Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulphonate Research Articles

Environmental Toxicity of Sodium Dodecylbenzenesulphonate in Aquatic Systems by Biotesting Results

Environmental Toxicity of Sodium Dodecylbenzenesulphonate in Aquatic Systems by Biotesting Results

Tribological characteristics and film behaviour of polytetrafluoroethylene in jatropha with sodium dodecyl sulphate as surfactant

In this research, a bio lubricant was developed utilising eco-friendly constituents of jatropha oil, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and sodium dodecyl benzenesulphonate (SDBS), characterised and tested with four-ball tribometer under ASTM D2783 standard. The tribological performance in terms of friction, wear, load carrying ability and evaluation of the film behaviour on stability and strength was conducted. According to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) of the study, the presence of the two additives in base jatropha oil demonstrated good functional groups desired for lubricant lubricity. In comparison to base jatropha under 40 kg and 1200 rpm, blended 1 wt-% PTFE + 0.8 wt-% SDBS additives produced an outstanding reduction in coefficient of friction (61.4%) and good load carrying strength among all the samples tested, but commercial shell oil (CSO) outperformed under wear resisting potential. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a 3D surface profilometer were used to examine the rubbed surfaces. Findings indicate that the boundary film on the worn surface was made up of PTFE and SDBS nanoparticles that deposited film elements of sulphur and higher carbon content. The decrease in the percentage of iron (Fe) indicates that tribo-pairs were separated from direct contact under additives usage. According to the research, adding an anti-wear substance to the new formulation could increase wear protection, thus effectively making it comparable with CSO counterpart.

Hydrophobic Conductive Coatings for Fuel Cell Gas Diffusion Layers

Mass transfer of the reactant gases, water management, thermal and electrical conductivity are all highly depending on the properties of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). GDLs are produced in complex and energy demanding processes including high temperature graphitization and are modified using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) to introduce the hydrophobicity needed to efficiently remove water [1]. PTFE is, however, negatively impacts the required electrical conductivity and is facing an uncertain future with the pending restrictions on the use of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) [2], [3]. Therefore, we have investigated the use of electrically conductive polyaniline (PANI) coatings on carbon fiber substrates with modifications to increase hydrophobicity. As substrate, AvCarb carbon paper EP40 was used and PTFE treated EP40T was used as state-of-the-art reference. EP40 was coated through dip-coating or electro-coating using PANI modified with sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate as additive to adjust hydrophobicity [4]. With this approach, we have been able to show comparable pore volumes and pore surface areas (Figure 1) through mercury porosimetry as well as comparable hydrophobic properties.

Adsorption-solubilization controlled extraction of pyrene from surfactant solutions by graphene oxide

Graphene and its derivatives such as graphene oxide (GO) has attracted increasing attention in water treatment because of its unique physical and chemical properties. Herein, the adsorption performance of GO for a typical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), pyrene from solutions of either a non-ionic surfactant Tergitol 15-S-7 or an anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS) is investigated. It demonstrates that the high affinity of GO to pyrene leads to multi-layer adsorption of pyrene, with an adsorption capacity 2 to 3 times of its own weight at a low GO concentration of 3.9 mg/L. Linear two-zone pyrene adsorption isotherms are identified, which should be due to competitive adsorption-solubilization processes of pyrene. Although Tergitol 15-S-7 has a considerably higher solubilization capacity (affinity) for pyrene compared to SDBS, faster adsorption kinetics, larger solid-liquid distribution coefficients, and higher recovery of pyrene from Tergitol 15-S-7 solutions are achieved. The higher affinity of SDBS to GO leads to its competitive adsorption that impairs the adsorption of pyrene by GO. Furthermore, the GO demonstrates excellent adsorption capacity for pyrene even after 5 recycling cycles.

Thermal behaviour of Paraffin-MWCNT stabilized by Sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate nano-enhanced phase change material for energy storage applications

The Phase change materials (PCMs) possess the great potential to store renewable and sustainable thermal energy that can mitigate the issue of energy to a great extent. However, the low thermal conductivity hinders the extensive use of PCM in various applications. To alleviate this deficiency, the PCMs are often incorporated with highly conductive nanoparticles. The carbon-based nanoparticles are highly regarded to be a promising option because of their elevated thermal conductivity like Multiwall carbon-nanotube (MWCNT). However, these highly conductive nanoparticles sometimes exhibit the issue of non-uniform dispersion with PCM. In this paper, we report the use of surface-modified MWCNT by using stabilized Sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate surfactant (SDBS) with Paraffin wax (PW) RT47 at wt% 0.1 and 0.3 of MWCNT. The sample is created by using two-step method. Further, for characterization; chemical composition by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal conductivity by thermal property analyzer (TEMPOs) and for thermal stability, thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) is used. The results showed a significant enhancement in the thermal conductivity of composite PCM, the inclusion of 0.1 and 0.3 wt% of surface-modified MWCNT increased the thermal conductivity up to 51.29% and 76.5% respectively. The FT-IR confirms that the components are physically mixed in NePCM composite, no chemical reaction appeared as no displacement of characteristic peaks or a new peaks appeared. TGA results showed the prepared nano-enhanced phase change material (NePCM) is stable. Thus, surface modification of MWCNT by using SDBS for PW can be the effective method to boost the overall performance of NePCM without losing its basic characteristics. Therefore, based on results, it can be concluded that the surface modified Paraffin/MWCNT NePCM is well suited for applications like energy storage, photovoltaic thermal system, and battery thermal management. PCM showed enhanced thermo-physical properties. Therefore, it might be the candidate for energy storage and other thermal practical applications in future.

SDBS induces multiple catalase conformations in a dose-dependent manner

Amyloid fibrils have been linked to several incurable diseases. They are long and thin fibrous proteins that self-assemble into fibrils. Small molecules can stimulate amyloid fibrillation, but the mechanism by which this happens is not well understood. This study examined how a negatively charged benzene ring containing surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate (SDBS), affects the fibrillation of bovine liver catalase (BLC). After SDBS treatment, BLC conformational changes were examined in vitro using turbidity, RLS kinetics, intrinsic fluorescence, ThT fluorescence, far-UV CD, and TEM. BLC in the native state was alpha-helical at pH 7.4, while it was converted to a random coil structure at pH 2.0. Far-UV CD and intrinsic fluorescence data showed that at concentrations <0.1 mM of SDBS, randomly coiled BLC assumed a native-like alpha-helical structure. However, between 0.1 and 1.0 mM SDBS, BLC was aggregated. ThT fluorescence and far-UV CD measurements showed the amyloid-like structures in the aggregated BLC. At higher SDBS concentrations (>1.0 mM) at pH 2.0, BLC again attains a native-like alpha-helical structure. It is essential for therapeutic purposes to clearly understand the process underlying surfactant- or lipid-induced fibrillation.

Experimental analysis of thermal performance factor for double pipe heat exchanger with ZnO–water nanofluid

Nanofluid has attracted a large number of researchers in recent decades due to its exceptional heat transfer properties. In this study, a ZnO–H2O nanofluid with surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate has been investigated to quantify heat transfer and frictional loss in a double-pipe heat exchanger. The turbulent zone was studied, with Reynolds numbers ranging from 5500 to 16,000 for fully developed flow. Volume fractions employed were 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.03% and 0.06%. Brownian motion and the interfacial layer, in addition to thermal conductivity, are the primary factor to influence heat transfer in heat exchangers. The maximum enhancement in Nusselt number and thermal performance achieved for a volume fraction of 0.06% at Reynolds number 5500 is 35% and 1.15, respectively.

Impact of carbonate mineral heterogeneity on wettability alteration potential of surfactants

Surfactants have been widely used for enhanced oil recovery. However, the wettability alteration potential of surfactants as a function of carbonate rock mineralogy remains broadly unclear. Thus, here we investigate the effect of cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium ammonium bromide (CTAB) and anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS) surfactant on three carbonate rocks and a pure calcite mineral sample under a range of concentrations. Contact angles were measured on all these samples as a function of surfactant concentration. Furthermore, at the critical micelle concentration, advancing and receding contact angles are also measured as a function of pressure (0.1 – 20 MPa) and temperature (303 – 323 K) to reflect the behavior under subsurface conditions. To understand the interactions at the surfactant-mineral interface and its associated impact on wettability alteration, the zeta potential of surfactant-brine-rock emulsions are measured while surface chemical groups are identified by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results are further supplemented by Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and thin section analysis while the surface properties are evaluated by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques. The results indicate a notable wettability alteration potential for CTAB turning the calcite surface water-wet while increasing the surfactant concentration did not necessarily yield better wettability alteration. The wettability alteration potential of CTAB is found to correlate with the calcite content of the carbonate sample i.e., a higher calcite content led to a greater reduction in contact angle. Contact angles demonstrate a slight increase with increasing pressure, while they decreased with increasing temperature. Finally, the existence of CO group (carboxylate groups) tends to make the CTAB-treated surface more hydrophilic while the surfaces treated with SDBS did not reveal any notable trend with respect to CO group. The results of this study add to our understanding of the surfactant potential for wettability alteration of carbonate and thus have implications for chemical enhanced oil recovery.

Enhanced corrosion protection of AZ31B magnesium alloy by MgAl-LDHs composite coatings double-doped with imidazolium ionic liquid and sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate

ABSTRACT Herein, we prepare two types of MgAl-LDHs coatings single-doped by imidazolium ionic liquid 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([Demim]Br) or sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate (SDBS) and double-doped by [Demim]Br and SDBS on AZ31B Mg alloy by using an in-situ hydrothermal treatment. Their surface morphology and corrosion resistance immersed in 3.5 wt-% NaCl solution are explored. Our results suggest that the double doping of [Demim]Br and SDBS will change the surface morphology of the coating and a uniform and dense film is observed in the double-doped MgAl-LDHs, which is denser than those of the two single-doped MgAl-LDHs coatings, thus providing a superior corrosion resistance. Such an improvement can be ascribed to the synergetic inhibition effect of [Demim]Br and SDBS against the corrosion of the Mg alloy substrate. More importantly, the charge transfer resistance of the sample coated with the double-doped MgAl-LDHs is still high after 3 d of immersion, benefiting from the excellent self-healing effect.

Synthesis and properties of coal dust suppressant based on microalgae oil extraction

Dust suppression is an important method for improving the effect of wet dust removal in coal mines. With the aim of overcoming the challenges of weak interfacial performance and the poor dust suppression effect caused by traditional coal dust suppressants under hard water conditions, a new method for extracting microalgae oil to synthesize coal dust suppressants is proposed here. The optimized conditions of microalgae oil extraction were analyzed by single-factor experiments and a response surface methodology. A microalgae oil-based coal dust suppressant (MODS) was synthesized from the extracted microalgae oil and its structure was determined. Property and performance tests were carried out under hard water conditions and the influence of hardness conditions on the dust reduction effect of the MODS was analyzed. The results show that a solvent ratio of 2.04:1, a liquor-to-material ratio of 4:1 and an extraction time of 4 h were the optimal extraction conditions for the microalgae oil. The MODS is an amide dust suppressant with an average tolerance of calcium concentration of 1271.28 mg·L−1, which had good resistance to hard water. Under the hard water conditions, the surface tension of the MODS remained at 31.8–33 mN·m−1 when the temperature, pH and salinity changed greatly (temperature of ≤60 °C, pH of 2–13 and NaCl mass fraction of ≤43 %). The dynamic contact angles of sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS) and the MODS at 60 s were 26.78° and 13.41°, respectively, and the sinking time of coal dust in the MODS solution was significantly smaller than that in the SDBS solution at the same concentration. This implied that the MODS performed better with regards to wettability than the commonly used anionic surfactant SDBS. This study lays an important foundation for the development of green and hardwater-resistant coal dust suppressants.

Theoretical and experimental investigation of CO2 solubility in nanofluids containing NaP zeolite nanocrystals and [C12mim][Cl] ionic liquid

AbstractToday, CO2 separation is very important, both as an environmental issue and also in various industries. In this study, the water‐based nanofluid of NaP zeolite nanocrystals and 1‐dodecyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ([C12mim][Cl]) ionic liquid were mixed and tested experimentally for CO2 absorption in an isothermal high pressure cell equipped with magnetic stirring. Zeolite nanocrystals were synthesized via the hydrothermal approach and characterized. A series of experiments were performed at different conditions to investigate the impact of various parameters, including nanoparticle type, nanoparticle concentration, stabilizer concentration, and the vessel's initial pressure, on CO2 solubility. It was found that 0.02 wt.% of zeolite nanoparticles, 0.4 wt.% of [C12mim][Cl] ionic liquid, and 0.05 wt.% of sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS) in nanofluids result in higher absorption of CO2 compared to other concentrations. Furthermore, CO2 absorption was increased by increasing ionic liquid and surfactant concentration up to a certain value near critical micelle concentration, but after that the CO2 absorption was decreased. The overall CO2 absorption enhancement at 20 bar for 0.02 wt.% zeolite and ZnO water‐based nanofluids with 0.4% [C12mim][Cl] ionic liquid and 0.02 wt.% SDBS were 26.9%, 21.5%, 21.2%, and 17% in comparison to pure water, respectively. In an absorption process using nanofluids, besides the influence of the mentioned parameters, the micro‐convection caused by Brownian motion and the grazing effect of nanoparticles should be noted. Considering the micro‐convection and grazing effects, a theoretical model should take into account the Brownian motion and grazing effects on the mass transfer rate in nanofluids to investigate the absorption enhancement by nano‐particles.

A Robust Switchable Oil-In-Water Emulsion Stabilized by Electrostatic Repulsions between Surfactant and Similarly Charged Carbon Dots.

How to control the stability of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions is one of the main topics for scientists working in colloidal systems. Recently, carbon dots (CDs) have received great interest as smart materials because of their excellent physicochemical properties and versatile applications. Herein, for the first time, advanced and switchable O/W emulsions are presented that are stabilized by the synergistic effect of cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide CTAB (emulsifier) and similarly charged CDs (stabilizer). In the formulated emulsion, the cationic surfactant molecules are adsorbed at the oil and water interface to decrease the interfacial tension and enrich the drops with a positive charge to ensure intensive electrostatic repulsions among them. On the contrary, cationic CDs are distributed in the water phase among the droplets to reduce the water secretion and prevent flocculation and droplet coalescence. The stabilizing effect is found to be universal for emulsions of a range of oil phases. Furthermore, the formulated emulsion is found to be switchable between "stable" and "unstable" modes by adding an equivalent of anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS). The stabilized and switchable O/W emulsions are believed to have wide practical applications in water purification, pharmaceuticals, protein recognition, as well as catalysis.

A Hydrothermal Method to Generate Carbon Quantum Dots from Waste Bones and Their Detection of Laundry Powder.

Surfactants are one of the major pollutants in laundry powder, which have an impact on the environment and human health. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are spherical zero-dimensional fluorescent nanoparticles with great potential for fluorescent probing, electrochemical biosensing and ion sensing. Herein, a bottom-up approach was developed for the synthesis of CQDs from biomass to detect laundry detergent and laundry powder. Waste chicken bones were used as carbon precursors after being dried, crushed and reacted with pure water at 180 °C for 4 h to generate CQDs, which exhibited a monodisperse quasi-spherical structure with an average particle size of 3.2 ± 0.2 nm. Functional groups, including -OH, C=O, C=C and C-O, were identified on the surface of the prepared CQDs. The optimal fluorescence excitation wavelength of the yellow-brown CQDs was 380 nm, with a corresponding emission peak at 465 nm. CQDs did not significantly increase cell death in multiple cell lines at concentrations of 200 µg·mL−1. Fluorescence enhancement of CQDs was observed after addition of sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate, a major anionic surfactant in laundry powder. A linear relationship between fluorescence enhancement CQDs and the concentration of laundry powder was established. Thus, a hydrothermal method was developed to generate CQDs from waste biomass that may be used as a fluorescent probe to detect laundry powder.

Surfactant pollution, an emerging threat to ecosystem: Approaches for effective bacterial degradation

The use of surfactants in households and industries is inevitable and so is their discharge into the environment, especially into the water bodies as effluents. Being surface-active agents, their utilization is mostly seen in soaps, detergents, personal care products, emulsifiers, wetting agents, etc. Anionic surfactants are the most used class. These surfactants are responsible for the foam and froth in the water bodies and cause potential adverse effects to both biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem. Surfactants are capable of penetrating the cell membrane and thus cause toxicity to living organisms. Accumulation of these compounds has been known to cause significant gill damage and loss of sight in fish. Alteration of physiological and biochemical parameters of water decreases the amount of dissolved oxygen and thus affecting the entire ecosystem. Microbes utilizing surfactants as substrates for energy form the basis of the biodegradation of these compounds. The main organisms for surfactant biodegradation, both in sewage and natural waters, are bacteria. Several Pseudomonas and Bacillus spp. have shown efficient degradation of anionic surfactants namely: sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS), sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate (SDBS). Also, several microbial consortia constituting Alcaligenes spp., Citrobacter spp., etc. have shown efficacy in the degradation of surfactants. The biodegradation efficiency studies of these microbes/microbial consortia would be of immense help in formulating better solutions for the bioremediation of surfactants and help to reduce their potential environmental hazards.

Flow pattern transition and wave characteristics of impinging jet flow on a spinning disk reactor

A spinning disk reactor is a promising technique of process intensification used in various chemical engineering processes. The flow behaviour of the thin film on the reactor surface dominates the transfer and reaction performance. Using glycerol–water and sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate–water solutions as medium, this study examined the transition of flow patterns and wave characteristics of film flow using image processing technique. Five types of patterns are identified, and the transition is dominated by impact and centrifugal effects. Transitional flow is characterized as regular or irregular squeeze flow. Irregular waves flow regularly and lead to reverse spiral wave for large flow rates or speeds. The spiral waves originate from concentric wave owing to Rayleigh Taylor instability and form in synchronization zone, and go through long wave, short wave and wavelet stages. The instantaneous distribution rate of spiral waves has periodic characteristic. Due to the reduced surface tension, the waves become more stable and move outward, while larger distribution rates are obtained. The distribution rates decline rapidly at first and then slowly with the increasing viscosity. For a low volume flow rate times rotational speed, the formation radius of spiral waves is easily regulated and a larger distribution rate is obtained. While for high speeds, it is not recommended to blindly further increase the speeds to improve the wave behaviour.

Evaluation of mixed micellar interactions of CnBCl and SDBS mixtures using dissociated Margules model and influence of different salts

AbstractThe conductivity measurement has been used to determine the first and second CMC's (CMC1 and CMC2) of alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (CnBCl; n = 12, 14 and 16) as well as gemini surfactant trimethylene‐1,2‐bis‐(dodecyldimethylammonium bromide) (12‐2‐12) with sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate (SDBS) in aqueous solutions using Rubingh's the regular theory approximation as well as the dissociated Margules Model. The use of Margules model allows us to calculate activity coefficients of the constituents and hence provides better values of micellar parameters for asymmetric mixed systems as compared to the regular solution theory. The CMC1 values for CnBCl/SDBS mixtures were seen to be lower than those predicted from their ideal mixtures suggesting synergistic interactions although the synergism increases with chain length (n) of the cationic surfactant. Both CMC1 and CMC2 experience a decrease with rising values of n. The addition of salts including NaCl, KCl, NaBr, Na3PO4, and Na2SO4 in mixtures of C16BCl and SDBS suggests that salt counterions have a considerable impact on CMC1 when either surfactant is in excess. Zeta potential (ζ) measurements provide more evidence in favor of these observations. The thermodynamic features of micellization have also been scrutinized using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC).

Mitigation of an anion exchange membrane fouling by coupling electrodialysis to anodic oxidation

Membrane fouling reduces the performance of membrane processes. In this work, a coupling between anodic oxidation and electrodialysis was designed and studied to prevent and control fouling of the AMX anion exchange membrane during the electrodialysis process. Analysis of the AMX membrane surface by SEM, EDS and ATR-FTIR revealed that the presence of sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate in the solution led to membrane fouling. The fouling resulted in an increase in the membrane electrical resistance and a decrease in the chloride ion transfer flux through the membrane. It was shown that the combination of anodic oxidation with electrodialysis not only greatly reduces the fouling of the AMX membrane but also removes a persistent organic pollutant present in the effluent to be treated. Furthermore, the study of the effect of certain operating parameters on the membrane fouling and the mineralization of the solution has shown that the increase in the current density of the anodic oxidation leads to a decrease in the membrane electrical resistance and an improvement in the efficiency of mineralization. On the other hand, the application of a current density of 40 mA cm−2, natural pH and Na2SO4 as electrolyte supporting during 120 min of eletrodialysis led to an increase in the electrical resistance of the membrane of only 1.23 times and a strong mineralization of the solution (96 %).

Johnson Matthey expands presence in green hydrogen with stake in AEM electrolyzer pioneer Enapter

Membrane fouling reduces the performance of membrane processes. In this work, a coupling between anodic oxidation and electrodialysis was designed and studied to prevent and control fouling of the AMX anion exchange membrane during the electrodialysis process. Analysis of the AMX membrane surface by SEM, EDS and ATR-FTIR revealed that the presence of sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate in the solution led to membrane fouling. The fouling resulted in an increase in the membrane electrical resistance and a decrease in the chloride ion transfer flux through the membrane. It was shown that the combination of anodic oxidation with electrodialysis not only greatly reduces the fouling of the AMX membrane but also removes a persistent organic pollutant present in the effluent to be treated. Furthermore, the study of the effect of certain operating parameters on the membrane fouling and the mineralization of the solution has shown that the increase in the current density of the anodic oxidation leads to a decrease in the membrane electrical resistance and an improvement in the efficiency of mineralization. On the other hand, the application of a current density of 40 mA cm−2, natural pH and Na2SO4 as electrolyte supporting during 120 min of eletrodialysis led to an increase in the electrical resistance of the membrane of only 1.23 times and a strong mineralization of the solution (96 %).

Binary composite (TiO2-Gr) based nano-enhanced organic phase change material: Effect on thermophysical properties

The latent heat storage technology using Phase Change Materials (PCMs) has recently been extensively utilized in energy conservation and management to reduce energy consumption. To improve the thermal conductivity of PCMs, they have been incorporated with nanoparticles. In this article, we report, Titanium dioxide-Graphene (TiO2:Gr) binary composite (1 wt% TiO2: 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2 wt% of Graphene (Gr)) with Paraffin wax (PW) to improve the thermophysical properties added with sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate (SDBS) as surfactant. Ultraviolet-visible spectrometer (UV–VIS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Thermal property analyzer (TEMPOS) were used for material characterizations. The latent heat capacity of the PW/Titanium oxide (TiO2) composite and the PW/TiO2-Gr binary composites were improved by 8.62% and 10.02%, respectively, in comparison to base PCM. The thermal conductivity of the composite PCMs with PW/TiO2-1.0 and PW/TiO2Gr-1.0 is 120% and 179% higher than base PW. The FT-IR spectra demonstrated no chemical interaction between the PW and the nanoparticles. TGA results presented improved thermal stability by integration of the TiO2-Graphene particles into the matrix of paraffin wax. The light transmission of the prepared composite was reduced by 58.30% related to base PW, resulted increased light absorption and, subsequently, enhanced photothermal conversion. The composite's improved thermal conductivity and enthalpy make it a strong contender for use in TES and solar photovoltaics thermal systems.

The Role of Reagents on Microstructural and Morphological Investagation of Surfactant based Synthesis of CdO Nanorods

Cadmium oxide nanostructures were prepared utilising a noval microwave irradiated wet chemical technique with sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate as the surfactant and two distinct co-reagents (NH3 and NaOH). XRD, and FTIR were used to examine the microstructural properties of synthesised and heat-treated (300°C) CdO nanostructures. As prepared and annealed smaples, the fluctuation of crystallite size and morphology of CdO nanostructures with different co-reagents was investigated. The average crystallite size of the samples was 11.4 to 17.8 nm for the NH3 reagent and 9.7 to 16.8 nm for the NaOH reagent.