Sodium Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Research Articles

Simultaneous determination of EDTA, sorbic acid, and diclofenac sodium in pharmaceutical preparations using high-performance liquid chromatography.

A simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbic acid, and diclofenac sodium was developed and validated. Separation was achieved on a C(18) column (10 cm×4.6 mm) using gradient elution. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-ammonium dihydrogen phosphate buffer solution (0.01 M, pH=2.5, containing 0.8% tetra-n-butyl ammonium hydroxide). The detector wavelength was set at 254 nm. Under these conditions, separation of three compounds was achieved in less than 10 min. The effect of two metal salts and metal concentration on peak area of EDTA was investigated. The pH effect on retention of EDTA and sorbic acid was studied. The method showed linearity for EDTA, sorbic acid, and diclofenac in the ranges of 2.5-100.0, 5.0-200.0, and 20.0-120.0 μg/mL, respectively. The within- and between-day relative standard deviations ranged from 0.52 to 1.94%, 0.50 to 1.34%, and 0.78 to 1.67% for EDTA, sorbic acid, and diclofenac, respectively. The recovery of EDTA, sorbic acid, and diclofenac from pharmaceutical preparation ranged from 96.0-102.0%, 99.7-101.5%, to 97.0-102.5%, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about simultaneous determination of EDTA, sorbic acid, and diclofenac.

Detection of colorectal circulating cancer cells with the use of a quantum dot labelled magnetic immunoassay method

To evaluate the incorporation of cadmium selenide quantum dots (QDs) in the detection of colorectal cancer (CRC) circulating tumour cell (CTC) surface antigens. The principle of this assay is based upon the separation of CTCs from body fluids using magnetic beads (MBs) coupled with specific antibody biomarkers, such as the Epithelial cell Adhesion Molecule Antibody (EpCAM) and Cytokeratin 19 (CK19) antibody. The detection signal was acquired from the fluorescence signal of QDs. To evaluate the performance, the method under study was used to isolate the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (DLD-1) and CTCs from CRC patients’ peripheral blood samples. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 9 CRC patients (Table 1) and 5 healthy donors who gave their informed consent to their inclusion in the study. Peripheral venous blood was sampled immediately after CRC patients had received general anaesthesia, moments before surgery. In all patients, an intravenous cannula was used to collect blood into 7 ml vacutainers containing sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The first 7 ml of blood was discarded in order to reduce the risk of contamination from skin epithelial cells. Subsequently, 30 ml samples were collected at one-minute intervals (five 6 ml aliquots per 30 ml sample). The limit of detection (LOD) of the methodology described in the present study was determined at 10 DLD-1 cells/ml of sample as fluorescence measured with a spectrofluorometer. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis and Real Time RT-PCR were also used to evaluate the performance of the method. Ultimately, in comparison to other methods currently in use, we developed a simple, sensitive, and more cost-effective method for the detection of CRC CTCs in human samples. Results were accomplished using magnetic bead isolation and subsequent QD fluorescence detection. The present method can be readily adjusted to target a variety of proteins of either the CTC or the host.

The effect of irrigation solutions with or without sodium ascorbate on the microleakage of class II composite restorations

To compare the effects of four different irrigation solutions [sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), chlorhexidine (CHX), and sterile saline] on the microleakage of class II composite restorations. The effects of the four irrigation solutions individually and in combination with sodium ascorbate on the microleakage of class II composite restorations were also investigated. A total of 180 permanent molar teeth were used, and class II cavities (3 mm wide × 1.5 mm deep) with gingival margins ended 1 mm below the cementoenamel junction were prepared and divided randomly into nine groups ( n = 20 in each group). The four different irrigation solutions with or without sodium ascorbate were used and applied in this study. All of the groups were restored using Filtek P60. The specimens were thermocycled between 5°C and 55°C with 30-second dwell times for 5000 cycles. The samples were then immersed in 0.5% methylene blue dye for 24 h and sectioned longitudinally. Dye penetration at the occlusal and gingival margins was quantified by stereomicroscopy at ×15 magnification. Use of the NaOCl solution caused greater microleakage than the other irrigation solutions on the gingival surfaces, whereas use of sodium ascorbate reduced the microleakage. When NaOCl is used as the canal irrigation solution, subsequent use of sodium ascorbate may reduce the microleakage.

Evaluation of the different irrigation regimens with sodium hypochlorite and EDTA in removing the smear layer during root canal preparation

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare, by scanning electron microscopy analysis, the cleaning efficacy of a 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and a 17% ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) solution with the two solutions either applied alternately or mixed together for smear layer removal after the use of each endodontic file in different root thirds. Materials and methodsFifty-four single-rooted human maxillary premolars were used and divided into three groups. Manual instrumentation was performed with K-Flexofiles with the crown-down technique; and divided in Group 1: canal preparation was performed with 2.5% NaOCl mixed with 17% EDTA in the root canal. Group 2: irrigation was performed alternately with 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA. Group 3: only 2.5% NaOCl was used during all instrumentation and EDTA for 3min at the final. The mean scores for the smear layer by SEM after the use of each file were calculated and analysed. ResultsA statistically significant difference (P<0.05) was found among the instrumentation groups between the apical third and the middle and coronal thirds. In the apical third, the canal walls were often contaminated by inorganic debris and smear layer. ConclusionsThe alternate or mixed use of EDTA during instrumentation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite was the most effective form of irrigation for the removal of smear layer on the cervical and middle thirds. No form of irrigation was sufficiently effective to remove the smear layer in the apical third. Clinical relevanceThe importance of the alternating use of 17% EDTA and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite during root canal instrumentation.

Novel lipoprotein density profiling in healthy dogs of various breeds, healthy miniature schnauzers, and miniature schnauzers with hyperlipidemia

BackgroundDespite the importance of abnormalities in lipoprotein metabolism in clinical canine medicine, the fact that most previously used methods for lipoprotein profiling are rather laborious and time-consuming has been a major obstacle to the wide clinical application and use of lipoprotein profiling in this species. The aim of the present study was to assess the feasibility of a continuous lipoprotein density profile (CLPDP) generated within a bismuth sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (NaBiEDTA) density gradient to characterize and compare the lipoprotein profiles of healthy dogs of various breeds, healthy Miniature Schnauzers, and Miniature Schnauzers with primary hypertriacylglycerolemia. A total of 35 healthy dogs of various breeds with serum triacylglycerol (TAG) and cholesterol concentrations within their respective reference intervals were selected for use as a reference population. Thirty-one Miniature Schnauzers with serum TAG and cholesterol concentrations within their respective reference intervals and 31 Miniature Schnauzers with hypertriacylglyceridemia were also included in the study.ResultsThe results suggest that CLPDP using NaBiEDTA provides unique diagnostic information in addition to measurements of serum TAG and cholesterol concentrations and that it is a useful screening method for dogs with suspected lipoprotein metabolism disorders. Using the detailed and continuous density distribution information provided by the CLPDP, important differences in lipoprotein profiles can be detected even among dogs that have serum TAG and cholesterol concentrations within the reference interval. Miniature Schnauzers with serum TAG and cholesterol concentrations within the reference interval had significantly different lipoprotein profiles than dogs of various other breeds. In addition, it was further established that specific lipoprotein fractions are associated with hypertriacylglyceridemia in Miniature Schnauzers.ConclusionsThe results of the present study suggest that density gradient ultracentrifugation using NaBiEDTA is a useful screening method for the study of lipoprotein profiles in dogs. Therefore, this method could potentially be used for diagnostic purposes for the separation of dogs suspected of having lipoprotein abnormalities from healthy dogs.

Evaluation of transepithelial stromal riboflavin absorption with enhanced riboflavin solution using spectrophotometry

To assess transepithelial stromal riboflavin absorption with an enhanced riboflavin solution (riboflavin 0.1%, 15% dextran T500 with trometamol (Tris-[hydroxymethyl]aminomethane) and sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid by analyzing light-transmission properties of exvivo rabbit corneas. School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff, Wales. Experimental study. The enhanced riboflavin drops (Ricrolin TE) were applied every 3 minutes for 1 hour to 12 corneas (4 with intact epithelium, 4 with superficial scratches, 4 with 8.0 mm epithelial debridement). As a comparison, riboflavin drops without the enhancers (riboflavin 0.1%, 20% dextran T500) (normal riboflavin group) were applied to 12 corneas (4 with intact epithelium, 4 with superficial scratches, 4 with central epithelial debridement). A control group of 4 corneas with intact epithelium received balanced saline 0.9%. To assess enhanced riboflavin absorption, light-transmission spectra of the corneas were analyzed with a spectrophotometer. The spectra in corneas with intact epithelium in both riboflavin groups and in eyes with superficial scratches treated with normal riboflavin were similar to controls. Those with enhanced riboflavin and superficial scratches showed a homogeneous yellow discoloration of the cornea with a dip in light transmission between 400 and 490 nm, similar to that of the enhanced riboflavin solution. This was also seen, albeit of a greater magnitude, with complete epithelial removal, with eyes receiving enhanced riboflavin having a greater dip in transmission than eyes receiving normal riboflavin. Administration of enhanced riboflavin and superficial epithelial scratches allowed sufficient riboflavin stromal absorption to homogeneously alter the transmission spectra of rabbit corneas. This did not occur to the same extent with an intact epithelium or normal riboflavin with superficial scratches. No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

An in vitro comparative evaluation of the antibacterial efficacy of 10% metronidazole gel, 2% chlorhexidine gel, and a combination of calcium hydroxide and 2% chlorhexidine gel against Enterococcus faecalis

Background and Objectives: A major objective in endodontic therapy is to disinfect the root canal system prior to obturation. This is because the residual root canal infection can sustain persistent or recurrent periapical disease. Hence, the use of an intracanal medicament between appointments helps in the elimination of bacteria that remain even after cleaning and shaping. The objective of this in vitro study is to compare the antibacterial efficacy of 10% metronidazole gel, 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel, and a combination of calcium hydroxide and 2% CHX gel against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) using a culture technique. Materials and Methods: The study included 40 single-rooted, human permanent teeth, ­extracted for periodontal or other reasons. Conventional access to the root canals was obtained using access preparation burs in a high speed handpiece. The working length was determined using the Ingle's radiographic method and the canals were instrumented using a Step-back technique with K-files, up to size 40, at the apex and irrigated with 1 ml of 2.5% Sodium hypochlorite and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid gel. The root canals were filled with a sterile Casein Soya meal peptone solution (CSL) and autoclaved twice for 30 minutes at 121°C. An inoculum of E. faecalis was injected into the canals using a sterile syringe and it was incubated aerobically at 37°C for nine days. The specimens were then randomly divided into three experimental groups (10% metronidazole gel, 2% CHX gel, and a combination of calcium hydroxide and 2% CHX gel) and one control group, each containing 10 samples. Following this, the canals were cleaned using an ultrasonically activated No.15 K-file, along with sodium ­hypochlorite irrigation. After medicament removal, each root canal was prepared manually with a new size 40 hedstrom file. The colony forming units per millimeter were determined by the standard laboratory methods. The obtained data was subjected to statistical analysis using the Mann-Whitney test and the χ2 test. Results: In our study, Group II (2% CHX gel) showed significant reduction of E. faecalis. Group I (10% metronidazole gel) showed minimal ­reduction, and Group III (2% CHX gel with calcium hydroxide) showed moderate ­reduction. There was no ­reduction in observed in Group IV (control group) patients. Conclusion: Our study ­signifies that 2% CHX gel showed substantial antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis. The ­combination of calcium hydroxide and 2% CHX gel also showed good ­antimicrobial activity. Hence, the efficacy of 2% CHX gel was greater than its ­combination with ­calcium hydroxide. The least effective drug against the microbes was metronidazole.

Solidifying Agent and Processing of Blood Used for the Larval Diet Affect Screwworm (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Life-History Parameters

Spray-dried whole bovine blood and a sodium polyacrylate polymer gel as a bulking and solidifying agent are among the constituents of the current larval diet for mass rearing screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Locally available, inexpensive dietary materials could reduce rearing cost and address an uncertain commercial supply of spray-dried blood. We compared efficacy of diet prepared from fresh bovine blood after decoagulation with sodium citrate or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or after mechanical defibrination, with the diet containing spray-dried blood using either gel or cellulose fiber as the bulking and solidifying agent. Several life-history parameters were compared among insects reared on each of the blood and bulking agent diets combination. Diets containing citrated blood yielded the lightest larval and pupal weights and fewest pupae. EDTA-treated blood with the gel also caused reductions. EDTA-treated blood with fiber yielded screwworms that were heavier and more numerous than those from the diet with citrated blood but lighter than those from the control diet using spray-dried blood. A reduction in percentage of adults emerging from pupae occurred from diets with both bulking agents using citrated blood and the diet using EDTA mixed with the gel bulking agent. As a group, the cellulose-fiber diets performed better than the gel diets. Larval diet did not affect adult longevity, weight of the eggs deposited by the females that emerged or subsequent egg hatch. Parameter measurements of insects from both defibrinated blood diets were similar to those from the spray-dried blood diets, indicating that fresh, defibrinated bovine blood can successfully replace the dry blood in the screwworm rearing medium.

Flowery Ni Microcrystals Consisting of Star-shaped Nanorods: Facile Synthesis, Formation Mechanism and Magnetic Properties

Flowerlike Ni microcrystals composed of star-shaped Ni nanorods with a diameter of ~200 nm were fabricated by a facile chemical reduction process, in which ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid sodium (EDTA) was used as complexant to assist in the formation of the flowery shape of the sample. The products were characterized by X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer. Scanning electron microscopy images indicated the typical size of the flowery Ni microcrystals was 2–3 μm and the length of the star-shaped Ni nanorods was in the hundreds of nanometers up to micron scale. The X-ray diffraction pattern showed the Ni microcrystals were present in the face-centred cubic phase and magnetic measurement results demonstrated the greatly enhanced coercivity of the sample (168.5 Oe) at room temperature. Based on the evolution of the structure and the morphology of products with increasing reaction time, a possible formation mechanism was proposed to illustrate the growth of the flower-like Ni architecture.

Determination of macrolide and lincosamide antibiotics by pressurised liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in meat and milk

A total of 155 samples, including meat and milk, were analyzed using a method developed for determining five macrolide antibiotics: tilmicosin (TILM), tylosin (TS), spiramycin (SPM), erythromycin (ERY), and tulathromycin (TULA) and two lincosamide antibiotics: pirlimycin (PIRL) and lincomycin (LM). The method was performed by pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) coupled to LC–MS/MS using electrospray ionization in positive ion mode. 2.5 mL of milk or 2.5 g of meat were dispersed in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid sodium salt 2-hydrate (EDTA) and sea sand. The PLE conditions as: solvent, temperature, pressure, static time, and cell size were optimized. The following analytical parameters were validated according to the guidelines laid down by European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC linearity, specificity, decision limit (CCα), detection capability (CCβ), repeatability, reproducibility, recovery and ruggedness. The frequency of analyzed antibiotics in milk and meat was 48 and 15%, respectively. Four of positives samples (two of meat and two of milk) were higher than the maximum residues levels (MRLs) established by European Union legislation. The found levels were lower than 78.3 μg/kg in milk and 156 μg/kg in meat. Calculation of the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) from these data showed that contribution of meat and milk to dietary intakes were lower than acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) proposed by JECFA.

Hair dye poisoning – an emerging problem in the tropics: an experience from a tertiary care hospital in South India

Super-Vasmol, a cheap, freely-available hair dye is emerging as a major cause of suicidal poisoning in India. It contains potential toxins including paraphenylene diamine, resorcinol, sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and propylene glycol which can result in multiorgan dysfunction. A retrospective study was conducted over 3.5 years (January 2006-July 2009) of 13 consecutive patients with Super-Vasmol poisoning admitted to a tertiary care, referral hospital in South India. A chart review including records of clinical presentations, laboratory findings and treatment details was carried out. Eleven of the patients were women and the mean age was 27.2 years. The predominant clinical features were cervico-facial oedema and pain, cola-coloured urine and oliguria. Laboratory investigations revealed elevated hepatic transaminases (100%), leucocytosis (92.3%), elevated creatinine phosphokinase (92.3%), metabolic acidosis (84.6%), hypocalcaemia (61.5%), hyperphosphataemia (46.2%) and renal failure (38.5%). Eight of the patients were discharged with complete recovery. Trends towards a poor outcome were evident among the following patients: late presentation at our centre; when no gastric lavage was done at the primary-care centre; those requiring tracheostomy/intubation at the primary centre; presentation with a low Glasgow Coma Score or seizures; established renal failure; and those who subsequently require dialysis, mechanical ventilation or intensive care. Hair dye poisoning classically presents with cervico-facial oedema, severe rhabdomyolysis and renal failure. Early therapy with tracheostomy and aggressive forced diuresis are essential in order to prevent the high mortality associated with this toxin. It is imperative to raise public awareness of the potential toxicity of the dye as well as to educate physicians about the need for aggressive and early treatment.

Enhanced permeability of insulin across the rat intestinal membrane by various absorption enhancers: their intestinal mucosal toxicity and absorption-enhancing mechanism of n-lauryl-beta-D-maltopyranoside.

We have examined the in-vitro permeability characteristics of insulin in the presence of various absorption enhancers across rat intestinal membranes and have assessed the intestinal toxicity of the enhancers using an in-vitro Ussing chamber method. The absorption enhancing mechanism of n-lauryl-beta-D-maltopyranoside was studied also. The permeability of insulin across the intestinal membranes was low in the absence of absorption enhancers. However, the permeability was improved in the presence of enhancers such as sodium glycocholate and sodium deoxycholate in the jejunum, and sodium glycocholate, sodium deoxycholate, n-lauryl-beta-D-maltopyranoside, sodium caprate and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in the colon. Overall, the absorption enhancing effects were greater on the colonic membrane than on the jejunal membrane. The intestinal membrane toxicity of these enhancers was characterized using the release of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase from the colonic membrane. A marked increase in the release of lactate dehydrogenase was observed in the presence of sodium deoxycholate and EDTA. The release of lactate dehydrogenase in the presence of these absorption enhancers was similar to that seen with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), used as a positive control, indicating high toxicity of these enhancers to the intestinal membrane. In contrast, sodium glycocholate and sodium caprate caused minor releases of lactate dehydrogenase, similar to control levels, suggesting low toxicity. In addition, the amount of lactate dehydrogenase in the presence of n-lauryl-beta-D-maltopyranoside was much less than that seen with sodium deoxycholate, EDTA and SDS. Therefore, sodium glycocholate, sodium caprate and n-lauryl-beta-D-maltopyranoside are useful absorption enhancers due to their high absorption enhancing effects and low intestinal toxicity. To investigate the absorption enhancing mechanisms of n-lauryl-beta-D-maltopyranoside, the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), voltage clamp experiments and the circular dichroism spectra were studied. n-Lauryl-beta-D-maltopyranoside decreased the TEER values in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that the enhancer may open the tight junctions of the epithelium, thereby increasing the permeability of insulin via a paracellular pathway. This speculation was supported by the findings that 20 mM n-lauryl-beta-D-maltopyranoside produced a greater increase in the paracellular flux rate than in the transcellular flux rate by the voltage clamp studies. Evaluating the circular dichroism spectra we found that insulin oligomers were not dissociated to monomers by the addition of n-lauryl-beta-D-maltopyranoside, but dissociation did occur with the addition of sodium glycocholate. Thus, the dissociation of insulin was not a major factor in the absorption enhancing effect of n-lauryl-beta-D-maltopyranoside. These findings provide basic information to select the optimal enhancer for the intestinal delivery of peptide and protein drugs including insulin.

Right or wrong sample received for coagulation testing? Tentative algorithms for detection of an incorrect type of sample

Inappropriate blood collection potentially comprises the major pre-analytical problem for coagulation testing. Inappropriate samples are most difficult to detect when received as secondary aliquots, common for referred tests. This study aimed to identify a simple, quick and inexpensive process to help laboratories distinguish the type of sample, should there be suspicion of inappropriate collection. Samples from 15 patients [selected on the basis that four different primary tubes were available: serum, citrated plasma, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) plasma, lithium-heparin plasma], were tested for common electrolytes that might substantially differ according to the type of sample. In citrated plasma, potassium, chloride, calcium and magnesium were significantly decreased compared with serum and lithium-heparin plasma, while sodium was markedly increased. In EDTA plasma, sodium and chloride were significantly decreased compared with both serum and lithium-heparin plasma, potassium was always >14 mmol/l, whereas magnesium and calcium were virtually undetectable. These data allowed development of two algorithms for differential identification of citrated plasma vs. other samples with 100% sensitivity and specificity, the former based on the sequential measurement of potassium, calcium and sodium, the latter on potassium and sodium. These simple assays can supplement classical coagulation test methods to identify most inappropriate blood collections and validate sample rejection.

Comparative assessment of sodium edta and heparin as anticoagulants for the evaluation of haematological parameters in cultured and feral african catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

This study investigates the effect of anticoagulants on haematological parameters in thirty (30) feral (wild) and thirty (30) pond cultured African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). The anticoagulants used in this study were lithium heparin and sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Red blood cell (RBC) count, packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), total white blood cell (WBC) count and differential count were determined. No significant differences (p >0.05) were observed in the total RBC, WBC and MCHC values in the feral and pond cultured fish. In the pond cultured African catfish, the neutrophil values were significantly higher (p =0.001) than those of the feral African catfish irrespective of the anticoagulant used. The values for PCV, Hb, lymphocytes, eosinophils, MCV and MCHC of the feral African catfish were significantly higher (p <0.05) than those of the pond cultured African catfish irrespective of the anticoagulant used. The monocyte value for the feral fish was significantly higher (p =0.041) when EDTA was used as the anticoagulant. This study therefore concludes that both anticoagulants could be used for haematological evaluation of fish blood. Also, the habitat and environmental conditions should be taken into consideration when analyzing blood samples in fish.

The effect of EDTA instillations on the rate of development of encrustation and biofilms in Foley catheters

The aim of this research was to examine whether a daily instillation of tetra sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution could reduce the rate at which encrustation by crystalline Proteus mirabilis biofilms blocks urinary catheters. Sets of three bladder models were fitted with size 14 all-silicone catheters. Tetra sodium EDTA solution was instilled into the catheter following biofilm development. Catheters were examined by digital photography and scanning electron microscopy for evidence of encrustation. The results showed that the mean time to blockage of the control catheters was 45 h for saline, 57 h for water and 67 h for those exposed to daily instillations of the EDTA solution. Statistical analysis confirmed that the mean encrustation rate on the EDTA-treated catheters was significantly lower than on the control-treated devices (P = 0.047). This in vitro study indicates that EDTA may have beneficial effects in reducing the complication of catheter encrustation and blockage by crystalline biofilms.

Marked reduction of bone turnover by alendronate attenuates the acute response of bone resorption marker to endogenous parathyroid hormone

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the antiresorptive treatments of alendronate (ALN), risedronate (RIS) and raloxifene (RLX) on the response of bone to endogenous parathyroid hormone (PTH) induced by acute hypocalcemia. Forty women (age, 55–80 years) with postmenopausal osteoporosis (treated with ALN, RIS and RLX or untreated-control group) were given infusions of sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA; 10 mg/kg of body weight). Serum ionized calcium (iCa), plasma intact PTH and marker of bone resorption, serum β C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (β-CTX; β CrossLaps) were followed for 180 min. In all women, decrease in serum iCa following the EDTA load resulted in an acute increase in serum PTH. Between 60 and 180 min, plasma PTH in the ALN and RIS treated women remained significantly higher than in the control group. The integrated β-CTX responses (area under curves, AUCs) to peaks of PTH were significantly lower in the ALN treated women than in those treated with RIS, RLX or control group. There was no significant difference in β-CTX AUC response to PTH between RIS, RLX and control women. Taken together, these findings suggest that in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis treated with ALN, a substantial reduction of bone turnover blunts the acute bone resorbing effect of endogenous PTH.

Synthesis of flower-like Co microcrystals composed of Co nanoplates in water/ethanol mixed solvent

A facile solvothermal route was developed to prepare flower-like Co microcrystals composed of Co nanoplates, in which water/ethanol mixture was used as solvent and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid sodium was used as complexing agent, respectively. X-ray diffraction pattern showed that the synthesized Co microcrystals were present in hexagonal close-packed phase and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicated that the surface of the sample was oxidized. Scanning electron microscope images revealed that each of the flowery Co microcrystals was composed of several pieces of Co plates with uniform thickness of ca 200 nm. It was found that the solvents played a crucial role in determining the morphology of the Co products and the introduction of a certain amount of ethanol was indispensable for the formation of flower-shaped morphology. Magnetic measurement at room temperature indicated that the coercivity (Hc) of the flower-like Co microcrystals came up to 407.3 Oe, which was much higher than that of bulk Co metal.

Effects of Various Iron Fortificants on Sensory Acceptability and Shelf-Life Stability of Instant Noodles

Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional problem in Thailand and many developing countries. One of the most sustainable and cost-effective strategies for combating iron deficiency is fortification of staple foods with iron. In this study, the feasibility of fortifying instant noodles with different forms of iron fortificants (ferrous sulfate [FS], ferric sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [NaFeEDTA], and encapsulated H-reduced elemental iron [EEI] was evaluated, and the fortified noodles were compared with unfortified noodles for changes in physical, chemical, and sensory qualities. Wheat flour used to make instant noodles was fortified to produce a concentration of 5 mg of iron per 50-g serving of instant noodles (one-third of the Thai recommended dietary intake). Analytical data showed that the iron contents were close to 5 mg per serving of noodles fortified with FS, NaFeEDTA, or EEI (5.27 +/- 0.10, 4.27 +/- 0.07, and 5.26 +/- 0.47 mg, respectively). The color quality (measured by L*, lightness, and b* yellowness) of the raw dough sheet and of uncooked and cooked instant noodles fortified with FS was lower than that of the unfortified, but color quality was not changed by the addition of NaFeEDTA. The overall sensory acceptability scores of unfortified and fortified noodles were about 6 ("like slightly"). No metallic odor was observed. During 3 months of storage at room temperature, the iron fortificants did not affect the peroxide level, color, or sensory qualities of the product. Iron fortification of wheat flour used to make instant noodles is feasible. NaFeEDTA is the preferred fortificant because of its nonsignificant effect on the color and sensory quality of the products.

Dialyzability of Minerals in Corn Masa Gruel (Atole) Fortified with Different Iron Compounds: Effects of Ascorbic Acid, Disodium EDTA, and Phytic Acid

Lime-treated corn gruel (atole) is a common weaning food in iron-deficient populations, especially in Mexico and Central America, and is a potential vehicle for fortification with iron. The objective of this study was to screen promising iron compounds for use in the fortification of atole, using in vitro enzymatic digestion-dialysis techniques, while also considering their response to known iron absorption enhancers and inhibitors. Atole, unaltered or preincubated with phytase, was fortified with iron (10 mg/L) from ferrous sulfate, ferrous bisglycinate, or ferrous fumarate, or with ferric chloride, ferric ammonium citrate, or ferric sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (NaFeEDTA), and submitted to in vitro digestion. Dialysis of calcium, copper, iron, phosphorus, and zinc (analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry) was measured when atole was fortified with iron compounds alone or together with ascorbic acid or disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Na2EDTA). Iron dialyzability was higher with NaFeEDTA (p < .05) than with all other iron compounds, which did not differ among themselves in iron dialyzability. Addition of ascorbic acid had no significant effect on iron dialysis, whereas Na2EDTA enhanced iron dialyzability by 7 to 10 times in unaltered atole and 15 to 20 times in phytase-preincubated atole (p < .05). Addition of Na2EDTA always increased intrinsic zinc dialyzability, and most of the time this increase was significant. Phytase pretreatment generally increased mineral dialysis. Adding EDTA (either as NaFeEDTA or as Na2EDTA) to atole can increase the dialyzability of ferrous and ferric iron compounds and enhance the dialyzability of intrinsic zinc without any negative effects on calcium, phosphorus, or copper dialysis.

Reflectance FTIR spectroscopic analysis of metal complexation to EDTA and EDDS

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a common chelating ligand that is widely used in industry. EDTA, however, is not degradable in present wastewater treatment processes. ( S, S)-Ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (EDDS), an isomer of EDTA, is biodegradable and has recently received attention as an alternative metal chelating agent for this reason. Investigations reported here utilized reflectance FTIR spectroscopy for the analysis of metal complexation of EDTA and EDDS. The sampling techniques used were diffused reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Similar studies using transmission mode FTIR have been carried out, but the analysis by reflectance techniques described here improved band resolution, minimized matrix interferences, and expanded on the previous work by providing an in situ method for analysis of pH dependence and metal complexation. Structural characteristics of sodium EDTA and EDDS compounds were identified using the results presented here. Complexes of Pb(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) with EDTA and EDDS were identified by the frequencies of carboxyl group vibrational bands, the difference between asymmetric and symmetric carboxyl groups bands, the relative band intensities, and the band shifts as a result of changes in pH.