Sodium Dithionite Research Articles

Use of Cranberry Bush (Viburnum opulus L.) Fruit Pomace as a Renewable Substrate for Biobutanol Production by Clostridium beijerinckii in the Presence of Sodium Dithionite

The present study aims to evaluate the use of cranberry bush fruit pomace (CBFP) (Viburnum opulus L.), which has recently become popular raw material, as a substrate in the presence of a reducing agent to increase biobutanol production by Clostridium beijerinckii DSMZ 6422. For this purpose, some factors were optimized, including the pretreatment, initial concentration of CBFP (5–20%), different types of reducing agents (ascorbic acid, L-cysteine, sodium dithionite and sodium sulfite), different concentrations of sodium dithionite (2.5–15 mM), inoculum concentration (5%, 10%, and 20%), and fermentation time (24–96 h). The maximum biobutanol, total ABE, biobutanol yield, and biobutanol productivity were 9.45 g/L, 12.08 g/L, 0.21 g/g, and 0.13 g/L/h in the medium containing enzymatically hydrolyzed 10% CBFP, 10 mM sodium dithionite, and 20% inoculum at the end of 72 h, respectively. These findings demonstrate that CBFP can be considered as a sustainable, economical, and viable substrate on biobutanol production for the first time in the literature.

Alcohol extract of Rubia yunnanensis: Metabolic alterations and preventive effects against OGD/R‑induced oxidative damage in HT22 cells.

The present study investigated the inhibitory and neuroprotective effects of Rubia yunnanensis alcohol extract (RY-A) on oxidative stress induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) in HT22 cells. In vitro cultured HT22 cells were randomly divided into control, OGD/R, OGD/R + 100 µmol/l edaravone and OGD/R + 10, 20 and 40 µg/ml RY-A groups. Oxygen-sugar deprivation was performed with 10 mmol/l sodium dithionite combined with sugar-free DMEM medium for 2 h, followed by re-glycolization and reoxygenation for 2 h to establish an in vitro OGD/R model. Cell morphology was observed under a phase contrast microscope. Cell survival rate was detected by thiazolyl blue and lactate dehydrogenase and oxidative stress-related indexes were detected by commercial kits. The effects and metabolic alterations of RY-A treatment after OGD/R were evaluated using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Protein levels were further examined by western blotting. The results showed that cells in the OGD/R group were swollen and lacked protrusions, had significantly reduced viability and had significantly elevated oxidative stress-related indexes of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide levels and malondialdehyde content and significantly reduced activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, compared with controls. Compared with the OGD/R group, the RY-A group had significantly improved cell morphology and significantly increased cell viability and in terms of oxidative stress, exhibited significantly reduced reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide levels and malondialdehyde content, as well as significantly increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities. Metabolomic analysis identified changes in 20 metabolites, including L-tryptophan, ornithine, eicosapentaenoic acid-d5, isosafrole and xanthine. Metabolomics analysis showed that the pathways affected included those related to phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, the prolactin signaling pathway and amphetamine addiction. These results suggested that RY-A had significant preventive effects on an in vitro model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury simulated by OGD/R and the mechanism may be related to increased tryptophan content, activation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase enzymes and inhibition of oxidative stress.

Going Green for Blue - An Indigo Approach

Introduction: Dominating use of chemical processes for reducing indigo at several small-scale production houses formed the ground for initiating this study. Conventional textile processing hubs still use sodium hydrosulphite as a reducing agent irrespective of the source of indigo, whether natural or synthetic ignoring the unfavourable consequences of their disposal and elimination from effluent Method: The paper addresses the critical environmental issues related to the conventional reduction of indigo and studies already undertaken. It examines the indigo dyeing process of cotton using natural, chemical and eco-friendly reducing agents in combination with calcium hydroxide for a comparative study. Identification of natural indigo through High-Performance Liquid Chromatography was undertaken for further experimentation. Under specific parameters, the study examined the effect of Thiourea dioxide and natural reducing agents in indigo dyeing replacing Sodium hydrosulphite. The difference in weight, strength, and colour parameters such as K/S (HUNTERLAB), CIELab values and colourfastness are measured. The experimental results showed weight gain in all fabrics after indigo dyeing. There is a decrease in weft strength only in tamarind, iron, jaggery and dextrose vats. Iron vat showed a higher colour yield out of all reducing agents due to forming metal complexes with the cotton fabric, which influenced colour depth and highest relative colour strength % (114.11) and ΔC (8.48). Result: Thiourea dioxide showed the next highest relative colour strength % (96.59) and lowest ΔH values (8.54) concerning the values of the hydro process. Structural changes of fiber were studied by using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) after using different reducing agents, which revealed superior surface topography of samples dyed using thiox. The colour difference showed no significant effect on the colourfastness of alternative reducing agents. Conclusion: Thiox can be a perfect substitution for hydro in indigo dyeing as it was found practical and feasible for implementation even by small-scale units in India.

SODIUM DITHIONITE AS A PYRITE DEPRESSANT IN GOLD ORE FLOTATION

Sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4) is a widely used reducing agent to control pulp potential (Eh) and pyrite depressant in sulfide ore flotation. In this study, the pyrite depressant effect of sodium dithionite on gold ore flotation was investigated at pH 8 and pH 10.5 comparatively in terms of gold, chalcopyrite, and pyrite recoveries and grades. The presence of sodium dithionite resulted in a drop of approximately 50–70 mV in the Eh values, regardless of the studied pH values, confirming the reducing effect of sodium dithionite. The effects of sodium dithionite on gold and chalcopyrite grades and recoveries were quite limited, especially at pH 10.5. At pH 8, the utilization of sodium dithionite slightly decreased gold and chalcopyrite recovery and grades, while the decrease in pyrite recovery and grades was remarkable. Both pyrite recovery and grade were reduced from 79.5% to 54.7% and 15.3% to 10.7% by the utilization of sodium dithionite at pH 8. In conclusion, it is considered that the selective flotation of gold and chalcopyrite from pyrite can be achieved at a lower pH accompanied by a slightly reduced Eh by the utilization of sodium dithionite.

Technology for Purifying Gas Emissions of Chemical Plants from Sulfur Dioxide Using Granular Carbonate Sludge

The results of studies on purification of gas emissions (GE) with a granular sorbent based on carbonate sludge from chemical water treatment are presented. The choice of conditions for modifying carbonate sludge with a sodium silicate solution to obtain a granular sorbent has been experimentally substantiated. It is confirmed that the data obtained correspond to and complement the theoretical principles and laws of colloidal and physical chemistry, industrial ecology, which is important for the choice of engineering solutions. A technological scheme for adsorption purification with a regeneration cycle of granular sorption material based on carbonate sludge from the Naberezhnye Chelny CHPP has been developed. It was concluded that the efficiency of GE treatment increased by up to 99% when using the proposed measures. The environmental and economic indicators of the use of the resulting granular sorbent in the scheme for purifying GE from SO2 in production of sodium hydrosulfite have been calculated. The prevented environmental harm to the environment from the use of the proposed technology has been determined, as well as the cost of production of granular sorption material and the payback period.

A proposed method for determining potentially environmentally available trace metals in paddy soil

ABSTRACT The validity of the Asami-Kumada method (sodium hydrosulfite + EDTA extraction, AK method) for determining the potentially environmentally available trace metals (Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) in paddy field soil was evaluated. This was accomplished by comparing it with the results of the dilute HNO3 extraction method (ISO method), nitrate acid – perchloric acid degradation method, and dilute hydrochloric acid extraction method on 250 paddy field soil samples. The coefficient of determination for the AK method in metals, excluding Cr, ranged from 0.92 (Ni of non-Andisols) to 0.99 (Mn, Cu, Zn and Cd of non-Andisols) compared to the ISO method. The slope of the linear regression of the AK method’s measured values against those of the ISO method for metals, excluding Cr, ranged from 0.99 (Cd of non-Andisols) to 1.52 (Cu of Andisols). However, the measurements of Fe using the AK method were significantly higher than those obtained using the ISO method. The slope was measured to be 3.6 (for non-Andisols) or 5.7 (for Andisols). The increase in trace metal measurements using the AK method was probably due to the dissolution of Fe oxides and hydroxides, which release trace metals after reduction by sodium hydrosulfite. Thus, although the measured values using the AK method of trace metals, excluding Cr, tended to be slightly higher than those obtained using the ISO method as Fe oxides and hydroxides dissolved, the measured values of those metals by both methods were closely correlated. The AK method is a viable alternative to the ISO method for measuring the potentially environmentally available trace metal contents, excluding Cr, in paddy field soils. Additionally, the AK method conveniently measures free Fe oxides simultaneously.

An environmentally friendly indigo dyeing process using iron (II) gluconate as a reducing agent

This research paper aims to replace the ecologically harmful sodium dithionite traditionally used in the indigo dyeing process with the iron (II) gluconate reducing agent. The density functional theory (DFT) method using B3LYP 6- 311 G basis set was used to determine the optimized structures of iron (II) gluconate and indigo. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy were calculated, and the electronic properties dependent on HOMO-LUMO energies were determined. Furthermore, an ecological dyeing process using this reducing agent was studied. The influences of alkalinity, reduction temperature, and iron (II) gluconate concentration on the fulfilment of the dyeing process were inspected by measuring the obtained redox potential and the color strength of the dyed samples. A full factorial experiment was performed for statistical analysis and optimization of the dyeing process. The results revealed that the developed method is highly effective and capable of generating redox potential and dyeing quality comparable to those obtained with the conventional process employing sodium dithionite. Finally, the substitution of sodium dithionite by iron (II) gluconate reduced the wastewater load generated by the conventional dyeing process.

Comparative study of sickling test, solubility test, and hemoglobin electrophoresis in sickle cell anemia

Abstract Background: Madhya Pradesh, a state in India, bears the highest number of sickle cell anemia (SCA) cases, particularly among its tribal communities. The diagnosis of suspected SCA cases involves utilizing several methods. The sickling test operates on the principle of hemoglobin S (HbS) polymerization upon deoxygenation. By contrast, the solubility test involves the reduction of HbS using sodium hydrosulfite, followed by precipitation of lysed red blood cells. Hemoglobin (Hb) electrophoresis identifies Hb variants based on their migration in an electric field. Our objective was to assess the efficacy of sickling and solubility tests as screening tools for detecting SCA, comparing them against capillary Hb electrophoresis, which is considered the gold standard. Materials and Methods: All individuals suspected of having SCA between 2022 and 2023 were enrolled in the study. Clinical information, peripheral blood smear analysis, sickling test, solubility test, and capillary Hb electrophoresis were conducted, and the results were compared. Results: Of 250 cases assessed, Hb electrophoresis identified 225 cases of SCA, resulting in a sickle cell disease to sickle cell trait (SCT) ratio of 1:1.36 and a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.33. The highest number of cases were observed in the age group from 21 to 30 years. Generalized weakness (77%) and abdominal pain (52%) were the most frequently reported symptoms. The sickling test demonstrated a sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of 91.5%, 72%, and 89%, respectively, compared with Hb electrophoresis. The solubility test yielded values of 76.5%, 68%, and 75% for sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy, while peripheral smear analysis showed 36%, 25%, and 42%, respectively. Conclusion: The sickling test displayed superior sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy compared with the solubility test, with no significant disparity in specificity between these two methods. Notably, the solubility test exhibited a higher incidence of false-negative results for SCT. Therefore, the sickling test is the preferred screening method for SCA.

Chemical fuel-driven transient 2D supramolecular organic frameworks (SOFs): catalysis for green synthesis.

Mimicking the dissipative assemblies found in living systems fueled by bioenergy, we present a novel chemical fuel-driven transient 2D SOF, formed via the redox reaction-driven transient self-assembly of tetraphenylene-based structural units and cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]). The system was initiated by adding sodium dithionite (SDT) as the fuel, leading to the formation of 2D SOFs through 2 : 1 host-guest complexation between the viologen cation radical and CB[8]. These 2D SOFs then spontaneously disassemble over time as the radicals are oxidized by air. The temporal assembly and lifetimes of these transient SOFs can be controlled by adjusting the concentrations of the fuel. Moreover, the resulting transient 2D SOFs exhibited remarkable potential as catalysts for the green synthesis of benzyl sulfones in water.

β-Cyclodextrin and cucurbit[7]uril as protective encapsulation agents of the CO-releasing molecule [CpMo(CO)3Me

The CO releasing ability of the complex [CpMo(CO)3Me] (1) (Cp = η5-C5H5) has been assessed using a deoxymyoglobin-carbonmonoxymyoglobin assay. In the dark, CO release was shown to be promoted by the reducing agent sodium dithionite in a concentration-dependent manner. At lower dithionite concentrations, where dithionite-induced CO release was minimised, irradiation at 365 nm with a low-power UV lamp resulted in a strongly enhanced release of CO (half-life (t1/2) = 6.3 min), thus establishing complex 1 as a photochemically activated CO-releasing molecule. To modify the CO release behaviour of the tricarbonyl complex, the possibility of obtaining inclusion complexes between 1 and β-cyclodextrin (βCD) or cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) by liquid-liquid interfacial precipitation (1@βCD(IP)), liquid antisolvent precipitation (1@CB7), and mechanochemical ball-milling (1@βCD(BM)) was evaluated. All these methods led to the isolation of a true inclusion compound (albeit mixed with nonincluded 1 for 1@βCD(BM)), as evidenced by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopies, and 13C{1H} magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR. PXRD showed that 1@βCD(IP) was microcrystalline with a channel-type crystal packing structure. High resolution mass spectrometry studies revealed the formation of aqueous phase 1 : 1 complexes between 1 and CB7. For 1@βCD(IP) and 1@CB7, the protective effects of the hosts led to a decrease in the CO release rates with respect to nonincluded 1. βCD had the strongest effect, with a ca. 10-fold increase in t1/4 for dithionite-induced CO release, and a ca. 2-fold increase in t1/2 for photoinduced CO release.

3,3-Disubstituted 3,4-Dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazines: Chemistry, Biological Activity, and Affinity to Sigma Receptors.

By reducing the 2-nitrophenylhydrazone of cyclohexanone with sodium dithionite, an unexpected yellow compound was obtained instead of the corresponding colorless amino derivative. Many years later, the structure of this compound, namely, cyclohexane-3-spiro-3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine, was demonstrated. From that time, the reduction of 2-nitrophenylhydrazones of different kinds of ketones, followed by air oxidation of the initially formed amino compounds, has represented a general way to synthesize a variety of 3,3-disubstituted 3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazines. Many derivatives have been obtained so far by a single research group, and most of them have demonstrated interesting pharmacological activities, mainly antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic effects and other activities with lower diffusion. Moreover, 3,3-disubstituted 3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazines represent a novel class of ligands for sigma receptors, with nanomolar affinity to the σ1 subtype. This property might promote the development of agents for cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and proliferative pathologies. The present commentary, by collecting compounds and biological results obtained so far, intends to celebrate the centennial of the discovery of the first member of this class of compounds and to promote further investigation in the field.

Dithionite-Mediated Tandem Nitro Reduction/Imine Formation/Intramolecular Cyclization for the Synthesis of Dihydro-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxides.

A one-pot, tandem reductive annulation of 2-nitrobenzenesulfonamides with aldehydes to the synthesis of substituted 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxides in the presence of sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4) is reported under mild conditions. The method involves in situ reduction of the nitro group followed by condensation with aldehydes to form an imine, which upon subsequent intramolecular cyclization forms the product under one-pot conditions. The protocol features use of inexpensive Na2S2O4 as the exclusive reagent, appreciable functional group tolerance, broad substrate scope, high product yields, and scalability.

Fluorinated diaminobicyclooxacalixarene and diaminotetraoxacalixarenes: Synthesis and conformational behaviour

Polyfluorinated diaminotetraoxacalixarenes and diaminobicyclooxacalixarene were obtained in good yield by reduction of the corresponding dinitrooxacalixarenes with sodium dithionite. Fluorinated tetraoxacalix[4]arenes with nitro and amino groups located in the inner rim of the macrocycle exists in the solution as an equilibrium mixture of two conformers. For diaminotetraoxacalixarenes the conformational equilibrium is shifted towards conformers having a 1,3-alternate structure. The ESI-MS method shows the possibility of complexing fluorinated diaminotetraoxacalixarenes and diaminobicyclooxacalixarenes with metal cations.

First highly effective non-catalytic nitrobenzene reduction in UV/dithionite system with aniline production – Advanced reduction process (ARP) approach

Advanced reduction processes (ARPs) are currently intensively investigated as an alternative to Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs). The study presents efficient reduction of nitrobenzene under non-catalytic conditions through reaction with free radicals having reductive potential. Effective conversion of nitrobenzene in a model wastewater solution, was obtained for sodium dithionite (SDT)/ dithionite (DTN). The developed process provide a nitrobenzene reduction efficiency of > 99.9 % within 10 min under neutral conditions, ambient temperature, with a molar ratio of reductant to pollutant (rred) of 3. Additional UV radiation lowered by 10 % the dose of DTN. Interestingly, addition of titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a photocatalyst did not show a positive effect. An extremely significant conclusion of this study is the observed excellent resistance of the reaction system to the negative influence of inorganic anions, with a reduction in efficiency in the following order: CO32-22%>NO3-6%>SO42-2%>Cl-2%>NO2-<1%>S2O32-<1%>N3-<1% and dissolved organic matter (DOM) (<13%). The study showed that the process works effectively across the pH range from 3 to 12. Studies on the reaction mechanism revealed that sulfur dioxide anion radical (SO2∙-)) was responsible for the main reduction effect. The main product of nitrobenzene reduction was aniline (>99.9 %). The total cost of purification process was USD 0.77/m3. The high efficiency, short process time, low cost, and lack of need for complicated equipment make this developed process potentially widely applicable in the industry. The developed method for the reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline is the first non-catalytic method with such high efficiency and without the formation of intermediate reaction products.

Behavior and Distribution of Free Aluminum Oxides in some Soil Orders in North of Iraq

This study was conducted to investigate the behavior of free aluminium oxides in some soil orders in Iraq. Soil samples were collected from five Pedons for soil orders Entisols, Aridisols, Inceptisols, Vertisols and Mollisols. Total free aluminium oxides (Ald) were extracted by (striate-bicarbonate, sodium dithionite), amorphous aluminium oxides by acid ammonium oxalate and aluminium oxide associated with organic matter by alkaline Sodium pyrophosphate. The results showed that the amorphous aluminium oxides followed the same behavior in the vertical distribution and did not take a homogeneous pattern among the study pedons, noting that the Vertisols and Mollisols had outperformed the rest of the orders when it was observed that the highest values of 1.42 g / kg soil appeared in the horizon Ck1 of the Mollisols order, and that the highest values of the active ratio Alo/Ald also appeared in these two orders, which reflects the effect of the development state of the soil in releasing larger amounts of these oxides. Crystalline aluminium oxides appeared at lower values than the amorphous form in the Vertisols and Mollisols, unlike the Entisols, Aridisols and Inceptisols, in which these values excelled, noting that the values of crystalline oxides were somewhat superior in Vertisols. The aluminium oxide associated with the organic matter was concentrated in the surface horizons of all the study pedons, and the degree of soil development had no effect on that.

Synthesis, recovery, and application of environmentally friendly disperse dyes with high light fastness

Dye wastewater has attracted great attention due to high pollution and toxicity which can cause harm to the living environment. It is common for azo-disperse dyes to be used to dye hydrophobic fibers. A reduction clearing method is used to eliminate the dye particles on the fabric after dyeing. However, when azo disperse dyes on the fiber surface are eliminated by the reduction clearing process, this can give rise to an effluent discharge due to the presence of sodium hydrosulfite. The introduction of carboxylic ester groups into dye molecules can effectively avoid this issue. Six novel environmentally friendly alkali-clearable disperse dyes, containing cyano and carboxylic ester groups, were readily synthesized by a diazo coupling reaction with various diazo components. Their dyeing properties on polyethylene terephthalate fabrics were respectively measured and compared with those of commercial reference dyes. It was indicated that some fastness properties of the synthesized dyes on polyethylene terephthalate fabrics after the alkali clearing were improved compared with those of the reference dyes due to the existence of the carboxylic ester group. Moreover, the chromaticity of dye wastewater can be further reduced by recovering hydrolyzed dyes.

How Sensitive Is the Sickle Prep? Clinical Implications

Introduction The sickle cell solubility test, commonly known as “sickle prep” is a qualitative measure that relies on the property that deoxygenated hemoglobin S (HbS) is insoluble. Accordingly, blood samples drawn from individuals with circulating HbS appear cloudy when mixed with sodium hydrosulfite. 1 The sickle cell solubility test has been reported to be very sensitive (99%) and specific (99.9%) for detection of HbS. However, false negatives have been reported to occur in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients with severe anemia or high levels of hemoglobin F. 2,3 In those situations HbS levels may be very low and it remains unclear what level of HbS is required for the solubility test to be positive. To address this issue, we have examined the sickle cell solubility test in a cohort of SCD patients undergoing red cell exchange, acknowledging that in many of these patients, HbS levels fall below 15% when tested immediately after completing the exchange procedure. Methods 118 patients with sickle cell anemia were screened based on outpatient visits to the Inova Adult Sickle Center from January 1, 2023 - March 31 st, 2023. Of these, 6 patients were excluded from analysis due to lack of recent sickle cell solubility test during this period. Of the total number of patients included in the analysis (n=112), 25 (22%) underwent red cell exchange during this period. For each individual, the two most recent HbS percentages with the concurrently-determined sickle cell solubility result (positive or negative) were analyzed. We examined the data in the context of known genotype (HbSS, HbSC, HbSβ 0, HbSβ +positive). In patients undergoing red cell exchange, the most recent pre and post transfusion hemoglobin S percentage were collected. Results: 200 distinct HbS levels were collected and analyzed. Of those, 5/200 tested negative for the sickle cell solubility test, yielding an overall sensitivity rate of 98%. Of those 5 patients, 4/5 had received a red cell exchange during this period, and (1/5) had severe transfusion dependent anemia. Of those with a negative sickle cell solubility test, 4/5 patients had an SS genotype, and 1/5 had SC genotype. In patients who received red cell exchange, the sensitivity rate for the sickle cell solubility test is 84%. For all patient samples with HbS &amp;gt;15%, the sickle solubility test was 100% sensitive. However, among the 11 samples with HbS levels below 15%, 5 were sickle prep negative thereby indicating a reduced sensitivity (55%) below that threshold. Nine (9) out of the 11 samples were of patients who had undergone red cell exchange. Conclusion: The sickle cell solubility is a very sensitive measure to establish the presence of HbS, but must be interpreted with caution in those with HbS concentrations of &amp;lt;15%. Because it is readily available (typically resulted within an hour) it may be of benefit in emergency departments for patients for whom there is question about the validity of the sickle cell diagnosis. At our institution, this has been a valuable addition to the initial management of patients for whom medical records are not available and who present with apparent acute vaso-occlusive crisis. We do not propose withholding analgesia for patients with a reported history of sickle cell disease pending this test, but rather recommend its use as a confirmatory test for patients presenting with a reported history of this disease.

Dyeing of cotton/acrylic blend fabric in a single‐bath‐single‐stage method using indigo dye

AbstractIn this study, an attempt has been made to dye cotton/acrylic blend fabrics in a single‐bath‐single‐stage method considering today's growing market for such blended products. Yarn‐blend cotton/acrylic fabric was produced and dyed at 3% shade using indigo dye in the exhaust method to optimise the dyeing conditions by varying the amount of reducing agent, pH, and dyebath temperature. The colour yield of both the acrylic part and cotton components of the blend was influenced by pH levels. Meanwhile, the temperature played a notable role in determining the colour yield of the acrylic portion. Optimised dyeing conditions were obtained at pH 6 and 120°C for the acrylic part, whereas pH 11 and 90°C temperature were obtained for the cotton part. These conditions involved the use of sodium dithionite (15 g/L) as a reducing agent and sodium hydroxide as an alkali. While the yarn‐blend fabrics exhibited a unique shadow dyeing effect, solid dyeing results were achieved with fibre‐blend fabrics, underscoring the versatility of this single‐bath‐single‐stage method. To assess the overall dyeing performance, comprehensive evaluations including bursting strength measurements, assessments of fastness to washing, perspiration, and rubbing were conducted, all of which provided valuable insights into the durability and colour retention of the yarn‐blend fabrics. This research not only addresses the demand for cotton/acrylic blend fabrics in today's market but also demonstrates an efficient and innovative single‐bath‐single‐stage dyeing approach using indigo dye, which holds promise for the textile industry's future sustainability and product diversity.

Hypoxia-responsive calixarene-grafted self-assembled peptide hydrogel for inflammation suppression in ischemic stroke

Hypoxia is a significant characteristic of ischemic stroke. Recently, development of the pathology of tissue injury and deployment of new hypoxia-responsive technologies provide further opportunity for the application of hypoxia-responsive materials beyond cancer. To fully take advantage of hypoxic pathological feature of stroke and make advancement of stroke therapy, a hypoxia-responsive self-assembled peptide hydrogel was prepared for inflammation suppression in ischemic stroke treatment, utilizing azocalixarene (CA) as a hypoxia-responsive controlled release drug carrier. After induction of PBS, the peptide hydrogel was fabricated with brain-similar rheological modulus and shear-thinning property. The hypoxia-responsive performance of the peptide hydrogel was validated by three hypoxia & reductase systems including sodium hydrosulfite (SDT), rat liver microsomes and oxygen-glucose deprivation model (OGD) to achieve the responsive release of Cyanine 5-dimethyl (CY5-DM) or Fingolimod (FTY720) in vitro. After local administration of the hypoxia-responsive self-assembled peptide hydrogel, the improved motor function, reduced infarct volume and alleviated inflammation were achieved, revealing the effective stroke therapy in vivo.

A novel environmental friendly and sustainable process for textile dyeing with sulphur dyes for cleaner production

This investigation herein primarily focuses on developing a new textile dyeing process with sulphur dye class at room temperature using bacterial Lysate. Sulphur dyes are applied on cotton to produce dark shades at a lower cost, primarily providing excellent colour fastness, except against chlorinating agents. The insoluble sulphur dyes, like vat dyes, are first reduced and then applied as soluble leuco compounds that need to be kept under alkaline conditions, along with a reducing agent. The conventionally followed method of dying process involves the process of reduction of dyes using hazardous chemicals as reducing agent and alkali at higher temperature as well as subsequent dyeing at higher temperatures (60–80 °C) varying with the nature of dyes and processes. It eventually eliminates traditional heating arrangements and achieving easier control of the dyeing process at room temperature than at high temperatures. This investigation compares the newly designed processing route with the followed traditional process in the context of exhaust dyeing and rope dyeing methods with padding mangle. In addition, it involves in substituting the conventional reducing agent i. e. sodium sulphide partially with sodium hydrosulphite for sulphur dyeing. In nut-shell, this process comprises of reduction of dyes in the presence of an alkali agent, a reducing agent and a catalytic agent, wherein the reducing catalytic agent is a bacterial Lysate, establishing it to be environmentally viable, energy and cost effective, and sustainable dying process along with promising improvement quality in terms of dye uptake and comparable fastness properties.