of inner pressure of battery is decreased significantly. With the aid of DMol3 software, the activation process of oxygen and hydrogen by sodium- metallochlorophylls was simulated and analyzed. It was found that the catalysis behavior is in agreement with the experimental results, and the activation process also gets a reasonable explanation from the calculated results.

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Drug Sodium Iron Chlorophyllin Addition to Hep3B Cell Line

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Drug Sodium Iron Chlorophyllin Addition to Hep3B Cell Line

Safety of Dietary Supplements: Chronotropic and Inotropic Effects on Isolated Rat Atria.

We investigated the effects of dietary supplements on atria isolated from male Wistar rats. The examined supplements, which are increasingly used in Japan, those were Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE), catechins, isoflavones, sodium iron chlorophyllin and sodium copper chlorophyllin. GBE at 100-1000 microg/ml significantly increased the beat rate and the contractile force. Catechins at 1-100 microg/ml significantly potentiated the contractile force but did not effect the beat rates. However, isoflavones, sodium iron and sodium copper chlorophyllins did not change the contractile force or the beat rates. To identify the active ingredient of GBE, ginkgolide B, quercetin and amentoflavone on the atria were tested. Ginkgolide B weakened the contractile force. Quercetin potentiated the contractile force at only 30 microg/ml. Amentoflavone significantly increased the beat rate. From these findings, amentoflavone and quercetin were considered to be the principal ingredients of GBE producing the positive chronotropic and inotropic actions, respectively. In the case of catechins, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg), one of the principal ingredients, produced inotropic actions. These findings suggest that there are some dietary supplements which affect cardiac function, such GBE and catechins.

Effects of sodium metallochlorophyllins on the activity and components of the microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme system in rat liver.

Several sodium metallochlorophyllins (Me-Chl-Na), i.e., sodium copper chlorophyllin (Cu-Chl-Na), sodium cobalt chlorophyllin and sodium iron chlorophyllin, decreased the activities of aminopyrine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase and the content of cytochrome P-450 in liver microsomes when given intraperitoneally to rats. The lowest levels of these variables were observed 24h after dosing. Me-Chl-Na administration did not modify the substrate-induced spectral changes of cytochrome P-450. Of the kinetic parameters studied in aminopyrine N-demethylation and aniline hydroxylation, only the Vmax values were markedly decreased by Cu-Chl-Na, indicating that the enzyme inhibition was non-competitive. Me-Chl-Na also reduced cytochrome b5 and total heme contents and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity in microsomes. Preincubation of liver microsomes from control rats with Cu-Chl-Na did not cause any reduction in the aminopyrine-and aniline-metabolizing enzyme activities and in the cytochrome P-450 content.These findings strongly suggest that the decreases in the activities of the hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme system caused by Me-Chl-Na are correlated with the reduction in the contents of microsomal cytochromes P-450 and b5, and are brought about by primary action(s) of Me-Chl-Na on the control mechanism of microsomal hemoprotein levels, not by direct action of Me-Chl-Na on the system.

Effect of sodium copper chlorophyllin on lipid peroxidation. III. The antioxidative activities of the commercial preparations of sodium copper chlorophyllin (author's transl)

Several commercial preparations of sodium copper chlorophyllin (Cu-Chl-Na) containing copper chelate compounds of chlorophyll derivatives were examined for their lipid peroxidation inhibitory activities in rat liver homogenates. The inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation stimulated by both Fe2+ and ascorbic acid differed from preparation to preparation. The potency of the antioxidative activity was found to be correlated with the intensity of the absorption maximum at ca. 628 nm, which was assumed to be attributable to the chemical structure of the copper complexes of chlorin derivatives. On the other hand, the sample which did not show any absorption in the red-band region exerted no effect on lipid peroxidation. These results suggest that the Cu-Chl-Na preparation, which contains a larger amount of copper complexes of chlorin derivatives, has more potent antioxidant activity. In addition, sodium iron chlorophyllin also showed inhibitory action on lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenates, indicating that the antioxidative effect is not specific for Cu-Chl-Na.

食用色素の照射

Decoloration by gamma rays of aqueous solutions of potassium copper chlorophyllin, sodium copper chlorophyllin, potassium iron chlorophyllin, sodium iron chlorophyllin, riboflavin and cochineal and of olive oil solution of β-carotene was observed. β-carotene in olive was found to be the most radioresistant and sodium copper chlorophyllin in water was the most radiosensitive among them. Generally the natural food colors were found to be more radioresistant than the coal-tar food colors. Changes in color-hue of β-carotene and cochineal were brought about with the increase of irradiation dose. Acute toxicity of the irradiated natural food colors was tested; the irradiated aqueous solution of potassium copper chlorcphyllin were found to be toxic to Japanese goldfishes as test animals, whereas unirradiated solution as control did not give toxicity.