Dodecylbenzenesulfonate Research Articles

Electrochemical grinding of honeycomb seals using sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate as an eco-friendly inhibitor: machining principle and performance evaluation

Electrochemical grinding of honeycomb seals using sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate as an eco-friendly inhibitor: machining principle and performance evaluation

Interactions between SDBS and Hydrilla verticillata − epiphytic biofilm in wetland receiving STPs effluents: Nutrients removal and epiphytic microbial assembly

The fate and effects of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) in sewage treatment plants (STPs) effluents on nutrients and submerged macrophytes are far from clear in wetlands. This study conducted a 24-day experiment to investigate changes in nutrients and epiphytic biofilm of Hydrilla verticillata in wetlands receiving effluents with 0.5, 2 and 5 mg L−1 SDBS. The decrease of SDBS in overlying water followed pseudo-first-order kinetic equation, with over 80 % of SDBS removal achieved. 2 and 5 mg L−1 SDBS decreased nutrient removal efficiency, induced oxidative stress response and damaged cells of H. verticillata. SDBS altered bacterial and eukaryotic community diversity. 0.5 mg L−1 SDBS can promote carbon fixation and methane oxidation of microorganisms. Network analysis revealed that 0.5 mg L−1 SDBS decreased the stability of epiphytic ecosystems. Mantel tests indicated significant influences of SDBS, temperature, and total nitrogen on epiphytic microbial communities.

Coupled electrostatic induction strategy toward polyaniline-derived hard carbon with uniformly microporous boosts high-rate sodium storage

Constructing a uniform and controllable hard carbon anode with suitable micropores can effectively improve the overall sodium storage performance. Herein, an electrostatic induction strategy was used to change the structure of micelles by adding surfactant content to form polyaniline (PANI) with different morphologies. The presented synthesis method is characterized by the introduction of oppositely charged surfactants to induce rapid nucleation and the formation of foams with small pore sizes, which are then transformed into homogeneous microcellular pores by high-temperature carbonization. Thus, the microporous structures in hard carbon anode provide excellent electrochemical storage sites for sodium ion storage. As a consequence, the sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) electrostatic induced PANI-derived hard carbon (SD-HC) showed a uniform pore structure with low surface area (14.54 m2 g−1) and uniform micropores (1.54 nm), which used as an anode material for sodium storage can provided high reversible capacity of 282.4 mAh g−1 at 50 mA/g, excellent rate performance (196 mAh g−1 at 5 A/g) and cycling stability (93.3 % capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 1 A/g). This simple and efficient synthesis strategy provides an effective guide for the design of nanostructures for the preparation of similar functional polymeric materials.

Surfactant-enhanced dispersion stability of cellulose nanocrystals and enhanced oil recovery performance

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have attracted more and more attention in EOR. CNCs are abundant and renewable, with nanoscale dimensions, excellent rheological properties, and easy-to-modify surface properties. However, the colloid stability of CNCs under high salinity conditions is poor, which limits their application in enhanced oil recovery (EOR). In order to improve the stability of CNCs in the salt environment, the effect of the mixed system of sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS) and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) on the dispersion stability of CNCs in the presence of different valence salt ions was investigated systematically. The dispersion stability of CNCs was investigated by using the ζ-potential and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques. The mixed surfactants improved the dispersion stability of CNCs within the studied salt ion concentration range (Na+ ≤ 300 mM, Ca2+ ≤ 10 mM, Mg2+ ≤ 10 mM). The stabilization mechanism of CNCs was explained by the electrostatic effect and spatial stabilization effect. In the presence of salt ions, the adsorption behavior of mixed surfactants on the surface of CNCs in the presence and absence of crude oil was revealed through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Microscopic displacement experiments indicated that due to the small particle size of CNCs in salt environments, the pores were not blocked, resulting in a significant improvement in the oil displacement performance.

Optimizing Synthesis of Anionic Surfactant‐Modified Carbon Black for Enhanced Ammonium Adsorption

The increasing levels of ammonium in wastewater pose serious environmental issues, highlighting the urgent need for effective adsorbents to facilitate its removal. Although conventional biological treatment methods have certain drawbacks, adsorption using carbonaceous materials, such as carbon black produced from waste tires, presents a promising alternative for ammonium removal. However, the use of these materials has not been thoroughly investigated. This study focuses on optimizing the synthesis of carbon black modified with anionic surfactants to improve its capacity for ammonium adsorption. Utilizing Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and a Box‐Behnken design, the optimization process examined key variables, including reaction time, surfactant concentration, carbon black dosage, and surfactant type. Comprehensive characterization of the adsorbent was conducted to analyze its surface properties, functional groups, morphology, and elemental composition. The regression models produced highly accurate results with an R2 value of 0.9437. The optimal synthesis conditions were identified as a 12.30‐hour reaction time, a surfactant concentration of 8 mmol/L of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, and a carbon black dosage of 30 g, achieving an ammonium removal efficiency of 84.80%. This study offers a scalable solution for ammonium removal in wastewater, promising practical applications and future sustainable waste management research.

Precipitation–Flotation Process for Molybdenum and Uranium Separation from Wastewater

The mining of molybdenum and uranium ores inevitably results in the generation of large volumes of wastewater containing low concentrations of metals, which poses significant threats to the environment. This study presents a novel precipitation–flotation process for the simultaneous separation of molybdenum and uranium from wastewater. A systematic investigation was conducted on the impacts of the type of precipitant, flotation reagent type, and flotation parameters on the experimental results. Ferric salt served better as a precipitant than aluminum salt and humic acid did, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was more suitable than sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate for acting as a surfactant and foaming agent. Under specific conditions, including a pH of 6.6, an Fe3+ dosage of 0.6 mmol·L−1, an SDS dosage of 40 mg·L−1, an air flow rate of 25 mL·min−1, and a flotation time of 10 min, the removal efficiencies of molybdenum and uranium reached 96.6% and 93.6%, respectively. After flotation, the molybdenum concentration, uranium concentration, chemical oxygen demand, and turbidity of the treated water all meet the emission standards. Furthermore, the metal removal mechanisms, including the particle size distribution, functional group structure, surface element composition, microstructure, and element distribution, were elucidated on the basis of characterization of the precipitation–flotation products.

A comparative study of extraction free detection of HBV DNA using sodium dodecyl sulfate, N-lauroylsarcosine sodium salt, and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate

This study aimed to develop an extraction-free method for quantitative and qualitative detection of HBV DNA compared to traditional nucleic acid extraction. Paired serum and dried blood spot (DBS) samples from 67 HBsAg-positive and 67 HBsAg-negative individuals were included. Two samples with known HBV DNA titers (~ 109 copies/mL) were examined by extraction-free detection using three surfactants (0.2 to 1% of Sodium dodecyl sulfate:SDS, N-Lauroylsarcosine sodium salt:NL, Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate:SDBS), two stabilizing agents (0.1 or 0.01% 2-Mercaptoethanol:2ME and 3.5 or 7% Bovine Serum Albumin:BSA) and two Taq polymerases (Fast Advanced and Prime Direct Probe). HBV DNA in all 67 HBsAg-positive and 67 HBsAg-negative serum and DBS samples was directly quantified by Rt-PCR using 0.4% SDS or 0.4% NL with Fast Advance or Prime Direct Probe Taq. Extraction-free amplification was also performed. Detection limits were varied by different surfactants and Taq. SDS combined with Fast Advanced Taq showed lower detection limits, while SDS with Prime Direct Probe Taq outperformed NL or SDBS-based detection. Adding 2ME to SDS improved detection limit with Prime Direct Probe Taq but not significantly compared to SDS alone. BSA did not significantly enhance detection limits but provided insights into sample stability. The senitivity and specificity of 0.4% SDS and NL in combination with either Fast advanced or Prime Direct Probe Taq polymerase in serum samples were > 90% and 100% resepctively, while it was > 80% and 100% respectively in DBS samples. Extraction-free HBV DNA amplification provided 100% identity with original genomes. Our study suggests that SDS, NL or SDBS-based extraction-free HBV DNA detection strategies using Prime Direct Probe Taq have potential to simplify and accelerate HBV DNA detection with high sensitivity and specificity in both serum and DBS samples, with implications for resource-limited settings and clinical applications. Utilizing surfactants with 2ME is optional, and further research and validation are necessary to broaden its application in real-world diagnostics.

Enhancing mechanical properties of carbonated steel slag through surfactant-assisted CaCO3 crystallization

This study investigates the enhancement of mechanical properties in carbonated steel slag through surfactant-assisted CaCO3 crystallization. Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) was employed at various concentrations (0.1–0.4 mol/L) and temperatures (20–60 °C) to modulate the carbonation process. Optimal performance was achieved with 0.2 mol/L SDBS at 40 °C, resulting in a maximum CO2 uptake of 8.51 % and a compressive strength of 62.89 MPa, 81.66 % higher than unmodified steel slag. Characterization techniques confirmed the formation of crystalline calcite, vaterite, and aragonite, contributing to improved microstructure and strength. SDBS micelles act as templates for CaCO3 nucleation and growth, with low concentrations facilitating carbonation and high concentrations inhibiting it. This research offers new insights into surfactant-assisted crystallization for enhancing carbonated steel slag properties, paving the way for high-performance, eco-friendly building materials from industrial waste.

Silver-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide/PANI-DBSA-PLA Composite 3D-Printed Supercapacitors.

This study presents a novel approach to the development of high-performance supercapacitors through 3D printing technology. We synthesized a composite material consisting of silver-doped reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA)-doped polyaniline (PANI), which was further blended with polylactic acid (PLA) for additive manufacturing. The composite was extruded into filaments and printed into circular disc electrodes using fused deposition modeling (FDM). These electrodes were assembled into symmetric supercapacitor devices with a solid-state electrolyte. Electrochemical characterization, including cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) tests, demonstrated considerable mass-specific capacitance values of 136.2 F/g and 133 F/g at 20 mV/s and 1 A/g, respectively. The devices showed excellent stability, retaining 91% of their initial capacitance after 5000 cycles. The incorporation of silver nanoparticles enhanced the conductivity of rGO, while PANI-DBSA improved electrochemical stability and performance. This study highlights the potential of combining advanced materials with 3D printing to optimize energy storage devices, offering a significant advancement over traditional manufacturing methods.

High-Yield Preparation and Properties of Phenolic Resin-Based Carbon Microspheres.

This study aims to enhance the production efficiency of carbon microspheres (CS) and expand their potential applications. To this end, resorcinol-formaldehyde microspheres (RFS) were prepared in high yield through the modified Stöber method, utilizing resorcinol and formaldehyde as carbon sources, ammonia as a catalyst, and sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS) as a soft template. The resulting RFS were then carbonized to obtain high yield CS. This study examined the impact of key factors, namely, the concentration of resorcinol, ammonia, and the SDBS concentration, along with the temperature of carbonization, upon the properties of the resulting CS, which were observed with regard to microscopic morphology, average particle size, homogeneity, and yield. The findings demonstrated that the proclivity of RFS to agglomerate with one another at high carbon source concentrations was markedly diminished, while the yield of CS was notably enhanced through the introduction of the anionic surfactant SDBS. The particle size of RFS can be modified within the range 200-1000 nm by adjusting the resorcinol and ammonia concentration. The prepared RFS exhibited a regular spherical morphology and a smooth surface. Furthermore, the CS displayed a uniform spherical morphology following high-temperature carbonization, with no agglomeration or cross-linking observed between adjacent particles. It was observed that the yield of RFS reached a maximum of 93.2 g/L when the resorcinol concentration was 0.7 mol/L. Following carbonization at 800 °C, the yield of CS was found to be 41.9 g/L, with a diameter of 770 nm and good monodispersity.

SDBS-AEO Mixture for Triton X-100 Replacement: Surface Activity and Application in Biosensors.

Triton X-100 (TX-100) is a commonly used surfactant in the manufacture of biosensors. The factors limiting the use of TX-100 in biosensors are environmental concerns. In this study, the binary system of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and fatty alcohol-polyoxyethlene ether (AEO) was investigated from the physicochemical principle of surfactant interaction and its application in biosensors. The results demonstrated that a mixture of SDBS and AEO at an appropriate molar ratio had a comparable activity to TX-100 in terms of surface activity, micelle formation, dynamic adsorption, foaming, emulsifying, and cell permeability. Theory and experimentation support the idea that SDBS-AEO might take the place of TX-100 in the manufacturing of biosensors. This study contributes to the development of alternatives to TX-100 and provides a new perspective for an in-depth study of the interaction mechanism of additives in biosensor design.

Preparation of novel nanoparticle demulsifier and its demulsification for surfactant-stabilized crude oil emulison

The application of nanoparticle (NP) demulsifiers in processing the emulsified crude oil production fluid is of great significance for improving production efficiency and reducing energy consumption in crude oil extraction. In this work, a novel NP demulsifier (PPA@KAO) was prepared by chemically modifying the mineral kaolinite (KAO) nanoparticles using γ-Methacryloyl propyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) and polyether-polyquaternium (PPA). The morphology and structure of the PPA@KAO demulsifiers were characterized by FT-IR, SEM, TG, XPS and Zeta potential. The contact angle measurements, interfacial tension (IFT) characterization, and the distribution of nanoparticles in the oil-water phase showed that PPA@KAO have good amphiphilicity and interfacial activity. The demulsification performance of PPA@KAO demulsifiers for a sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) stabilized crude oil emulsion was studied with bottle method. It was found that the oil-water separation could be completed within 20 min, with a demulsification efficiency of 96.75 % at a dosage of 3 g L−1，pH of 6 and temperature of 30°C. Such a result indicates that the PPA@KAO NP demulsifier can achieve rapid and efficient demulsification for the surfactant-stabilized crude oil emulsion at room temperature. The demulsification mechanism of PPA@KAO for the SDBS-stabilized crude oil emulsion was well revealed, which provides an important synthetic strategy of how obtaining an effective NP demulsifiers by regulating the amphiphilicity and surface functional groups of the nanoparticles.

Study on the effect of spatial adsorption orientation on the preferential selection mechanism of dust suppression surfactants

Surfactants are widely used in the field of coal dust control. However, the dust suppression effect of different surfactants varies significantly, and the preferential selection mechanism of dust suppressants for mining is not clear. In this study, the water/surfactant/lignite system was constructed by molecular simulation to investigate the adsorption behavior of surfactants with different structures on the lignite surface at the molecular level. The reasons for the differences in the wettability adsorption of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether-9 (AEO-9), and alkyl polyglycoside (APG1214) on the lignite surface were also investigated based on the quantum chemical calculations and macroscopic experimental analysis. The results showed that the adsorption orientation of surfactant molecules at the solid–liquid interface exerted a pivotal influence on the surface wettability of lignite. According to molecular orbital and electrostatic potential analysis, surfactant molecules with LUMO distributed in the tail chain were more inclined to form a positive adsorption orientation than that concentrated in the polar headgroups; and the stronger the interaction between the polar headgroups and the coal surface with the like charge, the more stable the adsorption of surfactant molecules with the positive arrangement at the interface was. Furthermore, the stronger potential difference between SDS molecules and the hydroxyl-rich structure of the APG1214 molecules are conducive to the formation of hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Wettability experiments showed that the ability of surfactants to improve the wettability of coal dust was positively correlated with the adsorption orientation.

Novel benzene sulfonate surfactants: Alkyl-tetralin sulfonates synthesized via coal chemical route

Benzene sulfonate surfactants are crucial anionic surfactants, commonly derived from petrochemical sources. Herein, we present a new method for synthesizing alkyl-tetralin sulfonate anionic surfactants using α-olefins (n-hexene, n-octene, n-decene) and tetralin sourced from the coal chemical industry as raw materials. The three-resulting alkyl-tetralin sulfonates (C6-THNS, C8-THNS and C10-THNS), obtained by alkylation and sulfonation of tetralin were characterized through HPLC, FTIR, LCMS and 1H NMR techniques. Their surfactant properties were also investigated and compared with commercially applied linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). We observed that C6 alkyl-tetralin sulfonate (C6-THNS) exhibited smaller critical micelle concentration (CMC=0.60 mM) and lower equilibrium surface tension (γCMC=33.43 mN/m). Similarly, C6-THNS also showed comparable foaming, wetting and emulsifying properties with LAS, which can be used as a substitute for LAS surfactants. This study shows that the synthesized alkyl-tetralin sulfonates is a potential surfactant, providing a route for efficiently using coal-based chemicals to synthesize surfactants.

Efficient and sustainable removal of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in a membrane biofilm: Oxygen supply dosage impacts mineralization pathway

Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) can be thoroughly mineralized within sufficient oxygen (O2), but which is energy intensive and may causes serious foaming problem. Although cometabolism can achieve efficient LAS removal within a wide range of O2 dosages, how O2 dosage systematically affects LAS metabolic pathway is still unclear. Here, membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) enabled accurate O2 delivery and bulk dissolved oxygen (DO) control. MABR achieved efficient removal of LAS (>96.4 %), nitrate (>97.8 %) and total nitrogen (>96.2 %) at the three target DO conditions. At high DO condition (0.6 mg/L), LAS was efficiently removed by aerobic mineralization (predominant) coupled with aerobic denitrification biodegradation with the related functional enzymes. Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Hydrogenophaga, and Pseudoxanthomonas were dominant genus contributing to four possible LAS aerobic metabolic pathways. As O2 dosage reduced to only 29.7 % of the demand for LAS mineralization, O2 facilitated LAS activation, benzene-ring cleavage and a portion of respiration. NO3--N respiration-induced anaerobic denitrification also contributed to ring-opening and organics mineralization. Desulfomicrobium and Desulfonema related two possible anaerobic metabolic pathways also contributed to LAS removal. The findings provide a promising strategy for achieving low-cost high LAS-containing greywater treatment.

Effect of salt ions (Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) and EOR anionic and nonionic surfactants on the dispersion stability of cellulose nanocrystals

The application of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is a developing hotspot. To improve the stability of CNCs in salt environments, the effects of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) on the stability of CNCs in the presence of sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) were investigated. The range of salt ions and the stability mechanism for improving the CNCs stability in the presence of SDBS and Tween 80 were pointed out. SDBS improved the stability of CNCs in the presence of 30–100 mM Na+, 1–2 mM Ca2+ and 2 mM Mg2+, respectively. Tween 80 improved the stability of CNCs in the presence of Na+ ≤ 300 mM, Ca2+ ≤ 10 mM and Mg2+ ≤ 10 mM, respectively. The mechanism was explained by the bridging effect of salt ions, electrostatic effect and spatial stability effect. The combined systems of surfactants (SDBS and Tween 80) with CNCs exhibited strong emulsifying properties, low interfacial tension (0.023 mN/m and 1.85 mN/m), and the ability to alter the wettability of oil wet rocks. This made the combined systems have better oil displacement performance.

Mussel-inspired co-deposition of catechol-amine and graphene oxide (GO) modified anion exchange membranes (AEMs) for antifouling

Mussel-inspired co-deposition has many applications in surface modification of polymer membranes. Organic fouling of ion exchange membranes is one of the common issues that hinder electrodialysis treatment of industrial wastewater. In this work, anion exchange membranes were surface-modified by the mussel-inspired co-deposition of catechol-amine and graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets. Results showed that co-deposition with catechol (CA) and m-phenylenediamine (MPD) as reactant monomers rapidly generated modifying layer on the AEM surface. And the addition of GO into co-deposition helped improve the homogeneity and reduce polymer particle aggregation. The synergistic effect of catechol-amine and GO nanosheets was beneficial to form uniform modifying layer with improved hydrophilicity and negative charge density of membrane surface. In eletrodialysis experiments with sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) as model foulants, GO-CA-MPD-3h modified AEM maintained high desalination rate close to that without folants, indicating good modifying antifouling performance. Mussel-inspired co-deposition of catecholamines and functional materials give new insights into membrane modificatin through a feasible and cost-effective method

Preparation, Modification and Property Characterization of Nano-TiO2

Abstract In view of the strong polarity and easy agglomeration of nano TiO2 in practical applications, its excellent performance cannot be fully exerted. In this paper, nano titanium dioxide was prepared by liquid phase hydrolysis method using TiCl4 and oxalic acid as raw materials, and then the surface modification of nano TiO2 was carried out with sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate(SDS). The optimal modification process conditions were obtained through single-factor experiment and orthogonal experiment. The products before and after modification were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, particle size analysis. The results indicated that the modified nano titanium dioxide adsorbed a certain amount of modifier on the surface, with small and uniform particles that are not easily agglomerated. This greatly improved its dispersibility and stability in media, providing better guarantee for its application in various fields.

Multi-scale evaluation of surfactant effects on asphalt desorption behavior from oil sand surfaces

This study created a hydrophobic oil sand model to investigate the impact of surfactants on the desorption behavior of asphalt from solid surface. Cationic surfactant cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) were used to soak the model to observe the effect of surfactants on asphalt desorption. The effect of surfactant pretreatment on the wettability of the substrate was evaluated by measuring the contact angle of ultrapure water on the substrate and observing the morphological changes of the solid surface by atomic force microscopy. The results show that the contact angle of the model treated with SDBS decreases to 10° after 3 days, which significantly improves the wettability of the substrate surface and promotes the desorption of asphalt. However, CTAB has no obvious effect on asphalt desorption. The standard deviation of the gray value of the sand surface image is significantly reduced to 38.693 after the SDBS treatment, which can be seen by binarizing the image. This suggests that the asphalt and solution are evenly distributed and that there is hardly any discernible boundary. Nevertheless, neither of the two surfactants can improve the water-based extraction efficiency of oil sands after soaking treatment. The asphalt yield is less than 5% after 30 days of pretreatment with CTAB solution, while only 45% asphalt yield is obtained after 30 days of pretreatment with SDBS solution. Despite these variations, the quality of asphalt foam remains relatively the same. This may be related to the failure of surfactants to improve the surface wettability of hydrophobic sand. Therefore, the surface wettability of the sand is considered to be a key factor affecting the asphalt desorption and final yield. This study can provide a scientific basis for oil sand recovery to a certain extent.

Effect of novel non-inhibitor slurry on chemical mechanical polishing properties of copper interconnect copper film based on experiments and theoretical calculations

In order to simplify the component of copper slurry during chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) and improve the surface corrosion inhibition efficiency, anionic surfactant dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) and nonionic surfactant decyl glucoside (DG) as mixed surfactants were used instead of inhibitors, and the corrosion inhibition properties were thoroughly studied by experiments and theoretical calculations. Polishing experiments and surface morphology tests show that the mixed surfactants can effectively enhance the surface quality after CMP compared with traditional inhibitor TAZ. Electrochemical experiments show that DG and DBSA can form a dense passivation film on the Cu surface to prevent corrosion. The inhibition efficiency of mixed surfactants is as high as 95 %. The theoretical calculations indicate that DBSA and DG form a stable long-chain structure, which leads to a higher adsorption energy, a denser passivation film, and stronger corrosion inhibition, in agreement with the experimental findings. These studies confirmed the stronger inhibitory effect of mixed surfactant on Cu film CMP and provided a new reference for the design of simplified slurry without inhibitor components.