Sodium Dehydroacetate Research Articles

Combined application of the endophyte Bacillus K1 and sodium dehydroacetate alleviates postharvest gray mold in grapes

Botrytis cinerea, which causes postharvest gray mold, is a primary pathogen that limits grape shelf-life and consumption and causes substantial yield loss worldwide. The combined use of biocontrol agents and food additives has attracted increasing interest. The effects of combined treatment with the endophyte Bacillus subtilis K1 and sodium dehydroacetate (SD) on the occurrence of gray mold and maintenance of grape fruit quality were studied. Treatment with a K1 suspension (1 × 108 CFU/ml) combined with 0.32 g/L SD resulted in markedly improved control of B. cinerea on grapes. The disease incidence and severity in the groups treated with K1 alone or in combination with SD were significantly lower than those in the control groups (P < 0.05) when the mixtures were applied 2 h after pathogen inoculation. Moreover, application of the mixture could maintain the appearance, firmness, total soluble solid (TSS) content and titratable acidity (TA) of grape fruit. Furthermore, the combination triggered increases in the activities of defense-related enzymes such as peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Additionally, it could increase the vitamin C content. Thus, appropriate combinations of biocontrol agents and chemical reagents can provide effective protection against postharvest decay.

Sodium Dehydroacetate and Dehydroacetic Acid.

The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) first published a safety assessment of Sodium Dehydroacetate and Dehydroacetic Acid in 1985. The Panel previously concluded that Sodium Dehydroacetate and Dehydroacetic Acid are safe as used in the present practices of use and concentration, as stated in that report. Upon re-review in 2003, the Panel reaffirmed the original conclusion, as published in 2006. The Panel reviewed updated frequency and concentration of use data again in 2023, in addition to any newly available, relevant safety data. Considering this information, as well as the information provided in the original safety assessment and the prior re-review document, the Panel reaffirmed the 1985 conclusion.

Effects of sodium dehydroacetate on broiler chicken bones

Sodium dehydroacetate (DHA-Na) is a fungicidal preservative widely used in food and animal feed. DHA-Na can induce coagulation disorders in rats and poultry by inhibiting carboxylation of vitamin K-dependent proteins; it can also impair bone development in zebrafish. However, the effects of DHA-Na on broiler chicken bones remain unknown. Here, we assessed whether DHA-Na impairs bone development in broiler chickens. We administered Suji yellow chickens with 200 to 800 mg/kg DHA-Na, 2 mg/kg vitamin K, or both for 2 mo. Bone metabolite-related serum indicators, tissue micromorphology, and relevant protein expression were monitored during the treatment period. We also assessed primary chicken osteoblast activity, differentiation, and bone metabolite-related proteins after treatment with DHA-Na, vitamin K, or both. The results demonstrated that DHA-Na reduced bone index values and serum and bone osteoblast differentiation marker levels but blocked bone vitamin K cycle. DHA-Na also increased serum osteoclast differentiation marker levels, as well as the bone ratio of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand to osteoprotegerin ratio. Moreover, DHA-Na reduced bone trabecular number, thickness, and area and increased trabecular separation considerably. In general, compared with the control group, the DHA-Na group demonstrated impairments in osteoblast activity and differentiation, as well as in the vitamin K cycle. By contrast, vitamin K supplementation led to considerable attenuation of the DHA-Na-induced decrease in osteogenic marker levels, along with a considerable increase in serum bone absorption marker levels and restoration of DHA-Na-induced bone microstructure damage. Vitamin K also attenuated DHA-Na-induced impairment in osteoclasts. In conclusion, the results indicated that in broiler chickens, DHA-Na supplementation can damage bones by inhibiting osteoblast function and increasing osteoclast activity; this damage can be prevented through vitamin K supplementation.

Composite Eu@Cd-CP as a fluorescent probe for the detection of some food additives

A transition metal coordination polymer (CP), [Cd(Hdpcp)]n (Cd-CP) was prepared based on 3-(2,4-dicarboxyphenyl)-6-carboxypyridine ligand (H3dpcp), and then its composite Eu@Cd-CP was synthesized by the post-modification through loading Eu3+ ions on Cd-CP. Eu@Cd-CP has outstanding fluorescence stability in aqueous solution with a wide range of pH. Furthermore, Eu@Cd-CP can distinguish sodium salicylate (SS) and sodium dehydroacetate (SA) in some food additives by quenching the characteristic fluorescence of Eu3+ ion. Eu@Cd-CP is the first known CP-based fluorescent probe for selective detection of SS and SA. In addition, the fluorescence mechanisms of discerning above analytes by Eu@Cd-CP have been thoroughly evaluated. It has found that synergistic effect of the dynamic process, photoinduced electron transfer (PET) process, energy absorption competition, and formation of Eu-O bonding interactions in sensing SA lead to the fluorescence quenching of Eu@Cd-CP. The fluorescence response mechanism of Eu@Cd-CP with SA is ascribed to the combination of the dynamic process, PET process, and energy absorption competition. A series of portable devices based on Eu@Cd-CP including fluorescence test strips, lamp beads, and composite films were developed to discern SS and SA via visual changes in luminescence color. This composite material can be potentially used as a multifunctional fluorescent probe for practical applications.

PBAT/PLA food packaging film containing sodium dehydroacetate-loaded diatomite as an antibacterial agent: Fabrication, water-gas regulation and long-acting antimicrobial mechanism

Biodegradable food packaging films with good antimicrobial properties are highly sought after for prolonging the shelf-life of fruits and vegetables whilst minimizing waste streams originating from the food sector. In this work, a series of PBAT/PLA food packaging films containing sodium dehydroacetate-loaded diatomite (SD/D) as an antimicrobial agent were fabricated. Structural analyses showed that the sodium dehydroacetate was incorporated into the pores of the diatomite. A uniform dispersion of SD/D in the composite films effectively enhanced water and gas permeability, whilst also giving the films good mechanical properties. The slow release of SD endowed the composite films with long-acting antibacterial ability (>90 % bacteriostasis rate for E. coli and >85 % bacteriostasis rate for S. aureus). The composite films were able to effectively maintain the quality of banana fruits during storage at room temperature, encouraging their use in food applications where non-biodegradable petrochemical-derived packaging films have traditionally been used.

The Mechanism of Blood Coagulation Induced by Sodium Dehydroacetate via the Regulation of the mTOR/ERK Pathway in Rats

Dehydroacetic acid (DHA-S), a potent antifungal and antibacterial agent, is widely used in food, feed and cosmetics. However, recent studies have shown that DHA-S could pose a risk for human and animal health. We had previously reported that DHA-S could cause coagulation disorders in rats and chicken. In the present study, we further confirmed that DHA-S induced blood coagulation via VKORC1 and VKORC1L1 in rats, and elucidated the role played by mTOR/ERK signaling. The in vivo studies demonstrated that PT, APTT, and DHA-S content and relative protein expressions in tissues rebounded after drug withdrawal. In BRL-3A cells, 1.0mM DHA-S increased the expression levels of mTOR, p-mTOR and p-ERK and decreased the levels of VKORC1, VKORC1L1 and Vitamin K. Rapamycin significantly decreased the expression levels of p-mTOR and p-ERK, while FR180204 (p-ERK Inhibition) lead to a decrease in p-ERK level. Rapamycin and FR180202 attenuated the inhibitory effect of DHA-S on VKORC1, VKORC1L1 and vitamin K levels. In addition, DHA-S increased the expression levels of mTOR, p-mTOR and p-ERK in male and female rat livers and prolonged PT and APTT. In summary, this study indicated that DHA-S induced blood coagulation via the modulation of the mTOR/ERK pathway in rats.

Bioinformatic analysis of the ABC transporter protein family and their function in Penicillium digitatum

ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC transporter) has prominent effects on the normal growth, development, substance transport and drug detoxification of organisms. However, the function of most of the ABC family members in filamentous fungi remains unknown. In the present research, 171 ABCs were identified from fruit postharvest pathogenic Penicillium spp. fungi including P. digitatum, P. expansum and P. italicum, of which 45 were from P. digitatum. Bioinformatics analysis showed that all 45 PdABCs had ABC_tran domain, belonging to seven subfamilies and containing 1–12 introns, distributed on six chromosomes of P. digitatum. The transcriptome data of spore germination, infection and sodium dehydroacetate (SD) inhibition showed that 43 PdABCs were detected as expressed in at least one stage, 6 PdABCs were all significantly differenially expressed during spore germination, infection or SD repression, five, eight and six PdABCs were significantly differentially expressed at the spore germination, infection and SD repression stages, respectively. RT-qPCR experiments further validated these six co-differentially expressed PdABCs. Cis-acting element (CAE) analysis showed that C2H2, C6 and Heat shock factors family-specific binding elements were highly present in their promoters, and the interaction regulatory network analysis indicated that there were interactions between PdABCs and PdABCs, major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter proteins, cytochrome P450 proteins, TFs (PdRING1、PdHeat1、PdbZIP1、PdzincC6). This study contributes to the screening of key ABCs and provides foundations for further investigation into the function of PdABCs and the creation of novel antifungal drugs to combat citrus green mold.

Tb(III)-functionalized covalent organic framework for fluorescence detection of sodium dehydroacetate, 2-methoxyaceticacid and mesotrione and adsorption application

Hazardous substances are often found in various forms in different environments, so testing for different types of hazardous substances is necessary. In particular, the removal of pollutants from the water environment is also of great interest. In this study, TGH+-PD@Tb (1@Tb) is successfully prepared for the fluorescence detection of sodium dehydroacetate (NADH) by “turn-on” mode. Continuously, the selective fluorescence detections of 2-methoxyaceticacid (Maa) and mesotrione (MST) are accomplished using the solution (1@Tb@NADH) with green fluorescence by “turn-off” mode. In deionized water, the limits of detection of NADH, Maa and MST are 1.8 μM, 0.10 μM and 0.046 μM, respectively. Meanwhile, based on selectivity and anti-interference experiments, 1@Tb and 1@Tb@NADH maintain the ability to detect NADH, Maa and MST in their own environments of existence (bread, serum and lake water). In further exploration of the mechanism, we find that the three substrates exhibited different response mechanisms, namely antenna effect of NADH, photoinduced electron transfer (PET) of Maa, and inner filter effect (IFE) of MST. Additionally, 1@Tb also shows good adsorption effect for MST, and the maximum adsorption capacity is 470.8 mg/g, providing reference value for MST removal from lake water.

Effect of Plasticizer Concentration on the Properties of Hydroxypropyl Cellulose (HPC) Film Enhanced with Sodium Dehydroacetate

Effect of Plasticizer Concentration on the Properties of Hydroxypropyl Cellulose (HPC) Film Enhanced with Sodium Dehydroacetate

Sodium dehydroacetate-induced disorder of coagulation function in broiler chickens and the protective effect afforded by vitamin K

Sodium dehydroacetate (S-DHA) is used widely as a preservative in several products, including poultry feed. The anticoagulation effect of 200 mg/kg S-DHA in rats has been reported to accompany a reduction in hepatic expression of vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1 (VKORC1). Poultry and mammals have different physiology and coagulation systems, and species differences in VKORC1 expression have been found. The effect of S-DHA on blood clotting of poultry has not been studies deeply. S-DHA was given to yellow-plumage broilers (YBs) as single and multiple administrations. Vitamin K3 (VK3) was injected into YBs 2 wk after S-DHA administration. Then, the prothrombin time (PT), partial activated prothrombin time (APTT), plasma levels of vitamin K (VK), factor IX (FIX), and S-DHA, and hepatic expression of VKORC1 were obtained. Chicken hepatocellular carcinoma (LMH) cells were also exposed to S-DHA, and the cell activity, VK level, and FIX level were measured. S-DHA prolonged the PT or APTT significantly, decreased levels of VK and FIX in blood, and inhibited hepatic expression of VKORC1. The maximum changes were 1.15-fold in the PT, 1.42-fold in the APTT, 0.8-fold in the VK level, 0.7-fold in the FIX level, and 0.35-fold in VKORC1 expression compared with controls. The cell activity, VK level, FIX level, and VKORC1/VKORC1L1 expression of LMH cells were reduced significantly at S-DHA doses of 2.0 to 10.0 mM. Prolongation of the PT/APTT and lower levels of VK/FIX in YBs or the lower cell activity and VK/FIX levels in LMH cells induced by S-DHA therapy were resisted significantly by VK3 treatment. We demonstrated that S-DHA could induce a disorder in coagulation function in YBs or in LMH cells via reduction of VKORC1/VKORC1L1 expression, and that VK could resist this anticoagulation effect.

A repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity study of sodium dehydroacetate (DHA-S) in Wistar rats

Sodium dehydroacetate (DHA-S) is a food additive and preservative. The present study was conducted to investigate the potential toxicity of repeated oral doses of DHA-S. DHA-S was administered orally by gavage to Wistar rats at doses of 0, 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg BW/day for 28 days, after which growth indicators, clinical pathology, organ weights, and histopathology were determined. Body weight and food consumption were significantly reduced at doses of 100 or 200 mg/kg BW, and some hematological indexes and organ weight were significantly affected, particularly in female rats. At a dose of 200 mg/kg BW, the blood coagulation activities were significantly reduced in female rats. At a dose of 100 or 200 mg/kg BW, the main blood biochemical parameters of both sexes were obviously affected. Similar histological changes in the hepatic and renal tissues were observed in both the treated (200 mg/kg BW DHA-S) and control animals. Female rats were more susceptible to most of the toxic effects caused by DHA-S, which further indicating a gender difference in the toxic phenotype profile of rats. Based on these results, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of DHA-S was determined to be 50 mg/kg BW/day in rats.

Mechanism of VKORC1 and VKORC1L1 signaling in the effects of sodium dehydroacetate on coagulation factors in rat hepatocytes

Sodium dehydroacetate (Na-DHA) is widely used as an antibacterial and preservative additive in food and cosmetics. Previously, we reported that repeated oral administration of Na-DHA induces coagulation disorders, and inhibited liver vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) and VKORC1-like protein 1 (VKORC1L1) in rats. However, the effects of Na-DHA on coagulation factors in rat hepatocytes and the mechanism of VKORC1 and VKORC1L1 signaling in that process are unclear. Here, we constructed stable Vkorc1 and Vkorc1l1 overexpressing cell lines using lentiviruses and transfected small interfering RNAs into buffalo rat liver BRL3A cells for Vkorc1 and Vkorc1l1 overexpression and silencing, respectively. After treatment with 5 mmol/L Na-DHA for 24 h, VKORC1 and VKORC1L1 expression levels were detected by real-time PCR and western blotting. Vitamin K (VK) and factor IX (FIX) contents were detected using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays. We observed that Na-DHA inhibited VKORC1 and VKORC1L1 expression levels and reduced VK and FIX levels in rat hepatocytes. Overexpression or silencing of Vkorc1 and Vkorc1l1 increased or decreased, respectively, the production and secretion of VK and FIX in rat hepatocytes, and alleviated or aggravated the inhibitory effects of Na-DHA on VKORC1 and VKORC1L1 expression levels. Taken together, the results indicated that both VKORC1 and VKORC1L1 signaling play regulatory roles in the effects of Na-DHA on coagulation factors in rat hepatocytes.

Electrochemical sensing of sodium dehydroacetate in preserved strawberries based on in situ pyrrole electropolymerization at modified carbon paste electrodes

Sodium dehydroacetate (SDA) is one of the most common additives and preservatives in food, especially for strawberries, due to its fungicidal and antibacterial effects. Therefore, an innovative electrochemical sensor, depending on carbon paste electrode (CPE) modulated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes and molecularly imprinted polymers, was constructed for in situ detection of SDA. Based on density functional theory calculations, the polymer film was imprinted on the modified CPE surface via electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of SDA. The morphology and electrochemical behavior of the synthesized sensors were characterized using different techniques. Under optimal conditions,a wide linear range (4.1 × 10−6 –1.2 mM)with a detection limit of 0.13 nM was obtained using differential pulse voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The proposed sensor displayed superb selectivity for SDA, good precision (RSD = 2.7%), and high stability (˃4 weeks). Thus, it was successfully applied to determine SDA in strawberry samples with excellent recoveries (96.7%–100%).

Nematicidal Activity of Organic Food Additives

Organic food additives are popular in various spheres of human activity: the food industry, agriculture, veterinary and human medicine, the chemical industry, and other sectors. Due to the relatively short time of their breakdown in the environment, their non-toxicity to various organisms in certain concentrations, and their large annual amounts of production, application, and influx into the environment, it is an important task to study their influence on ecology. To help reduce toxic pressure on the environment, we studied the influence of 32 organic food additives on larvae of the nematodes Strongyloides papillosus, Haemonchus contortus, Muellerius capillaris, which are parasites of the digestive tracts of ruminants. This article presents the results of in vitro studies of organic food additives (acetic, propionic, lactic, sorbic, adipic, fumaric, malic, citric, ascorbic, and dehydroacetic acids, sodium formate, calcium formate, potassium acetate, calcium acetate, sodium diacetate, calcium propanoate, sodium lactate, potassium sorbate, sodium sorbate, calcium sorbate, trisodium citrate, monosodium glutamate, sodium dehydroacetate, sodium benzoate, potassium benzoate, calcium benzoate, biphenyl, dibutylhydroxytoluene, hexamethylenetetramine, 2-phenylphenol, natamycin, and nisin) on nematode larvae at various stages of their development. Propionic acid and 2-phenylphenol, used in the food industry, exerted notable nematicidal effects on larvae of S. papillosus, M. capillaris, and H. contortus: 1% concentrations of the substances killed 85% of these larvae, except H. contortus, which were tolerant to 2-phenylphenol in 52% of cases. Other tested food additives at 1% concentrations could not kill more than 70% of invasive nematode larvae in 24 h. The research determined various degrees of toxicity of the studied substances to invasive (third age) and non-invasive (first and second age) larvae, which are related to a decrease in the feeding intensity of parasitic nematodes on the stage of third age larvae. Thus, some organic food additives, introduced into the environment with food wastes, are able to affect the vitality of certain nematode species to a varying extent.

Subchronic Oral Toxicity Evaluation of Sodium Dehydroacetate: A 90-day Repeated Dose Study in Rats

ObjectiveThe present study was undertaken to evaluate the subchronic oral toxicity of sodium dehydroacetate (DHA-Na) and to determine the point of departure (POD), which is a critical factor in the establishment of an acceptable dietary intake. MethodsDHA-Na was administered once daily by gavage to Sprague-Dawley rats at dose levels of 0.0, 31.0, 62.0, and 124.0 mg/kg BW per day for 90 days, followed by a recovery period of 4 weeks in the control and 124.0 mg/kg BW per day groups. The outcome parameters were mortality, clinical observations, body weights, food consumption, hematology and clinical biochemistry, endocrine hormone levels, and ophthalmic, urinary, and histopathologic indicators. The benchmark dose (BMD) approach was applied to estimate the POD. ResultsSignificant decreases were found in the 62.0 and 124.0 mg/kg BW groups in terms of the body weight and food utilization rate, whereas a significant increase was found in the thyroid stimulating hormone levels of the 124.0 mg/kg BW group. Importantly, the 95% lower confidence limit on the BMD of 51.7 mg/kg BW was modeled for a reduction in body weight. ConclusionThe repeated-dose study indicated the slight systemic toxicity of DHA-Na at certain levels (62.0 and 124.0 mg/kg BW) after a 90-day oral exposure.

Isolation and control of Botrytis cinerea in postharvest green pepper fruit

Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus that causes severe losses of postharvest pepper fruit. Moreover, this fungus is indiscriminate, causing severe disease in a variety of plant species, thus isolation and identification of the individual strains are crucial for the development of strain specific antifungal agents. In this study, B. cinerea was isolated from naturally infected green pepper fruit and identified through morphological features, pathogenic symptoms and rDNA-ITS analysis. The antifungal potential of the food additive sodium dehydroacetate (SD) and plant natural product trans-2-hexenal (TH) against the isolated pathogen was then examined. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis matched the isolated strain to B. cinerea strains previously isolated from infected sweet pepper in Pakistan, and homology alignment analysis showed that it was 100% homologous to strain NRCB07. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that both SD and TH treatments strongly inhibited the growth of the isolated B. cinerea, SD had a concentration dependent effect, while TH had an obvious antifungal effect only at higher concentrations. Both SD and TH limited the progression of gray mold disease and reduced the weight loss and respiration rate of inoculated green peppers. Treated pepper retained higher levels of Vc, chlorophyll and total soluble solids. SD and TH also enhanced the activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, POD and CAT of pepper, which may be directly responsible for the delayed onset of gray mold disease. Taken together, these results suggest that SD and TH are potential antifungal agents against B. cinerea and can be considered for the health control of gray mold in postharvest green peppers.

Sodium dehydroacetate treatment prolongs the shelf-life of ‘Kyoho’ grape by regulating oxidative stress and DNA methylation

In this study, we tested the ability of sodium dehydroacetate (SD) to extend the shelf-life of ‘Kyoho’ grape. Among the different concentrations of SD tested (0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mmol L–1), 0.01 mmol L–1 SD was the most effective in prolonging the shelf-life of ‘Kyoho’ grape. Compared with the control, the weight loss rate, browning index and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malonaldehyde contents were significantly lower in the 0.01 mmol L–1 SD treatment, whereas the healthy berry rate, berry firmness, total soluble solids (TSS) content, ascorbic acid content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were significantly higher. In addition, an analysis of ‘Kyoho’ grape DNA using methylation sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) markers showed that the average DNA methylation level was significantly higher in the 0.01 mmol L–1 SD treatment than in the control. Together, these results indicate that 0.01 mmol L–1 SD could be used to extend the shelf-life of ‘Kyoho’ grape. Moreover, a strong connection between reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and DNA methylation change during storage was revealed.

Transcriptome sequencing reveals an inhibitory mechanism of Penicillium digitatum by sodium dehydroacetate on citrus fruit

Sodium dehydroacetate (SD) has been widely used in various fields due to its high antimicrobial activities. However, the inhibitory mechanisms of SD against fungi, especially on transcriptional level, are still unclear. In this study, the inhibitory property of SD against Penicillium digitatum (imazalil (IMZ)-sensitive P. digitatum (Pds01) and IMZ-resistant P. digitatum (Pdw03) strains) was investigated. Here, we found that SD treatment had a distinct inhibitory effect on Pdw03 strain in vitro and mitigated the disease prevalence of inoculated citrus. Morphology and microstructure observation showed that SD caused remarkable changes in the hyphae of Pds01 and Pdw03. Transcriptomic analysis displayed that SD treatment blocked the expression of genes related to the ribosome, genetic information processing and energy metabolism, while promoting the genes expression related to cell walls degradation, membrane lipid metabolism and biosynthesis of sphingolipid. Among them, the ribosomal pathway was most prominent, and key genes in this pathway (RPSA, RPS9, RPL7A and RPL5) were inhibited by SD treatment in both strains. Moreover, we found that the expression of 12 MFS (major facilitator superfamily) transporters, 6 ABC (ATP-binding cassette transporter) transporters, and 9 glutathione metabolism encoding genes related to SD detoxification were increased. The results of fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) fingerprints further confirmed that SD caused remarkable changes in cell membrane lipids, nucleic acids, proteins and cell wall polysaccharides in both strains. These findings indicated that the interference with ribosome, genetic information processing, cell membrane metabolism and energy metabolism might be closely involved in the antifungal mechanism of SD against P. digitatum. Our results may provide novel insights into the antifungal molecular mechanism of SD against P. digitatum and deepen our understanding of the regulatory network of SD.

Sodium dehydroacetate confers broad antibiotic tolerance by remodeling bacterial metabolism

Antibiotic tolerance has been a growing crisis that is seriously threatening global public health. However, little is known about the exogenous factors capable of triggering the development of antibiotic tolerance, particularly in vivo. Here we uncovered that an previously approved food additive termed sodium dehydroacetate (DHA-S) supplementation remarkably impaired the activity of bactericidal antibiotics against various bacterial pathogens. Mechanistic studies indicated that DHA-S induced glyoxylate shunt and reduced bacterial cellular respiration by inhibiting the enzymatic activity of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDH). Furthermore, DHA-S mitigated oxidative stress imposed by bactericidal antibiotics and enhanced the function of multidrug efflux pumps. These actions worked together to induce bacterial tolerance to antibiotic killing. Interestingly, the addition of five exogenous amino acids, particularly cysteine and proline, effectively reversed antibiotic tolerance elicited by DHA-S both in vitro and in mouse models of infection. Taken together, these findings advance our understanding of the potential risks of DHA-S in the treatment of bacterial infections, and shed new insights into the relationships between antibiotic tolerance and bacterial metabolism.

Preparation and properties of antibacterial sodium dehydroacetate/modified film

Antibacterial polyethylene (PE) packaging films were prepared by combining granulation and casting with antibacterial agents sodium dehydroacetate (SD) and potassium sorbate (PS). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the structure of the films, and the effects of various additives on their physical, optical, microstructure, thermal stability, and antibacterial properties were investigated. The results show that when the SD: PS ratio is 2:1, the antibacterial film has higher tensile strength (14.71 MPa) than pure PE film. When the SD: PS ratio is 3:1, the water vapor transmission coefficient is the lowest, and The increase of SD concentration can result in good antibacterial activity against various microbes. The film has excellent physical and antibacterial properties, making it ideal for food packaging.