Sodium Fumarate Research Articles

Effect of Sodium Fumarate for Blood Oxidant and Antioxidant Activity of Patients with Traumatic Shock

In instances when patients with traumatic shock enter anti-shock treatments a marked increase in indicators of oxidative activity is observed as spontaneous and induced chemiluminescence against a background of a strong reduction of total antioxidant activity of the blood. Th is confi rms the development of oxidative stress in the fi rst hours of shock trauma. Sodium fumarate increases antioxidant activity and, consequently, decreases oxidant activity of blood of patients with traumatic shock, resulting in a general improvement of the сlinical state. Th e inclusion of sodium fumarate in the complex therapy of patients with traumatic shock led to a decrease in the severity of multiple organ dysfunction and, as a consequence, reduction of stay in the intensive care unit. Refs 10. Tables 4.

Nanofiltration, bipolar electrodialysis and reactive extraction hybrid system for separation of fumaric acid from fermentation broth

A novel approach based on a hybrid system allowing nanofiltration, bipolar electrodialysis and reactive extraction, was proposed to remove fumaric acid from fermentation broth left after bioconversion of glycerol. The fumaric salts can be concentrated in the nanofiltration process to a high yield (80–95% depending on pressure), fumaric acid can be selectively separated from other fermentation components, as well as sodium fumarate can be conversed into the acid form in bipolar electrodialysis process (stack consists of bipolar and anion-exchange membranes).Reactive extraction with quaternary ammonium chloride (Aliquat 336) or alkylphosphine oxides (Cyanex 923) solutions (yield between 60% and 98%) was applied as the final step for fumaric acid recovery from aqueous streams after the membrane techniques. The hybrid system permitting nanofiltration, bipolar electrodialysis and reactive extraction was found effective for recovery of fumaric acid from the fermentation broth.

Development of Nalidixic Acid Amphotericin B Vancomycin (NAV) Medium for the Isolation of Campylobacter Ureolyticus from the Stools of Patients Presenting with Acute Gastroenteritis

Recently, Campylobacter ureolyticus has been detected for the first time in the faeces of patients with acute gastroenteritis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. Cultural isolation of C. ureolyticusis is not possible using the established selective methods for the isolation of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. from faeces. The aim of the current study is to develop a new selective medium capable of isolating C. ureolyticus from faecal samples. The newly-developed medium consists of Anaerobe Basal Agar with 10 g/L additional agar, 2 g/L sodium formate and 3 g/L sodium fumarate dibasic, to which 10 mg/L nalidixic acid, 10 mg/L amphotericin B and 20 mg/L vancomycin (NAV) are added as selective agents. Validation studies have shown that this experimental selective medium completely inhibits growth of Candida spp. and of Enterococcus spp. and permits reduced growth of selected coliforms and Proteus spp. Growth of Campylobacter ureolyticus on NAV medium is optimal in anaerobic and enriched hydrogen atmospheres. Additionally, an overnight enrichment step using Bolton broth to which 2 g/L sodium formate, 3 g/L sodium fumarate dibasic and the NAV supplement are added, in place of the commercial Bolton broth supplement, allows improved recovery of C. ureolyticus from patients’ faeces.

Solubility of Fumaric Acid and Its Monosodium Salt

Fumaric acid is a dicarboxylic acid applied in food industry and in some polymers. Currently, its fermentative production from renewable resources is receiving much attention, and crystallization is used to recover it. To determine the window of operation for crystallization from multicomponent fermentation mixtures, the aqueous solubilities of fumaric acid and its sodium salts were investigated. For fumaric acid, sodium hydrogen fumarate, and sodium fumarate, solubilities and pH increased in this order because of increasing polarity and dissociation. A mathematical model was developed to predict crystal type and amount as function of temperature and pH. The effect of glucose (up to 3.0 mmol·mol-1) on the solubility can be neglected, but ethanol (1.0 mmol·mol-1) slightly increased the solubility of fumaric acid and significantly decreased the solubility of the sodium salts, because the aqueous solution becomes less polar upon ethanol addition but not upon glucose addition. © 2013 American Chemical Society.

Synthesis, thermal and infrared spectroscopic studies of hydrazinated mixed metal fumarates

A series of hydrazinated complexes of mixed nickel manganese zinc ferrous fumarates were synthesized from aqueous metal chlorides solution and sodium fumarate–hydrazine hydrate mixture. These complexes were characterized by chemical analysis, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry and isothermal mass loss studies. The hydrazine ligand in these complexes shows bidentate bridging nature while, carboxylate ion displays monodentate behaviour. Thermal decomposition studies indicate 3-step decomposition, involving 2-step dehydrazination and 1-step decarboxylation. The thermal decomposition residues were characterized by X-ray diffractometry, transmission electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy.

Thermal behaviour of fumaric acid, sodium fumarate and its compounds with light trivalent lanthanides in air atmosphere

Abstract Characterization, thermal stability and thermal decomposition of light trivalent lanthanide fumarates, as well as, the thermal behaviour of fumaric acid and its sodium salt were investigated employing simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), TG–FTIR techniques, elemental analysis and complexometry. On heating, sublimation of fumaric acid is observed, while the thermal decomposition of the sodium fumarate occurs with the formation of a mixture of sodium carbonate and carbonaceous residue. The thermal decomposition of light trivalent lanthanide fumarates occurs in consecutive and/or overlapping steps with the formation of the respective oxides: CeO2, Pr6O11, and Ln2O3 (Ln = La, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd).

Statistical optimization for simultaneous production of 1,3-propanediol and 2,3-butanediol using crude glycerol by newly bacterial isolate

One hundred bacterial strains capable of producing 1,3-PD from glycerol were isolated from soil and wastewater samples. The most efficient strain SU6, which could synthesize higher concentration of 1,3-PD and 1,3-propanediol oxidoreductase was selected and identified, based on biochemical characteristics and rRNA gene sequence analysis. The results indicated that this strain is a member of Klebsiella pneumoniae. A mathematical model was developed to investigate the influences of each medium composition and their interactions on the production of 1,3-PD and 2,3-BD under micro-aerobic and anaerobic cultivation. The maximal concentrations of 1,3-PD and 2,3-BD under micro-aerobic fermentation were higher than those under anaerobic cultivation. The maximum yield of 1,3-PD (24.98g/l) was achieved in the medium containing 200g/l crude glycerol (27%), 1.96g/l yeast extract, 2.87g/l ammonium phosphate and 2.16g/l sodium fumarate. Under this condition, 2,3-BD production was 9.54g/l. Verification on the medium optimization revealed the maximum 1,3-PD and 2,3-BD concentrations of 24.14 and 9.16g/l, respectively. This resulted in significantly increase by 6.1 and 2.9 folds, respectively.

Synthesis and photophysical study of silver nanoparticles stabilized by unsaturated dicarboxylates

Solution-phase synthesis of nanometer-sized silver particles is reported by sodium borohydride reduction of AgNO 3. Two isomeric dicarboxylates (sodium maleate and sodium fumarate) have been used as stabilizing agents. The dicarboxylate-stabilized silver nanoparticles are characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. A qualitative comparison is made between the UV–vis spectral characteristic of the SPR band and the simulated curve obtained from modified Mie's theory. Silver nanoparticles prepared using these two isomeric dicarboxylates show intense fluorescence in the visible region. DFT with hybrid functional (B3LYP)-based frequency (IR) calculation of both the dicarboxylates and the respective nanoparticles are in good agreement with the experimental IR frequency. On the basis of this calculation a model has been proposed for the stabilization of silver nanoparticles by these two isomeric dicarboxylate anions.

Recovery of fumaric acid by hollow-fiber supported liquid membrane with strip dispersion using trialkylamine carrier

This paper presents the transport of fumaric acid (FA) from an aqueous feed solution through a hollow-fiber supported liquid membrane (HFSLM) with strip dispersion. Trialkylamine (N 7301) was used as carrier. Many factors having strong impacts on the extraction characteristics of the system were studied in detail, including the characteristics of feed and strip solutions, the composition of membrane solvent phase and the operating conditions. Membrane solvents were chosen from different chemical classes (four “inert” solvents: o-xylene, toluene, benzene, n-dodecane; and three “active” solvents or co-solvents: polar solvent n-octanol, electron donating solvent methyl isobutyl ketone-MIBK, and electron accepting solvent chloroform). And the Hansen solubility parameter theory was applied to analyze the influence of different solvents on the transport of fumaric acid. At the optimum operating condition, the extraction of FA reached 89.5% and the total TOC removal rate was 96.5%. FA crystal was obtained by acidification of the sodium fumarate solution. The total mass transfer coefficient was modeled and the modeling result agreed well with the experimental result. After five consecutive transport studies without reimpregnation of the carrier, the extraction remained fairly constant and no significant loss of the membrane solution was observed.

Formation of the exopolysaccharide ethapolan by Acinetobacter sp. IMV B-7005 on a fumarate-glucose mixture

Our studies enabled us to intensify the synthesis of the microbial exopolysaccharide (EPS) ethapolan produced by Acinetobacter sp. IMV B-7005 grown on a mixture of fumarate (an energy-excessive substrate) and glucose (an energy-deficient substrate). Supplementing glucose-containing medium with sodium (potassium) fumarate at a molar ratio of 4:1 resulted in a 1.3-2.2-fold increase of the EPS amount synthesized and in a 1.3-2-fold increase of the EPS yield relative to the biomass compared to monosubstrate cultivation. The conversion of the carbon of both substrates to EPS was the highest if the carbon/nitrogen ratio in the cultivation medium was 70.5 and inoculum grown on glucose monosubstrate was used.

Propionate precursors and other metabolic intermediates as possible alternative electron acceptors to methanogenesis in ruminal fermentationin vitro

Fifteen potential precursors of propionate were tested for their ability to decrease CH4 production by ruminal fluid in vitro. Sodium acrylate and sodium fumarate produced the most consistent effects in batch cultures, with 50 % of the added precursors being fermented to propionate and CH4 production decreasing by between 8 and 17 %, respectively. Additives were more effective when added as free acids, but this also decreased the pH and may have inhibited fibre digestion. Changing the dietary substrate from predominantly grass hay to predominantly concentrate had no influence on the effectiveness of acrylate and fumarate. In an in vitro fermentor (the rumen simulating technique, Rusitec) with a grass hay-concentrate (50:50, w/w) diet as substrate, both compounds were again fermented to propionate (33 and 44 % conversion to propionate, respectively). However, fumarate appeared more effective as a H2 sink compound. It was calculated to capture 44 % of the H2 previously used for CH4 formation compared with a 22 % capture of H2 with acrylate. Fumarate also caused a stimulation in fibre digestion. Thus, sodium fumarate was the preferred propionate precursor for use as a feed ingredient to decrease CH4 emissions from ruminants.

Transcriptional Responses of Escherichia coli to S-Nitrosoglutathione under Defined Chemostat Conditions Reveal Major Changes in Methionine Biosynthesis

Nitric oxide and nitrosating agents exert powerful antimicrobial effects and are central to host defense and signal transduction. Nitric oxide and S-nitrosothiols can be metabolized by bacteria, but only a few enzymes have been shown to be important in responses to such stresses. Glycerol-limited chemostat cultures in defined medium of Escherichia coli MG1655 were used to provide bacteria in defined physiological states before applying nitrosative stress by addition of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). Exposure to 200 microm GSNO for 5 min was sufficient to elicit an adaptive response as judged by the development of NO-insensitive respiration. Transcriptome profiling experiments were used to investigate the transcriptional basis of the observed adaptation to the presence of GSNO. In aerobic cultures, only 17 genes were significantly up-regulated, including genes known to be involved in NO tolerance, particularly hmp (encoding the NO-consuming flavohemoglobin Hmp) and norV (encoding flavorubredoxin). Significantly, none of the up-regulated genes were members of the Fur regulon. Six genes involved in methionine biosynthesis or regulation were significantly up-regulated; metN, metI, and metR were shown to be important for GSNO tolerance, because mutants in these genes exhibited GSNO growth sensitivity. Furthermore, exogenous methionine abrogated the toxicity of GSNO supporting the hypothesis that GSNO nitrosates homocysteine, thereby withdrawing this intermediate from the methionine biosynthetic pathway. Anaerobically, 10 genes showed significant up-regulation, of which norV, hcp, metR, and metB were also up-regulated aerobically. The data presented here reveal new genes important for nitrosative stress tolerance and demonstrate that methionine biosynthesis is a casualty of nitrosative stress.

Sol–gel MnO2 as an electrode material for electrochemical capacitors

MnO2 was synthesized by the sol–gel method. Two forms of MnO2, namely xerogel and ambigel, were prepared by reduction of NaMnO4 and KMnO4 with sodium fumarate. The synthesized products were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and chemical analysis. Electrochemical characterization was carried out using cyclic voltammetry by a three electrode system consisting of saturated calomel electrode as reference electrode, platinum mesh as a counter electrode, and sol–gel prepared MnO2 mounted on Ti mesh used as working electrode. Aqueous NaCl, KCl, Na2SO4 and LiCl solutions were used as electrolytes. The ambigel form of MnO2 showed high capacitance compared to that of the xerogel form of MnO2. Maximum capacitance of 130 F/g was obtained at a scan rate of 5 mV/s for the ambigel form of MnO2 in a 2 M NaCl solution. Effect of NaCl concentration on the capacitance of MnO2 was studied. Stability of MnO2 was studied up to 800 cycles.

Comparison of fumaric acid production by Rhizopus oryzae using different neutralizing agents.

Fumaric acid fermentation in a 10-L bubble column fermenter using different neutralizing agents [CaCO(3), Ca(OH)(2), NaHCO(3)] by Rhizopus oryzae ATCC 20344 was examined. It was found that in the fermentation using CaCO(3 )as the neutralizing agent the highest fumaric acid weight yield and volumetric productivity were obtained, 53.4% and 1.03 g/L x h(-1) respectively. In the NaHCO(3) case, the fumaric acid weight yield and volumetric productivity were 33.7% and 0.69 g/L x h(-1), respectively, much lower than the CaCO(3) case. However, the NaHCO(3) alternative has advantages of cell reuse and simple downstream processing because of the high solubility of sodium fumarate. These advantages may offset the disadvantages of using NaHCO(3) as the neutralizing agent, and the overall fumaric acid weight yield and volumetric productivity will increase.

Influence of sodium fumarate addition on rumen fermentationin vitro

The influence of sodium fumarate on rumen fermentation was investigated in vitro using batch and semi-continuous cultures of mixed rumen micro-organisms taken from three sheep receiving a basal diet of hay, barley, molasses, fish meal and a mineral-vitamin supplement (500, 299.5, 100, 91 and 9.5 g/kg DM respectively). Batch cultures consisted of 10 ml strained rumen fluid in 40 ml anaerobic buffer containing 200 mg of the same feed given to the sheep. Sodium fumarate was added to achieve a final concentration of 0, 5 or 10 mmol/l, as a result of the addition of 0, 250 or 500 mumol, equivalent to 0, 200 and 400 g/kg feed. CH4 production at 24 h (360 mumol in the control cultures) fell (P < 0.05) by 18 and 22 mumol respectively (SED 7.5). Total gas production was increased by the addition of fumarate without significant accumulation of H2. Substantial increases in acetate production (92 and 194 mumol; SED 26.7, P < 0.01) were accompanied by increases in propionate formation (212 and 396 mumol; SED 13.0, P < 0.001). Longer-term effects of fumarate supplementation on ruminal fermentation and CH4 production were investigated using the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). Eight vessels were given 20 g basal diet/d, and half of them received a supplement of fumarate (disodium salt) over a period of 19 d. The response to the daily addition of 6.25 mmol sodium fumarate was a decrease in CH4 production of 1.2 mmol (SED 0.39, P < 0.05), equivalent to the consumption of 4.8 mmol H2, and an increase in propionate production of 4.9 mmol (from 10.4 to 15.3 (SED 1.05) mmol/d, P < 0.01). The inhibition of CH4 production did not decline during the period of time that fumarate was added to the vessels. Thus, the decrease in CH4 corresponded well to the fraction of the fumarate that was converted to propionate. Fumarate had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on total bacterial numbers or on the number of methanogenic archaea, but numbers of cellulolytic bacteria were increased (8.8 v. 23.9 (SED 2.49) x 10(5) per ml, P < 0.01). Fumarate also increased DM digestibility of the basal diet after 48 h incubation (0.476 v. 0.508 (SED 0.0123), P < 0.05). Thus, it was concluded that sodium fumarate may be a useful dietary additive for ruminants, because it diverts some H2 from CH4 production and because it is able to stimulate proliferation of cellulolytic bacteria and digestion of fibre.

Production ofL-malate from fumarate by the yeastDipodascus magnusii

An alternative microbiological method for the production of malate from fumarate is presented. The yeast Dipodascus magnusii was used for this bioconversion. The optimum cell growth temperature was 28°C and the working volume 120 ml. The highest level of fumarase activity during bioconversion was achieved at a pH of 7.5 and a temperature of 37°C. These conditions were determined as optimal. Using sodium fumarate (1M), the maximum specific productivity of malic acid obtained was 1.72 g/(gDCW × h) for intact cells. In the case of ammonium fumarate, it was 2.25 g/(gDCW × h).

Production of R-(-)-Ketoprofen from an Amide Compound by Comamonas acidovorans KPO-2771-4

R-(-)-2-(3(prm1)-Benzoylphenyl)propionic acid [R-(-)-ketoprofen] was produced from racemic 2-(3(prm1)-benzoylphenyl)propionamide (keto-amide) by the isolated bacterial strain Comamonas acidovorans KPO-2771-4. Sodium fumarate as the carbon source and 2-azacyclononanone or isobutyronitrile as the enhancer in the culture medium were effective for bacterial growth and the enhancement of R-(-)-ketoprofen-producing activity. R-(-)-Ketoprofen produced from the keto-amide by resting cells was present in 99% enantiomeric exess. C. acidovorans KPO-2771-4 has an R-enantioselective amidase for keto-amide because the purified amidase from the bacterium hydrolyzed keto-amide, producing optically pure R-ketoprofen and ammonia.

The effect of fumaric acid and sodium fumarate supplementation to diets for weanling pigs on amino acid digestibility and volatile fatty acid concentrations in ileal digesta

An experiment was carried out with 12 Camborough × Canabrid barrows to determine the effect of fumaric acid (FA) and sodium fumarate (NaFA) supplementation of the diet on the apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of amino acids and the concentrations of volatile fatty acids in ileal digesta. The pigs were weaned at 28 days of age (initial and final body weights 9.3 kg and 17.4 kg, respectively) and fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum. The pigs were fed four diets, based on wheat and soybean meal (200 g kg −1 crude protein), according to a two-period change-over design. Fumaric acid (15 and 30 g kg −1) and NaFA (15 g kg −1) were included in the diets at the expense of corn starch. The pigs were fed three times daily at a rate of 5% of body weight. Chromic oxide (3 g kg −1) was used as digestibility marker. The pH of the diets were 6.3, 4.4, 3.9, and 6.3 for the control, 15 g kg −1 FA, 30 g kg −1 FA, and 15 g kg −1 NaFA diets, respectively. Supplementation of diets with FA or NaFA did not increase the apparent ileal or total tract digestibility coefficients of amino acids and energy and did not affect ( P>0.05) the pH or the concentrations of acetate and propionate in ileal digesta. Therefore, the growth-promoting effect of FA appears not to be due to improved protein and energy digestion or an effect on volatile fatty acid metabolism.

The effect of electron transport (ET) inhibitors and thiabendazole on the fumarate reductase (FR) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) of Strongyloides ratti infective (L3) larvae

The fumarate reductase (FR) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities of isolated submitochondrial particles (SMPs) prepared from axenised L3 larvae of S. ratti were characterised with respect to their response to a selected range of inhibitors. Rotenone (a specific inhibitor of electron transport Complex I) inhibited the S. ratti FR (EC 50 = 3.0 × 10 −7 m) but not SDH. This strongly suggests that the S. ratti FR is functionally linked with the S. ratti ET-Complex I. 2-Thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTFA, an inhibitor of ET-Complex II) inhibited FR (EC 50 = 2.6 × 10 −5 m) and SDH (EC 50 = 2.8 × 10 −5 m) with similar effectiveness. Sodium malouate (substrate analogue of succinate) had a greater affinity for SDH (EC 50 = 6.8 × 10 −4 m) than FR (EC 50 = 1.9 × 10 −2 m). Sodium fumarate was ca. 8-fold more effective in inhibiting the S. ratti FR (EC 50 = 6.0 × 10 −4 m) than SDH (EC 50 = 4.8 × 10 −3 m). The S. ratti FR was more sensitive to inhibition by thiabendazole (TBZ; EC 50 = 4.6 × 10 −4 m) than SDH (EC 50 > 1.0 × 10 −3 m), suggesting that one of the sites-of-action of TBZ to be the FR of S. ratti mitochondria. More potent inhibitors of S. ratti FR, if developed, may prove to be effective chemotherapeutic agents in the management of human strongyloidiasis.

Spectroscopic and microscopic studies of a commercial concrete water proofing material

In the Arabian Gulf countries where soil and groundwater has high contents of sulfates an chlorides, underground reinforced concrete structures deteriorate, due to chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcing steel bars, within a fraction of their design life. One way of overcoming this deterioration problem is by applying a water proofing material (WPM) on the exposed surface of underground concrete structures. The objective of this study was to characterize the WPM and validate the manufacturers claim regarding the growth of crystals and thus assess the chemistry and mechanism involved in the formation of such corrosion protection of the reinforced concrete. Spectroscopic studies of the WPM showed that it is made up of the normal constituents of cement such as calcium carbonates, sulfates, silicates etc. plus some organic products such as sodium fumarate, fumaric acid and melamine-formaldehyde polymers. The mechanism of protection seems to be dual i.e one by controlling the pH of the concrete by providing buffering effect with the fumaric/fumarate combination and second one by reducing permeability of the concrete and thus preventing further ingress of deleterious and corrosive species from outside sources.