NaHSO3 Research Articles

The efficacy of sodium acid sulfate on controlling Listeria monocytogenes on apples in a water system with organic matter

During fresh apple packing, wash water in the dump tank and flume systems is reused during daily production, resulting in high levels of organic matter in the wash water. This study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of sodium acid sulfate (SAS), a Generally Recognized as Safe compound, against Listeria monocytogenes on fresh apples in a water system with high organic load. SAS at 1.0% reduced L. monocytogenes population in water with 1000 ppm chemical oxygen demand (COD) by more than 5.0 Log10 CFU/ml in 5 min, 2.0–3.0% SAS reduced L. monocytogenes to undetectable levels (10 CFU/ml) within 2 min regardless of organic levels. When applied on apples, a 2-min wash with SAS at 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0% reduced L. monocytogenes by ~1.3, 1.9, 2.3, and 3.0 Log10 CFU/apple in clean water, respectively. High organic load in wash water up to 4000 ppm COD had no impact on the bactericidal effect of SAS against L. monocytogenes on fresh apples regardless of SAS concentrations. Shortening the contact time from 2 min to 30 s significantly reduced the antimicrobial efficacy of 25 ppm chlorine and 1.0–2.0% SAS but not that of 3.0% SAS. In addition, SAS at 1.0% demonstrated a better efficacy than 25 ppm chlorine in reducing fruit-to-water cross-contamination regardless of organic matter. SAS also showed a comparable efficacy as 25 ppm chlorine in reducing fruit-to-fruit cross-contamination in water with organic matter. The collective data indicate that SAS, as an enviroment-friendly compound, has the potential to be used as an alternative antimicrobial washing aid in dump tank process water intervention in apple packing facilities.

Facile Synthesis of 6-Phenyl-6h-chromeno [4, 3-b] Quinoline Derivatives using NaHSO4@SiO2 Re-usable Catalyst and Their Antibacterial Activity Study Correlated by Molecular Docking Studies

Background: Heterocyclic compounds containing heteroatoms (O, N and S) as part of five or six-membered cyclic moieties exhibited various potential applications, such as pharmaceutical drugs, agrochemical products and organic materials. Among many known heterocyclic moieties, quinoline and its derivatives are one of the privileged scaffolds found in many natural products. In general, quinoline derivatives could be prepared by utilizing ortho-substituted anilines and carbonyl compounds containing a reactive α-methylene group of well-known reaction routes like Friedlander synthesis, Niemantowski synthesis and Pfitzinger synthesis. Moreover, polysubstituted quinolones and their derivatives also had shown considerable interest in the fields of organic and pharmaceutical chemistry in recent years. Objective: The main objective of our research work is towards the design and synthesis of divergent biological-oriented, proactive analogues with potential pharmacological value inspired by the anti-tubercular activity of 2-phenylquinoline analogues. In this study, we have been interested in the design and synthesis of bioactive, 2, 4-diphenyl, 8-arylated quinoline analogues. Methods: 6-phenyl-6h-chromeno [4, 3-b] quinoline derivatives were synthesized from 4-chloro-2- phenyl-2H-chromene-3-carbaldehyde and various substituted aromatic anilines as starting materials using sodium bisulfate embedded SiO2 re-usable catalyst. All these fifteen new compound structures confirmed by spectral data 1H & 13C NMR, Mass, CHN analysis etc. Furthermore, all these new compounds antibacterial activity strains recorded using the paper disc method. The compound molecular structures were designed using molecular docking study by utilizing the crystallographic parameters of S. Areus Murb protein. Results: A series of fifteen new quinoline derivatives synthesized in moderate to good yields using sodium bisulfate embedded SiO2 re-usable catalyst. The molecular structures of these newly synthesized compounds elucidated by the combination of spectral data along with the elemental analysis. These compounds antibacterial activity study have shown moderate to good activity against, Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive) organisms. These antibacterial activity results were also a very good correlation with molecular docking studies. Conclusion: In this study, fifteen new quinoline derivatives synthesized and structures confirmed by spectral data. In fact, all the compounds have shown moderate to good antibacterial activity. In general, the compounds containing the electron donor group at R1 position (R1 = OMe) and the acceptor group at R2 positions (R2 = F or Cl) had shown good antibacterial activity. These antibacterial activity results were also a very good correlation with molecular docking studies showing strong binding energies with the highest value being, -12.45 Kcal mol-1 with S. aureus MurB receptor.

The Effect of Acid Sanitizers on the Microbiome of Re-use Water

The poultry industry is a major consumer of fresh water; therefore, in order to reduce their environmental footprint and burden, companies are in the beginning stages of evaluating water for re-use. Re-use water is classified as water from the poultry plant that has been collected, sanitized, and used again during poultry processing. One of the most commonly used sanitizers in processing water is peracetic acid (PAA). Inorganic sanitizers, such as sodium bisulfate (SBS), have documented antimicrobial and sanitation effects on a variety of surfaces. In this study, SBS and PAA were compared for their ability to sanitize re-use water collected from a local poultry plant. Fresh, commercial poultry processing plant reuse water was collected at the end of a processing shift and used within one hour of the collection. Microcosms were used and live microorganisms were collected and evaluated for aerobic plate counts, total Enterobacteriaceae, and Salmonella load. The microcosms contained either SBS (1%, 2% or 3%) or 200 ppm PAA throughout the course of the study. Water samples were collected at 0, 15, 30, and 60 minutes post-sanitation. The water was evaluated for total Enterobacteriaceae and microbial load using traditional plating methods and the total DNA was extracted and sequenced using the 16S rDNA Illumina MiSeq v3 Platform targeting the V4 region of the prokaryote rDNA molecule. All sanitation methods resulted in nearly undetectable XLD and APC counts by 60 m (P < 0.05), with 1% and 2% SBS having a slight rebounding of APC counts by 60 m. The sequences were analyzed using the QIIME2.2018.08 pipeline. Changes in alpha diversity and beta diversity were indicated across time and by treatment group, which may reflect the cumulative effects of the sanitation treatment (killing, delayed killing, and the emergence of resistant populations). Based on the ANCOM results, SBS groups had less Pseudmonas and more Bacteriodes while PAA groups had greater Actiobacter (Q < 0.05). The results of this study indicate that SBS is as efficacious as PAA for decreasing bacterial loads in poultry reuse water, but it may favor different populations of bacteria in that water.

Failure Investigation of a High-Temperature Cast Soot Blower Lance Tube Nozzle

Failure in the form of stress corrosion cracking has occurred on the SS304 lance tube soot blower. The hardness test showed high value for the area close to the failed region. The SEM test showed formation of heterogonous and porosity film on the surface. XRD indicated that the oxides determined were Fe2O3 and Fe3O4. Metallographic of the lance tube revealed pitting as the stress concentrator. Pitting is caused by chloride (as chlorine) and SO2− from the flue gas. SO2− reacts with water to form acidic sodium bisulfate (NaHSO4). Stress is generated from exposure of lance tube parts to high and low temperature during its service.

Processing of Biltong (Dried Beef) to Achieve USDA-FSIS 5-log Reduction of Salmonella without a Heat Lethality Step.

In the US, dried beef products (beef jerky) are a popular snack product in which the manufacture often requires the use of a heat lethality step to provide adequate reduction of pathogens of concern (i.e., 5-log reduction of Salmonella as recommended by the United States Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS)). Biltong, a South African-style dried beef product, is manufactured with low heat and humidity. Our objectives were to examine processes for the manufacture of biltong that achieves a 5-log reduction of Salmonella without a heat lethality step and with, or without, the use of additional antimicrobials. Beef pieces (1.9 cm × 5.1 cm × 7.6 cm) were inoculated with a 5-serovar mixture of Salmonella (Salmonella Thompson 120, Salmonella Heidelberg F5038BG1, Salmonella Hadar MF60404, Salmonella Enteritidis H3527, and Salmonella Typhimurium H3380), dipped in antimicrobial solutions (lactic acid, acidified calcium sulfate, sodium acid sulfate) or water (no additional antimicrobial), and marinaded while vacuum tumbling and/or while held overnight at 5 °C. After marination, beef pieces were hung in an oven set at 22.2 °C (72 °F), 23.9 °C (75 °F), or 25 °C (77 °F) depending on the process, and maintained at 55% relative humidity. Beef samples were enumerated for Salmonella after inoculation, after dip treatment, after marination, and after 2, 4, 6, and 8 days of drying. Water activity was generally <0.85 by the end of 6–8 days of drying and weight loss was as high as 60%. Trials also examined salt concentration (1.7%, 2.2%, 2.7%) and marinade vinegar composition (2%, 3%, 4%) in the raw formulation. Nearly all approaches achieved 5-log10 reduction of Salmonella and was attributed to the manner of microbial enumeration eliminating the effects of microbial concentration on dried beef due to moisture loss. All trials were run as multiple replications and statistical analysis of treatments were determined by repeated measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) to determine significant differences (p < 0.05). We believe this is the first published report of a biltong process achieving >5.0 log10 reduction of Salmonella which is a process validation requirement of USDA-FSIS for the sale of dried beef in the USA.

GREEN, RAPID, SIMPLE, AND AN EFFECTIVE ONE-POT MULTICOMPONENT STRATEGY FOR SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL DIHYDROPYRANO[2,3-C]PYRAZOL-6-AMINES IN AQUEOUS MEDIUM

Objectives: A series of new dihydropyrano [2,3-c]pyrazol-6-amines in this investigation study, are synthesized by the strategy of one-pot four component reaction in an aqueous medium.&#x0D; Methods: After getting optimum conditions the reaction of different substituted aromatic aldehydes, ethyl acetoacetate, hydrazine hydrate, and phenylacetonitrile catalysed by Sodium hydrogen sulphate NaHSO4 (0.5 m mol) by refluxing in ethanol-water (1:1) (5 ml) and heated at 80 oC. The synthesized molecules product was filtered, washed with water to get nearly pure product in excellent yield.&#x0D; Results: The pure products which were got in a short duration, with excellent yield (80 – 87%). Those new compounds were identified by using spectroscopic techniques FT-IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR.&#x0D; Conclusion: In conclusion, the usefulness of this one-pot multicomponents protocol include easily available starting materials, facile, simple and environment-friendly procedure, and easier separation of products by filtration.&#x0D; Peer Review History: &#x0D; Received 5 March 2019; Revised 11 April; Accepted 9 May, Available online 15 May 2020&#x0D; UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency.&#x0D; Received file &#x0D; &#x0D; Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10&#x0D; Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10&#x0D; Reviewer(s) detail:&#x0D; Name: Prof Cyprian Ogbonna ONYEJI&#x0D; Affiliation: Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria&#x0D; E-mail: conyeji@oauife.edu.ng&#x0D; &#x0D; Name: Dr. Md. Shahidul Islam&#x0D; Affiliation: USTC, Chittagong, Bangladesh&#x0D; E-mail: S_i_liton@yahoo.com&#x0D; Comments of reviewer(s): &#x0D; &#x0D; Similar Articles:&#x0D; TOXICITY AND ANTITRYPANOSOMAN ACTIVITY OF HEMI SYNTHESIS PRODUCTS OBTAINED FROM BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF MITRACARPUS SCABER HARVESTED SOUTH OF BENIN

Survival of Salmonella during Apple Dehydration as Affected by Apple Cultivar and Antimicrobial Pretreatment

Dehydrated fruits, including dried coconut (Cocos nucifera) and dried apple (Malus sp.) slices, have been the subject of manufacturer recalls due to contamination with Salmonella. A study was conducted to determine the survival of Salmonella on apple slices of six apple cultivars after dehydration and also following treatment with antimicrobial solutions (0.5%, w/w) and dehydration. Samples of six apple cultivars (Envy, Gala, Red Delicious, Fuji, Pink Lady, Granny Smith) were cored and sliced into 0.4-cm rings, halved, inoculated with a five-strain composite of desiccation-resistant Salmonella, and dehydrated at 60°C for 5 h. Subsequently, Gala apple slices were treated in 0.5% solutions of one of eight antimicrobial rinses for 2 min and then dehydrated at 60°C for 5 h. Antimicrobial solutions used were potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, ascorbic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, and sodium bisulfate. Reduction of Salmonella populations varied according to apple cultivar. Salmonella survival on Envy, Gala, Red Delicious, Fuji, Pink Lady, and Granny Smith was 5.92, 5.58, 4.83, 4.68, 4.45, and 3.84 log CFU, respectively. There was significantly greater (P < 0.05) Salmonella inactivation on Granny Smith, Pink Lady, and Fuji apples than on Gala and Envy. Survival of Salmonella on Gala apple slices following dehydration was 5.58 log CFU for the untreated control and 4.76, 3.90, 3.29, 3.13, 2.89, 2.83, 2.64, and 0.0 log CFU for those treated with potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, ascorbic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, and sodium bisulfate, respectively. Pretreatment of apple slices with either fumaric acid or sodium bisulfate before dehydration led to lower Salmonella survival than pretreatment with all other antimicrobial treatments. Lower apple pH was statistically correlated (P < 0.05) with decreasing survival of Salmonella following dehydration. These results may provide methodology applicable to the food industry for increasing the inactivation of Salmonella during the dehydration of apple slices.

Adsorption Behavior of Sodium Hydrogen Sulfate on Silica Gel

The adsorption behavior of sodium bisulfate on silica gel was studied. The adsorption isothem of sodium hydrogen sulfate on silica gel were measured in the temperature range of 298.15 ~ 328.15 K, and the Langmuir model and the Dubini-Radushkevich (D-R) model were used to fit the experimental isotherm data. The average characteristic concentration (Ce') of NaHSO4 was determined at different temperatures to distinguish chemisorption from physisorption. The values of the mean free energy (E) calculated from the D−R isotherm equation indicated that the adsorption of NaHSO4 on silica gel occurs by sequential chemical and physical mechanisms.

Heptavalent Manganese Triggered Oxidation of Menthol and Camphor in Aqueous Sodium Bisulfate and organized Media using Micelles and Polyethylene Glycols

Heptavalent Manganese Triggered Oxidation of Menthol and Camphor in Aqueous Sodium Bisulfate and organized Media using Micelles and Polyethylene Glycols

Effect of Different Solvents on the Extraction of Phytochemicals in Colored Potatoes

Colored potatoes are an interesting alternative to the traditional, white-creamed potatoes, due to their high phytochemical content, which have been proved to have antioxidative properties. The extraction of polyphenols is highly dependent on using the appropriate solvent systems. Therefore, polyphenol extraction in colored potatoes [Vermillion Fingerling (VF); Jester Potato (JP); Magic Molly (MM); Blue Belle (BB); All Blue (AB)] using different solvents [Solvent A (24% water, 67% ethanol 9% acetic acid); Solvent B (5% acetic acid); and Solvent C (95% water, 5% acetic acid, 0.5 g sodium bisulfate)] may have significant effects on extraction efficiency and phytochemical content. Total phenolic content (TPC), Total flavonoid content (TFC), Total anthocyanin content (TAC) and antioxidant activities [Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) and Ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP)] were determined. Solvent A extracted significantly (p mg GAE/100g) compared to the other solvents. VF and JP displayed higher TFC (14.53 and 19.46 mg CE/100g, respectively) when Solvent C was utilized. VF and JP extracts with Solvent C displayed the highest FRAP value compared to Solvent B. MM displayed the highest TAC using Solvent A and C. Potato variety resulted in high variability in polyphenols content and antioxidant activity. The utilization of colored potatoes or extracts in the food industry could provide innovative products and a functional alternative to the traditional.

Suitability of litter amendments for the Australian chicken meat industry

The Australian chicken meat indutstry is rapidly expanding due to the increasing consumption of chicken meat. As a result, the industry has growing issues of sourcing new bedding materials and disposing of spent litter, which can be attributed, in part, to a lack of widespread litter re-use for rearing chickens. According to insights and perspectives recently gathered from industry stakeholders, it is believed that re-using litter will become more common in the future, so as to reduce production costs and ease pressures on both the supply of new bedding materials and disposal of spent litter. However, there are potential risks that need to be addressed if litter re-use increases, particularly with regard to the production and mitigation of ammonia, which can negatively affect chicken health if not managed correctly. The present review discusses the potential benefits reported for different types of litter amendments, which have the primary goal of reducing ammonia volatilisation, but may also contribute to improvements in bird performance, welfare, pathogen loads, fertiliser value of spent litter, and reduced costs associated with purchasing new bedding materials. Acidifiers have been shown to be the most effective of all amendment types, with sodium bisulfate or alum being among the most commonly tested products mentioned in research literature. Litter amendments are currently rarely used in Australia, but it is hoped that the information provided in the present review, based mostly on overseas usage and research, will help inform future decision-making on the use of these products in Australian poultry production systems.

Honeycomb Texturing of Hierarchical Nanoflowers of WO3as an Efficient Route to Improve Repeatability and Stability of Room Temperature Vapor Sensor

Hierarchical nanostructures of WO3 was synthesized by a hydrothermal method at 180°C using sodium tungstate dihydrate (Na2WO4.2H2O), sodium bisulfate dihydrate (NaHSO4.2H2O) and ethylene glycol (having different molar concentrations) with Titanium as the substrate. Molar concentrations of ethylene glycol was taken to be 2.241 M, 8.274 M and 15.693 M, which eventually produced, (i) nanoneedles with sparsely distributed nanosphere clusters (S-I) (ii) nanospheres (S-II) (iii) honeycomb textured hierarchical nanoflowers (S-III), respectively. After detailed morphological and structural characterizations, like field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), these different nanostructures were employed as the gas sensing layer targeting the alcohol vapors in the concentration range of 10–400 ppm over a temperature range of 27°C (room temperature) to 200°C. Among the hierarchical nanoforms, S-III offered the best sensing performance in terms of response magnitude (~29.35%/~91.59%), response time (~31 s/~19 s) and recovery time (~42 s/~27 s), for 10/400 ppm ethanol at 27°C. Moreover, improved stability and repeatability were also achieved by the same structure. Such improvement in the sensing performance was duly correlated with the corresponding morphology of the nanostructure employing a semi-quantitative geometrical model.

Andrographolide sodium bisulfate attenuates UV‑induced photo‑damage by activating the keap1/Nrf2 pathway and downregulating the NF‑κB pathway in HaCaT keratinocytes.

Oxidative and inflammatory damage has been suggested to play important roles in the pathogenesis of skin photoaging. Andrographolide sodium bisulfate (ASB) is a soluble derivative of andrographolide and has known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, cellular experiments were designed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of ASB in relieving ultraviolet (UV)-induced photo-damage. Following ASB pretreatment and UV irradiation, the apoptosis and necrosis of HaCaT cells were investigated by Hoechst 33342/propidium iodide staining. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was investigated using a DCFH-DA fluorescence probe. Furthermore, the protein expression levels of p65, NF-κB inhibitor-α, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (keap1) were measured via western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses. Furthermore, NF-κB-mediated cytokines were assessed by ELISA, and Nrf2-mediated genes were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Pretreatment with ASB markedly increased cell viability, decreased cell apoptosis and decreased UV-induced excess ROS levels. In addition, ASB activated the production of Nrf2 and increased the mRNA expression levels of glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1, while ASB downregulated the protein expression of p65 and decreased the production of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. These results suggested that ASB attenuates UV-induced photo-damage by activating the keap1/Nrf2 pathway and downregulating the NF-κB pathway in HaCaT keratinocytes.

In Situ pH Measurements of Individual Levitated Microdroplets Using Aerosol Optical Tweezers.

The pH of microscale reaction environments controls numerous physicochemical processes, requiring a real-time pH microprobe. We present highly accurate real-time pH measurements of microdroplets using aerosol optical tweezers (AOT) and analysis of the whispering gallery modes (WGMs) contained in the cavity-enhanced Raman spectra. Uncertainties ranging from ±0.03 to 0.06 in pH for picoliter droplets are obtained through averaging Raman frames acquired at 0.5 Hz over 3.3 min. The high accuracy in pH determination is achieved by combining two independent measurements uniquely provided by the AOT approach: the anion concentration ratio from the spontaneous Raman spectra, and the total solute concentration from the refractive index retrieved from WGM analysis of the stimulated cavity-enhanced Raman spectra. pH can be determined over a range of -0.36 to 0.76 using the aqueous sodium bisulfate system. This technique enables direct measurements of pH-dependent chemical and physical changes experienced by individual microparticles and exploration of the role of pH in the chemical behavior of confined microenvironments.

Assessing the Efficacy of Sodium Bisulfate and Organic Acid Treatments for Control of Salmonella Typhimurium in Rendered Chicken Fat Applied to Pet Foods

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of sodium bisulfate (SBS), lactic acid (LA), phosphoric acid (PA), and combinations of organic acids with SBS on Salmonella in rendered chicken fat and in water. The MICs of the antimicrobials individually and in combination were determined. Efficacies of the antimicrobials against Salmonella were tested in both media. The MICs of SBS, LA, and PA were 0.5, 0.5, and 0.25%, respectively. At the given concentrations in the water phase, 0.5% SBS was more effective (P < 0.05; 2.7-log reduction) than LA and PA at 0 h. SBS and LA were more effective (P < 0.05) than PA with >4-log reductions at 2 h and complete kill at 6 h. After 24 h, each of the chemicals completely eliminated the Salmonella. However, because of low recovery in the fat phase, Salmonella was not detected after 12 h and all three chemicals effectively reduced (P < 0.05) Salmonella at 6 h compared with the control. When combinations were used in the water phase, SBS plus butyric acid decreased (P < 0.05) Salmonella by >5.5 log CFU/mL after 12 h. The SBS+LA combinations were effective (P < 0.05) after 2 h. The combinations of SBS+PA resulted in ∼3.5-log reductions in Salmonella (P < 0.05) after 6 h. In the fat phase, except for the SBS+PA combination, Salmonella reduction was not different from that for the positive control. When SBS was combined with organic acids, Salmonella inhibition was achieved at a lower SBS concentration, indicating a possibly synergistic effect of these chemicals. These results suggest that inclusion of SBS or LA at 0.5% individually or a combination of SBS with organic acids could reduce Salmonella in rendered chicken fat contaminated by residual water encountered during storage and transport.

264. Biofilm cells of Trichosporon asahii Show Higher Resistance Than Planktonic Cells to Various Abiotic Stresses

BackgroundBiofilms of Trichosporon asahii are known to resist the effects of antifungal drugs, but the study of their susceptibility to various abiotic stresses remains sparse. This study was thus undertaken to compare the level of in vitro resistance of T. asahii biofilm and planktonic cells to various stress factors.MethodsIn this study, one T. asahii clinical isolate identified by amplifying IGS1 sequencing and one reference strain (NCCPF940033) were used. Biofilm and planktonic cells of T. asahii were exposed to increasing concentrations of NaCl (0.5–6 M) and d-sorbitol (3–13 M) for inducing osmotic stress; H2O2 (5–50 mM), menadione sodium bisulfate (0.048–100 mM) and ox bile (1–12%) for oxidative stress; PH 1 to 13 for PH stress; congo red (600–10,000 µg/mL) for cell wall stress; CuSO4·5H2O/ZnSO4/FeSO4 (1.25–2,560 mM) and MgSO4 (250–3,000 mM) for metal stress. The biomass and metabolic activity of biofilms were quantitatively determined by crystal violet method and XTT reduction assay, respectively. Further, spot assay of serially diluted (10–1 to 10–6) planktonic cells was performed on agar plates containing stress and non-stress control to determine relative percentage growth of strains.ResultsBiofilm cells of both the strains exhibited significantly higher (ANOVA) stress resistance than planktonic cells and on an average showed at least 100 times more resistant to stresses than planktonic cells [Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration (MBEC) vs. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)]; H202 >50 mM vs. 10 mM, Ox bile >12% vs. 2%, Menadione >100 mM vs. 0.39 mM, Zn/Fe/Cu >2,560 mM vs. 10 mM, Mg >3,000 mM vs. 1,000 mM, NaCl >6 M vs. 1.5 M, d-sorbitol >13 M vs. 5 M and Congo red >10,000 µg/mL vs. 800 µg/mL. Besides optimal PH 5–10, extreme acidic and alkaline PH led to complete inhibition of viable planktonic cells. Highest biomass reduction (77.2%) and highest viability inhibition (69%) of biofilm were observed at PH 3 and 13, respectively. Menadione reduced 86.9% biomass and 89.3% viability which accounted the highest biofilm inhibition.ConclusionThis is the first report on comparing the susceptibility of planktonic and biofilm T. asahii cells to various stress factors. The increased resistance of T. asahii biofilm may serve as a survival advantage against the host adversity. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Colour and flavour of potato protein preparations, depending on the antioxidants and coagulants used

SummaryThe colour and profile of the aromatic compounds of potato juice (PJ) protein preparations were investigated following various process modifications. Several antioxidants (sodium bisulphate, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid), acidulants (tartaric, ascorbic and hydrochloric acids) and chelating agents (chloride, lactate and calcium hydrogen phosphate salts) used for pectin removal during the coagulation of the PJ proteins were evaluated. The combination of sodium bisulphate or ascorbic acid as antioxidants, with calcium chloride or lactate, and ascorbic acid as the protein coagulant, increased the brightness of the protein preparations. Forty‐one aromatic compounds, including aldehydes, alcohols and alkanes, were identified. The total concentration of volatiles ranged 59–105 μg g−1. The ascorbate variant contained the lowest n‐hexanal concentration. Different treatments did not impact significantly on the 2‐methyl‐propanal and 2‐methyl‐butanal concentrations. Interestingly, 2‐pentylfuran production was dramatically reduced (16.48 μg g−1) in the lactic variant in comparison to 40.52 μg g−1 with CaHPO4 addition.

Comparing Oprm1 Gene Promoter Methylation in the Lymphocytes of Male Rats Addicted to Nicotine, Morphine, Methadone, and Buprenorphine

Background: Addiction is a polygenic disorder caused by genetic and environmental factors. The opioid material can act as an epigenetic element, like DNA methylation. Objectives: The present study aimed to examine the effect of epigenetic drugs such as nicotine, morphine, methadone, and buprenorphine on the methylation of two CpG sites in promoter of Oprm1 gene in male Wistar rats. Materials &amp; Methods: In this case-control study, 48 male Wistar rats with Mean±SD (200±30) g were divided into 6 groups: These are five groups only The control (intact) group, nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, SC injection for 5 days), morphine (10 mg/kg on days 1-3 and 20 mg/kg on days 4-6 and 40 mg/kg, IP injection on days 7-9), methadone (0.5 mg/kg, IP injection for 15 days), buprenorphine (0.05 mg/kg, SC injection for 6 days) and finally saline for each respected group. After the treatment, genomic DNA was extracted from the whole blood of the rats. Then, the extracted DNA was treated with sodium bisulfate. To identify the selected methylated areas of Oprm1 promoter sites (CpG-107 and CpG+33), we used methylation-specific PCR (MSP). Results: Our results showed no methylation in the two CpG sites of Oprm1 promoter in all of the treated groups. Conclusion: Addiction with nicotine, morphine, methadone, and buprenorphine in doses and duration used in this study was not associated with the methylation of the Oprm1 promoter sites in the male Wistar rats.

Evaluation of Drinking Water Antimicrobial Interventions on Water Usage, Feed Consumption, and Salmonella Retention in Broilers Following Feed and Water Withdrawal

SUMMARY A series of experiments were conducted to measure the effects of adding antimicrobials for 2 d: cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), hydrogen peroxide (HP), and/or sodium bisulfate (SB) to water drinker lines of market-age broilers on water usage, feed consumption, and inoculated Salmonella retention during feed and water withdrawal. The following experiments were evaluated: Salmonella retention with CPC (Experiment 1), water and feed consumption with CPC (Experiment 2) or with CPC and HP (Experiment 3), Salmonella retention with HP (Experiment 4) or with HP and SB (Experiment 5). For Experiment 1, water usage in the CPC treatment pens was only 14% of control pens and had no impact on Salmonella retention. For Experiments 2 and 3, the water usage by broilers was depressed 40 to 97% compared to controls. For Experiment 4, the number of Salmonella-positive enriched crop samples was significantly lower for 50 ppm HP+ citric acid (CA) pens (17%) compared to control (100%). For Experiment 5, water antimicrobial treatments did not differ significantly in Salmonella recovery from the control for both enriched crops (65%) or ceca (82%). Neither CPC nor SB was determined to be effective intervention against Salmonella when added to drinking water during feed/water withdrawal. In Experiment 4, 50 ppm HP+CA was an effective Salmonella intervention in crops while broilers remain on water during feed withdrawal.

PH-responsive smart gels of block copolymer [pluronic F127-co-poly(acrylic acid)] for controlled delivery of Ivabradine hydrochloride: its toxicological evaluation

Pluronic F127-co-poly(acrylic acid) smart gels were fabricated by using ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as cross-linker. Free radical polymerization in aqueous medium was initiated by using co-initiators ammonium persulfite (APS) and sodium hydrogen sulfate (SHS). Prepared gels were characterized for pH-sensitivity and in-vitro properties. In addition effect of reactant contents on developed formulation were evaluated by swelling behavior and drug release profile. FTIR spectra revealed the formation of new polymeric network between reactant contents. SEM assay shows rough structure of polymeric matrix which increases the surface area of gel and enhance ability to uptake fluid. TGA and DSC verified that fabricated polymeric smart gels were more thermodynamically stable than pure components. Gel fractions were increased with increase in polymer, monomer and cross-linker contents. Swelling study showed the pH dependent swelling behavior at pH 6.8 of PF127-co-AA polymeric gels. Release pattern of drug followed the first order kinetics, Higuchi and Korsmayer-Peppas models. Toxicity study was also conducted on rabbits and depicted non-toxic effects to biological system. Therefore, PF127-co-AA smart gel can be a potential candidate for the controlled delivery of Ivabradine HCl without any toxic effect.