Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Research Articles

Sensitive Voltammetric Detection of Acetaminophen on CuONPs-MWCNTs Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode with Enhancement Effect of Anionic Surfactant

In the present work, a voltammetric method using differential pulse voltammetric technique for the assessment of antipyretic and analgesic drug, acetaminophen was developed. The CuO nanoparticles were prepared and characterized. A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) fabricated with the suspension of CuO nanoparticles (CuONPs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used. The modified electrode showed improved anodic peak current by introducing an anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate in phosphate buffer solution. The consequence of pH of supporting electrolyte, amount of nanoparticles suspension and surfactant concentration was investigated at a physiological pH of 7.4. Using differential pulse voltammetry, the fabricated electrode showed linear dynamic range from 9 to 160 nM of acetaminophen concentration. From the calibration plot, the computed detection limit was 5.06 nM and quantification limit was 16.88 nM. The developed method was checked for its reproducibility and assay during a day and intraday as well. The developed process was fruitfully applied to detect acetaminophen in pediatric oral suspensions administered to infants.

Effect of surfactant's charge properties on behavior, physiology, and biochemistry and the release of microcystins of Microcystis aeruginosa

Surfactant pollution is escalatitheng in eutrophic waters, but the effect of surfactant charge properties on the physiological and biochemical properties of toxin-producing microalgae remains inadequately explored. To address this gap, this study explores the effects and mechanisms of three common surfactants―cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, cationic), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, anionic), and Triton X-100 (nonionic)―found in surface waters, on the agglomeration behavior, physiological indicators, and Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) release of Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) by using UV–visible spectroscope, Malvern Zetasizer, fluorescence spectrometer, etc. Results suggest that charge properties significantly affect cyanobacterial aggregation and cellular metabolism. The CTAB-treated group demonstrates a ∼5.74 and ∼9.74 times higher aggregation effect compared to Triton X-100 and SDS (300 mg/L for 180 min) due to strong electrostatic attraction. Triton X-100 outperforms CTAB and SDS in polysaccharide extraction, attributed to its higher water solubility and lower critical micelle concentration. CTAB stimulates cyanobacteria to secrete proteins, xanthohumic acid, and humic acids to maintain normal physiological cells. Additionally, the results of SEM and ion content showed that CTAB damages the cell membrane, resulting in a ∼90% increase in the release of intracellular MC-LR without cell disintegration. Ionic analyses confirm that all three surfactants alter cell membrane permeability and disrupt ionic metabolic pathways in microalgae. This study highlights the relationship between the surface charge properties of typical surfactants and the dispersion/agglomeration behavior of cyanobacteria. It provides insights into the impact mechanism of exogenous surfactants on toxic algae production in eutrophic water bodies, offering theoretical references for managing surfactant pollution and treating algae blooms.

Extraction, characterisation and evaluation of curcumin gel

This paper describes the formulation and evaluation of transdermal gels for topical delivery of Curcumin. A polymer with well-defined transdermal characteristics, such as Carbopol 934, was used in this investigation. Using a variety of absorption enhancers, including Mannitol, sodium lauryl sulfate, and polyethylene glycol, carbopol, HPMC gels containing 1% curcumin were prepared using a cold technique. Due to its poor bioavailability, Curcumin has been produced in a gel form with sodium lauryl sulfate, mannitol, and polyethylene glycol as absorption enhancers. The gels underwent investigation concerning gelation temperature, pH, viscosity, drug release profile, drug content, stability studies, and kinetic analysis of drug release data. Because sodium lauryl sulfate shows a higher percentage of drug release than other absorption enhancers, it was determined to be a better enhancer of absorption.

Histological evaluation of decellularization of freeze dried and chemically treated indigenously prepared bovine pericardium membrane.

Decellularization is regarded as a xenogenic antigen-reduction technique because it effectively eliminates all cellular and nuclear components while mitigating any negative impact on the composition, biological functionality, and structural integrity of the remaining extracellular matrix. This study aimed to histologically evaluate native, freeze dried and chemically decellularized bovine pericardium membrane. Also, this study focused on preservation of extracellular matrix after decellularization. Bovine pericardium membrane was decellularized by freeze thaw cycle followed by freeze drying and 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate. Unprocessed pericardium was used as control. The effectiveness of Decellularization was assessed based on the reduction of histologically visible nuclei. Decellularization by freeze thaw cycle followed by freeze drying resulted in 17.84% reduction in nuclei content and decellularization by sodium dodecyl sulphate results in 92% reduction in nuclei content compare to control group. Picrosirius red staining for freeze dried group displayed loosely organised, thin collagen bundles that exhibit reddish-yellow birefringence and sodium dodecyl sulfate group revealed dense collagen bundles that are parallelly organised and compact, exhibiting reddish-yellow birefringence and showed good structural integrity. These results suggested that the sodium do decyl sulfate showed optimal decellularization results with better extracellular matrix preservation. It may be a suitable protocol for producing a suitable scaffold for periodontal tissue regeneration.

Screening of sustainable biosurfactant produced by indigenous bacteria isolated from Egyptian oil fields for microbial enhanced oil recovery

Microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) stands out as an environmentally and economically significant approach utilizing microorganisms and their bio-products to reduce residual oil, and hence improve oil recovery. Due to the pollution that synthetic surfactants entail and their very expensive costs, there is a growing necessity for clean, eco-friendly alternatives. This research focuses on exploring the potential of producing biosurfactants by indigenous bacteria isolated from Egyptian Oil Fields. Five crude oil and formation water samples were collected from four Egyptian Oil Fields located in the Western Desert (WD). Nine bacterial strains were isolated and screened for biosurfactant production using different assays, followed by the extraction and purification of crude biosurfactants. The most promising biosurfactant-producing strains that showed their ability to produce effective biosurfactant according to biosurfactant screening assays were selected for further studies and identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Furthermore, core-flooding micromodel experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of these extracted biosurfactants compared to a synthetic surfactant, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS), in improving oil recovery. Results showed that the most promising biosurfactant-producing strains that exhibited notable performance and ability to produce effective biosurfactants were namely A-LB, C-LB2, and B-YM2. Therefore, they were selected for further studies and identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. 16S rRNA gene sequencing results showed that namely A-LB, C-LB2, and B-YM2 were identified as Bacillus massiliigabonensis, Pseudomonas nitritolerans, and Aninetobacter seohaensis, respectively. Finally, core flooding results showed that the biosurfactant produced by Bacillus massiliigabonensis demonstrated significant performance by recovering 69.96% of additional oil, whereas 68.11% and 63.34% of additional oil were recovered using biosurfactants produced by Pseudomonas nitritolerans, and Aninetobacter seohaensis, respectively. It was also noticed that the biosurfactant produced by Bacillus massiliigabonensis demonstrated significant potential in improving oil recovery compared to the synthetic surfactant (61.78%), it outperformed 8.18% more additional oil. These findings validate the effectiveness of the produced biosurfactants over synthetic surfactants emphasizing their potential as sustainable and cost-effective alternatives for enhanced oil recovery in Egyptian oil fields.

Comparison of aqueous and non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis for the determination of four benzalkonium chloride homologues in compound chemical disinfectants

A new method was established for the simultaneous analysis of four homologous benzalkonium chlorides (dodecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, tetradecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, hexadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, and octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride) in compound chemical disinfectants using non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (CE) based on a micellar electrokinetic chromatography mode with direct ultraviolet detection. The separation was performed on an uncoated fused quartz capillary with a total length of 60.2 cm and a diameter of 25 μm. The separation buffer consisted of a mixture of methanol/acetonitrile (60:40, v/v) containing 70 mmol/L sodium acetate, 60 mmol/L trifluoroacetic acid and 20 mmol/L sodium dodecyl sulfate. The sample buffer was a methanol solution containing only 2 mmol/L trifluoroacetic acid. The separation voltage was set at 8 kV with a working current of approximately 2.3 μA. The detection wavelength was 214 nm. Under optimal conditions, the limit of detection and limit of quantification for these four benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) were 1.0 mg/L and 5.0 mg/L, respectively. Good linearities were observed in the concentration ranges from 5.0 to 100.0 mg/L, with correlation coefficients above 0.999 for all compounds. The recoveries of these four BACs ranged from 92.5 % to 109.1 % with relative standard deviations below 4.7 %. With the new method, all four BACs could be analyzed in a single injection. In contrast, the aqueous CE method in the National Standard GB/T 26369-2020 only allowed for the simultaneous analysis of the first three homologous. The new method demonstrated the improved peak shape compared to the aqueous CE method and then was successfully applied to the analysis of 19 commercially available samples, such as object table disinfectants, hand sanitizers, and disinfectant wipes, which claimed to contain quaternary ammonium compound. The results obtained using the new method were compared with those of the aqueous CE of the National Standard Method, and no statistically significant differences were observed. The new method is simple in pre-treatment and provides accurate results, making it highly suitable for routine analysis.

Modulating protein unfolding and refolding via the synergistic association of an anionic and a nonionic surfactant

HypothesisNonionic surfactants can counter the deleterious effect that anionic surfactants have on proteins, where the folded states are retrieved from a previously unfolded state. However, further studies are required to refine our understanding of the underlying mechanism of the refolding process. While interactions between nonionic surfactants and tightly folded proteins are not anticipated, we hypothesized that intermediate stages of surfactant-induced unfolding could define new interaction mechanisms by which nonionic surfactants can further alter protein conformation. ExperimentsIn this work, the behavior of three model proteins (human growth hormone, bovine serum albumin, and β-lactoglobulin) was investigated in the presence of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecylsulfate, the nonionic surfactant β-dodecylmaltoside, and mixtures of both surfactants. The transitions occurring to the proteins were determined using intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy and far-UV circular dichroism. Based on these results, we developed a detailed interaction model for human growth hormone. Using nuclear magnetic resonance and contrast-variation small-angle neutron scattering, we studied the amino acid environment and the conformational state of the protein. FindingsThe results demonstrate the key role of surfactant cooperation in defining the conformational state of the proteins, which can shift away or toward the folded state depending on the nonionic-to-ionic surfactant ratio. Dodecylmaltoside, initially a non-interacting surfactant, can unexpectedly associate with sodium dodecylsulfate-unfolded proteins to further impact their conformation at low nonionic-to-ionic surfactant ratio. When this ratio increases, the protein begins to retrieve the folded state. However, the native conformation cannot be fully recovered due to remnant surfactant molecules still adsorbed to the protein. This study demonstrates that the conformational landscape of the protein depends on a delicate interplay between the surfactants, ultimately controlled by the ratio between them, resulting in unpredictable changes in the protein conformation.

A Pseudo-Surfactant Chemical Permeation Enhancer to Treat Otitis Media via Sustained Transtympanic Delivery of Antibiotics.

Chemical permeation enhancers (CPEs) represent a prevalent and safe strategy to enable noninvasive drug delivery across skin-like biological barriers such as the tympanic membrane (TM). While most existing CPEs interact strongly with the lipid bilayers in the stratum corneum to create defects as diffusion paths, their interactions with the delivery system, such as polymers forming a hydrogel, can compromise gelation, formulation stability, and drug diffusion. To overcome thischallenge, differing interactions between CPEs and the hydrogel system are explored, especially those with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), an ionic surfactant and a common CPE, and those with methyl laurate (ML), a nonionic counterpart with a similar length alkyl chain. Notably, the use of ML effectively decouples permeation enhancement from gelation, enabling sustained delivery across TMs to treat acute otitis media (AOM),which is not possible with the use of SDS. Ciprofloxacin and ML are shown to form a pseudo-surfactant that significantly boosts transtympanic permeation. The middle ear ciprofloxacin concentration is increased by 70-fold in vivo in a chinchilla AOM model, yielding superior efficacy and biocompatibility than the previous highest-performing formulation. Beyond improved efficacy and biocompatibility, this single-CPE formulation significantly accelerates its progression toward clinical deployment.

Optimization of Ultrasound-enhanced Subcritical Water Hydrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch for the Production of Fermentable Sugar

To enhance the hydrolysis to produce fermentable sugar, oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) has undergone ultrasonication pretreatment prior to subjection to subcritical water hydrolysis. This work aims to optimize the effect of temperature, reaction time, and the concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as the surfactant, with the primary aim of maximizing sugar production in the subcritical water hydrolysis process applied to oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB). The pretreatment process conditions were optimized using response surface methodology of the central composite design (RSM–CCD). The experimental design includes three factors and levels, with a range of 180–220 °C temperature (X1), 60–80 minutes process time (X2), and 1–5% w/w SDS concentration (X3), an α value of 1.68, and reducing sugar concentration (g/L) as response (Y1). The optimum condition for subcritical water hydrolysis of OPEFB was obtained at 208 °C, 78 minutes, and 2.6% w/w SDS concentration with an expected yield of 6.09 g/L. As a result, reducing sugar produced by enzymatic hydrolysis increased by 324.7% compared to raw OPEFB, with sugar yield of 45.64% after 36 hours. Along these, changes in crystallinity, chemical composition, lignocellulosic functional groups, and morphology were analyzed to determine the impact of the pre-treatment on OPEFB.

Influence of Surfactant on the Skin Permeation of Methylisothiazolinone and Methylchloroisothiazolinone.

Patch tests are often used in safety evaluations to identify the substance causing skin irritation, but the same substance can sometimes give positive or negative results depending on the test conditions. Here, we investigated differences in the skin penetration of two test compounds under different application conditions. We studied the effects of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the nonionic surfactant polysorbate 80 (PS) on skin penetration of the preservatives methylisothiazolinone (MT) and methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCT), which are used in cosmetics such as shampoos. The skin permeation of MT was enhanced by SDS but was unchanged by PS. Skin impedance decreased in the presence of SDS whereas PS had the same effect as the control aqueous solution, suggesting that SDS reduction of the barrier function of skin affects the permeation of MT, a hydrophilic drug. Application of a mixture of MCT and MT in the presence of SDS did not affect the skin permeation of MCT whereas the permeation of MT was enhanced by SDS, indicating that the skin permeation of MCT is less affected by SDS than is MT. Thus, attention should be paid to the possible effect of co-solutes, especially hydrophilic drugs.

Comparative Analysis of the Mechanisms and Kinetics of CO2 Hydrate Formation with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and L-Leucine Additions under Static Conditions

Comparative Analysis of the Mechanisms and Kinetics of CO2 Hydrate Formation with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and L-Leucine Additions under Static Conditions

Formulation and Antibacterial Activity Testing of Eco-Soap Based on Sodium Lauryl Sulfate Surfactant

Pineapple is a fruit that is often used only for its flesh, while the skin remains waste. As a form of dealing with pineapple waste, one way is to use it as an eco-enzyme. Making soap with added eco-enzyme can be used as an alternative for washing dishes. Therefore, this research aims to determine the formulation and test the antibacterial activity of eco-soap based on the surfactant Sodium Lauryl Sulphate. This research is experimental research, which was carried out in July-October 2023. The research results showed that the pH of eco-Soap was 3.46; foam height 1.5 cm; viscosity testing 14.9 mPas; fatty acids 1.44%; and 6 mm antibacterial activity testing. Based on the research results, it was concluded that the surfactant-based eco-soap formulation had good stability in the eco-soap foam height test. The diameter of the zone of inhibition of eco-soap's antibacterial activity showed that bacterial inhibition was moderate.

Determination of 13 potential anti-obesity agents in hair by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction-assisted UHPLC-MS/MS

As the adulteration of dietary supplements with synthetic drugs remains a prevalent issue, the inclusion of anti-obesity agents may pose health risks, potentially leading to central nervous system or cardiovascular diseases. However, surveillance studies on the use of anti-obesity agents by the Chinese population are limited. This study aims to establish an efficient and rapid hair pretreatment method using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) combined with high-speed grinding and develop a sensitive and accurate analytical method employing ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) for detecting 13 potential anti-obesity agents in hair samples. Herein, hair samples were washed sequentially with 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), water and acetone, and then ground at high speed using 1 mL of an extraction solution (internal standard solution-n-butanol-1.2 mol/L Na2HPO4, pH10.0, 100:400:500, v/v/v for procaterol; internal standard solution-ethyl acetate-1.2 mol/L Na2HPO4, pH8.0, 100:300:600, v/v/v for other 12 anti-obesity agents) while simultaneously performing DLLME. The developed method successfully detected 13 anti-obesity agents within 11 min, including bambuterol, clenbuterol, ractopamine, clorprenaline, formoterol, salbutamol, terbutaline, procaterol, phentermine, bupropion, sibutramine, desmethyl sibutramine, and N,N-didesmethyl sibutramine, which improved the screening efficiency. The calibration curves exhibited good linearity of 0.025–5 ng/mg, achieving correlation coefficients of r ≥ 0.99. The lower limits of quantification (LLOQs) for the analytes were 0.025 ng/mg, demonstrating acceptable levels of accuracy and precision. Recovery rates ranged between 73.30% and 107.47% across the three concentrations of 0.075, 0.375, and 3.75 ng/mg. The validated method was successfully applied to 369 real cases and detected six analytes, including bambuterol, salbutamol, terbutaline, sibutramine, desmethyl sibutramine, and N,N-didesmethyl sibutramine. This method offers several advantages, including simple pretreatment, high extraction efficiency, rapid extraction, solvent economy, and pollution mitigation, making it highly suitable for large-scale surveillance of usage of added anti-obesity agents.

Promoting CH4 Hydrate Formation Kinetics by Utilizing Synergistic Promotion Effects of Graphite Particles with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

Promoting CH₄ Hydrate Formation Kinetics by Utilizing Synergistic Promotion Effects of Graphite Particles with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

Switchability and synergistic effect of a CO2-responsive surfactant with co-surfactants at an O/W interface: A molecular insight

CO2-responsive surfactants are a promising technology with potential applications in various fields. Therefore, the design of their formulations must be carefully considered to ensure their effectiveness in each specific application. Herein, we employed molecular dynamics simulations to investigate an oil/water (O/W) interface stabilized by a surfactant mixture containing a CO2-responsive cationic primary surfactant and another co-surfactant. It has been discovered that formulating the CO2-responsive cationic surfactant with a typical anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) can lead to a distinct CO2-responsive mechanism of the surfactant mixture. To compare, the CO2-responsive mechanism remains unchanged if the CO2-responsive cationic surfactant is formulated with a typical cationic surfactant (dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide, DTAB). A nonionic co-surfactant can enhance the interface activity of the surfactant mixture but the synergistic effect is not strong enough to lead to a different CO2-responsive mechanism. The distinct phase behavior between two surfactant mixtures suggests that the CO2-responsive mechanism is dominated by the type of surfactants formulated with the CO2-switchable surfactant.

A Janus membrane with silica nanoparticles interlayer for treating coal mine water via membrane distillation

The use of membrane distillation (MD) technology to treat coal mine water content has great potential, and the Janus membrane is very resistant to scaling and wetting during MD. In this work, SiO2 nanoparticles were electrostatically adsorbed onto the surface of a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane, followed by the construction of a polyamide (PA) layer through interfacial polymerization (IP). The intermediate layer of SiO2 nanoparticles can promote the enrichment of amine monomers during the subsequent IP process as well as slow its entry into the organic phase to regulate the PA layer. The addition of SiO2 nanoparticles was increased from 0 to 0.10 %, and the thickness of the polyamide layer was also reduced from 225.1 nm to 102.3 nm. Compared with the original membrane vapor flux of 40.9 ± 1.0LMH, the modified membrane vapor flux slightly increased to 46.2 ± 0.9LMH, but excessive SiO2 nanoparticles blocked the membrane pore, resulting in a decrease in flux. MD experiments show that the Janus membrane is wettability and scaling resistance when passing through the salt solution containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant or simulated wastewater as feed. At the same time, the interface thermodynamics of the simulated wastewater and the membrane are calculated to understand the anti-scaling mechanism of the membrane, offering a theoretical foundation for the application of real mine water.

Effective anaerobic digestion performance from kitchen wastewater by nanoscale zero-valent iron composite materials: Hydrogen corrosion capability and biological biogas upgrading

In this study, nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) was modified by carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), which were compared for the ability of hydrogen corrosion and then for the biogas upgrading during kitchen wastewater anaerobic digestion. The results showed that three nZVI composite materials addition could increase hydrogen evolution performance by 6.11∼10.30 % compared with nZVI. Especially, the hydrogen evolution from sodium dodecyl sulfate modified composite material reached 121.0 mL/g. The continuous release of hydrogen promoted the biogas yield to 510.96 mL/gVS in reaction group with SDS12-nZVI10 addition (N4), with CH4 content reached 93.37 %. Microbial community analysis showed that the total relative abundance of Methanothrix and Methanolinea was 43.60 % in N4, which was higher than other groups. It was indicated that H2-assisted biogas upgrading with nZVI composite materials addition was achievable, particularly in N4.

Influence of IDS and SDS compound ratio on pore structure and wettability of bituminous coal and anthracite: Experimental and simulation discussion

The pore and wetting characteristics of bituminous coal and anthracite treated with different proportions of tetrasodium iminodisuccinate (IDS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were measured. The pore structure characteristics of the coal were studied via low-temperature nitrogen adsorption analysis and the Frenkel-Halsey-Hill fractal theory. Zeta potential measurements were conducted to quantitatively analyze the degree of aggregation or dispersion of coal particles dissolved in solution. Changes in the coal surface morphology were observed and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that when the ratio of IDS:SDS is 1:3, the specific surface area (SSA) values of bituminous coal and anthracite are the lowest. The composite reagent has a greater effect on improving the pore structure of anthracite than bituminous coal. Compared with bituminous coal, anthracite has better pore connectivity and a wider pore network. The absolute zeta potentials of bituminous coal and anthracite reach the maximum at an IDS:SDS ratio of 1:3, with values of 91.08 mV and 91.35 mV, respectively. The electrostatic potential distributions of the molecules show that the advantages of the electrostatic potential difference with water molecules enable IDS and SDS molecules to effectively attract water molecules and form hydrogen bonds, thus revealing the optimization mechanism of coal wettability.

A simple and green offline-online capillary electrophoresis stacking strategy for the simultaneous determination of hydrophobic compounds in complicated samples using sodium dodecyl sulfate as the solubilizer and pseudophase

BackgroundCapillary electrophoresis is a powerful analytical method featured with high separation efficiency, minimal sample requirements, and reduced organic solvents consumption. However, its low sensitivity hinders its wide application in determination of trace analytes especially for the weakly ionized hydrophobic compounds. Offline and Online capillary electrophoresis stacking methods are more favored to enhance detection sensitivity of analytes. The determination of two sesquiterpenes and an alkaloid from the dried root of Lindera aggregata merged as an example for developing a simple, sensitive and green method for the simultaneous determination of two hydrophobic compounds in complicated matrix samples. ResultsAn offline-online capillary electrophoresis stacking strategy by integrating micro matrix solid phase dispersion with field-amplified sample stacking and micelle to cyclodextrin stacking has been developed for the simultaneous determination of dehydrocostus lactone, linderane, norisoboldine in complex matrices. The optimized parameters were set at 65 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate, 35 % methanol, 180 s for sample injection and 210 s for cyclodextrin injection, 20 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate of sample matrix for online stacking; 1:1 sample to MCM-48, 180 s grinding time, and 1000 μL of 20 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate elution for offline procedure. Under the optimum conditions, the method showed good linearity with correlation coefficients (R2 ≥ 0.9927), low limits of detection within the range of 25–50 ng mL−1, satisfactory repeatability and reproducibility below 3.98 %, and acceptable recoveries between 94 % and 97 %. The developed method was successfully applied to two real samples, the root of L. aggregata and rat feces. SignificanceSodium dodecyl sulfate is firstly used as an eluent in micro matrix solid phase dispersion and plays a dual role throughout the analytical procedure, including extraction solvent in sample preparation and micelle pseudophase during online stacking. It brings great procedure convenience to the method. The sensitivity of this method can improve up to 1283-folds compared with the normal mode. Moreover, the overall strategy indicates satisfied green potential evaluated by greenness assessment tools.

Sequestration of cyanide ions from aqueous medium by physio-chemically fabricated biochar of peels of banana and grape fruit in ecofriendly way

Pakistan is an agricultural country producing plenty of fruits, like: mango, banana, apple, peaches, grapes, plums, variety of citrus fruits including lemon, grapefruit, and oranges. So far the peels of most of the fruits are usually wasted and not properly utilized anywhere. In this work, the peels of banana and grapefruit are converted into biochar by slow pyrolysis under controlled supply of air and used for sequestering cyanide ions from aqueous medium after chemical modification with ZnCl2 and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The modified biochar was characterized by various instrumental techniques, like: SEM, FTIR, TGA, and CHNS. Different parameters, like: time, temperature, pH, and dose of adsorbent affecting the adsorption of cyanide ions, onto prepared biochar were optimized and to understand the adsorption phenomenon, kinetic and thermodynamic studies were performed. Concentration of cyanide ions was estimated by employing standard ion selective electrode system and it is found that Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate treated biochar of banana peels shown more adsorption capacity, i.e.,: 17.080 mg/g as compared to all samples. Present work revealed that the biochar produced from the fruit waste has sufficient potential to eliminate trace quantities of cyanide from water, especially after treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate.