Blood Cell Sodium Content Research Articles

REGULATION OF THE MACROELEMENT METABOLISM IN COWS DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY

REGULATION OF THE MACROELEMENT METABOLISM IN COWS DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY

Взаємозв’язок основних характеристик нервових процесів із вмістом натрію у крові корів залежно від пори року

The type of higher nervous activity determines individual differences and the body's ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions. The most perfect adaptation is provided by a combination of high strength, mobility and balance of nervous processes. It was found that the strength of nervous processes both in summer and in winter was inversely related only to the sodium content in blood cells (r = -0.57–0.71; p<0.01). The balance of excitation and inhibition processes in the cerebral cortex in summer was inversely correlated with the sodium content in whole blood (r = -0.56; p<0.05) and blood cells (r = -0.64; p <0.01), in winter – in blood serum of cows (r = 0.62; p <0.01). It is proved that in summer the effect of the balance on the sodium content in whole blood was ղ²х = 0.29 (p <0.05), in blood cells – ղ²х = 0.63 (p<0.001), and in winter in blood cells – ղ²х = 0.37 (p<0.05). In summer, the mobility of nervous processes to a greater extent limited the sodium content in blood of cows than in winter. Thus, the effect of this indicator of cortical regulation on the sodium content in whole blood and blood cells in summer reached ղ²х = 0.25–0.35 (p<0.05), and in winter in blood cells – ղ²х = 0.24 (p<0.05).

Сorrection of sodium and potassium content in the blood of the cows with the aid of feed additives of Hermatsins taking into account typological features of the nervous

The eff ectiveness of correction of the content of some macronutrients in the blood of cows with diff erent types of higher nervous activity (HNA) and vegetative status has been confi rmed using feed additive “Germatsink”. In cows with a weak type of higher nervous activity, the potassium content in the serum in 10 days after the administration of the nanopreparation increased by 16.0% (p <0.05), calcium by 4.7%. 10 days after the start of the task of the nanopreparation, the sodium content in the blood cells of the cows of HF and a weak type of GNI becomes less than only 8.7% (p <0.05) and 15.1% (p <0.05) compared with the cows with SVR type GNI.The sodium content in blood cells 30 days after the start of studies in cows of HF and a weak type of GNI does not signifi cantly diff er from the indicators of cows of the CBP type. However, 45 days after the Germatsink feed supplement was prescribed in the blood cells of cows of a weak type of GNI, the content of this metal again becomes signifi cantly higher by 9.2% (p <0.05) of the cows of the SVR type of GNI.In cows with a weak type of higher nervous activity, the serum potassium content within 10 days after the start of the task nanopreparations increases by 16.0% (p <0.05). According to the infl uence of the feed supplement Germacin in the blood cells of sympathetic cows, the ratio of sodium to potassium is normalized. It should be noted that the assignment of the Germacinc feed additive to animals with SVR, SVI and SN type of GNI does not signifi cantly aff ect the potassium transmembrane potential. Whereas the value of this index in cows with a weak type of HNA decreased by 20.9% in 45 days of research (p<0.001). Therefore, the studies shown that the administration of feed additive “Germatsink” to cows with diff erent types of HNA had corrective eff ect on the content of some macronutrients in the blood of animals. Key words: nerve activity, cows, macronutrients, feed additive, blood cells.

Red blood cell sodium content and permeability changes in hemorrhagic shock

Recent studies of cellular function have demonstrated significant alterations of cell homeostasis during hemorrhagic shock. The progressive depolarization of cell membranes demonstrated in several organs has been attributed to failure of energy-dependent active ion transport. Similar changes in intracellular electrolyte composition have been observed in the red blood cells of some patients in late hemorrhagic shock and in other severely ill patients. The ready availability of isolated cells that do not require extracellular fluid space assessment makes the red blood cell an attractive model for investigating the factors controlling ion movements across the cell wall. It has been suggested that the red blood cell ion abnormalities may represent a generalized cellular response to severe illness. Red blood cell sodium concentration was measured in 145 patients during severe hemorrhagic shock. The direction and magnitude of changes in red blood sodium concentration was correlated with the time course of the shock state. The initial decrease in sodium content was a function of the diminished red blood cell membrane permeability due to a decrease in plasma bicarbonate levels. The subsequent red blood cell sodium uptake above the normal range, not associated with an increase in sodium influx, indicated an impairment of energy-dependent active transport. The observed high sodium concentrations associated with a potassium decrease in the red blood cell appeared to be only one manifestation of a generalized defect in cellular function and composition during severe hemorrhagic shock.

Alterations in sodium and potassium in red blood cells and plasma during the malaria infection ( Plasmodium lophurae)

1. 1. During the course of infection of Plasmodium lophurae (avian malaria) in white Pekin ducklings the red blood cell sodium concentration was significantly elevated in parasitized animals (14·0±1·32 mM; mean ± S.E.M.) as compared to normal animals (8·8 ± 0·72 mM); the plasma potassium level was also significantly increased in malarious ducklings (5·4 ± 0·29 mM) when compared to normal ducklings (2·9 ± 0·18 mM). 2. 2. Cation concentrations of P. lophurae more closely resembled those of the duck erythrocyte than of duck plasma.

Ethnic differences in human blood cell sodium concentration.

BALFE et al.1 have described a Negro family whose red blood cells had a high sodium concentration. The mean red cell sodium concentration in eight members of the family studied was 14.4 mmol l.−1 of cells, compared with 7.6 mmol l.−1 of cells in controls. Our studies of sodium and potassium concentrations in the blood cells of patients with hypertension have suggested that red cell sodium concentration is frequently greater in Negro than in Caucasian subjects.

Alterations of red blood cell sodium transport during malarial infection.

Previous studies have suggested that malaria induces changes in erythrocytic membrane permeability and susceptibility to osmotic lysis. The present study investigated erythrocytic transport of sodium with cells from Rhesus monkeys infected with Plasmodium knowlesi. Red blood cell sodium concentration was significantly elevated in 37 parasitized animals (21.8+/-1.2 mM; mean +/-SEM), as compared to 23 control animals (10.0+/-0.38 mM). The cellular sodium increased with the density of parasitemia and the cellular potassium decreased in proportion to the elevation of sodium. Nonparasitized as well as parasitized erythrocytes possessed this abnormality of cation metabolism. Effective chloroquine therapy reversed the changes over a period of 4 days. Active sodium outflux rate constants were depressed in animals with malaria (0.202+/-0.012), as compared to controls (0.325+/-0.027). Passive sodium influx rate constants were higher in infected monkeys (0.028+/-0.002) than in control animals (0.019+/-0.002). The cross incubation of malarial plasma with normal red blood cells induced a 22% diminution in active sodium outflux but no changes were observed in sodium influx. It is concluded that malaria alters erythrocytic sodium transport in all erythrocytes. The elevated intracellular sodium concentration is the net result of decreased sodium outflux and increased sodium influx. The plasmodium organism or the affected host may produce a circulating substance that is deleterious to erythrocytic membrane cation transport.

The measurement of sodium concentration in human red blood cells.

Experiments are described which indicate that iodinated human serum albumin underestimates the amount of extracellular sodium trapped in the packed layer of red blood cells, when cells and plasma are separated by centrifugation. Sucrose-(14)C also underestimates the amount of trapped extracellular sodium, but the difference between the percentages of sucrose-(14)C and extracellular sodium trapped is constant and independent of mean relative centrifugal force. It is concluded that human red blood cell sodium concentration can be measured with accuracy (a) if trapped plasma sodium is estimated with radioisotopes of sodium and a correction made for entry of sodium into the cells, providing cells and plasma can be separated rapidly; (b) by the use of sucrose as a standard plasma marker to derive the amount of trapped plasma sodium; (c) by washing the cells with sodium-free solutions. Reported values for red blood cell sodium concentration in healthy adults are critically reviewed.

Changes in Blood Constituents which Occur in Dairy Cattle Transferred to Spring Pastures

SUMMARY Changes in the packed cell volume, the concentrations of plasma calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium, and the concentrations of red blood cell potassium and sodium which occur when dairy cattle are transferred from conditions of stall feeding to those of grazing pastures under different manurial treatments, have been studied. The plasma magnesium concentrations fell significantly during the first 2 weeks at pasture and then rose again, but the recovery could not be associated with any change in the magnesium content of the herbage. The magnitude of the fall in plasma magnesium concentration for individual animals grazing pastures which had received the same manurial treatment varied to such an extent that no effect of manurial treatment on this reaction could be demonstrated. Plasma sodium concentrations fell over the first 2 weeks of grazing and then rose again, whilst red blood cell sodium concentrations rose immediately after the animals were turned out to graze and thereafter gradually returned towards the pre-grazing concentrations. No significant changes in the plasma calcium and potassium concentrations or the red blood cell potassium concentrations were found. The packed cell volumes fell in the second and third weeks and rose again slightly in the last week. Concentrations of plasma magnesium as low as 0.6 mg/100 ml. were found, in the presence of normal plasma calcium, potassium and sodium concentrations, without the manifestation of any clinical signs of tetany. Analysis of blood samples taken from 3 field cases of grass tetany revealed reduced plasma concentrations of both calcium and magnesium. In spite of the fact that the manurial treatments produced pastures which had extremely high protein and potassium contents, no clinical cases of grass tetany occurred amongst the experimental animals, although in certain animals pronounced hypomagnesaemia occurred. It was concluded that high potassium and protein contents of the herbage do not invariably lead to the development of grass tetany.

Studies on the Electrolyte Metabolism of Blood Cells (II) : Relationships of Renal Na and K Excretion with Na and K Content in Blood Cells

In a previous paper we have reported the increased sodium content of blood cells in edematous state and in patients with severe cardiovascular and renal diseases. The purpose of the present paper is to show the correlations between the sodium and potassium levels of blood cells and the renal excretion of them. Materials and Methods In 74 patients including 21 cases of acute and subacute glomerulonephritis, 1 9 of chronic glomerulonephritis, 3 of nephrotic syndrome, 18 of essential hypertension and nephrosclerosis, and 13 of heart diseases, clearance tests were performed by infusion of PAH and mannitol. Sodium and potassium reabsorption rates were calculated from the values of electrolyte clearance and of glomerular filtration rate. The U/P value, which represents the ratio of total sodium and potassium concentration in urine to that in blood plasma also was calculated. Some authors assume the free water clearance (CH20) as CH20=V-COSM where V is urinary volume and COSM is osmotic clearance, and solute-free water reabsorption (TCH20=Cosm-V From these equations CH20=V(1-Uosm/Posm) TCH20=V(Uosm/Posm-1) can be induced. Then, if Uosm/Posm is greater than unit, the subject should be supposed to be in a state to excrete more solute than water, and vice versa. Following this conception, the value of U/P may indicate whether the subject is in diuretic phase or in saluretic phase. Summary and Conclusion As a whole, sodium clearance was significantly correlated with GFR, but was markedly decreased in the cases whose GFR was below about half of normal value. It also showed smaller value when RPF was markedly decreased and markedly increased than normal. It was diminished in hyponatremic and in hypernatremic subjects, too. No definite correlation between the blood cell sodium level and the amount of sodium excretion was observed. It is accordingly conceivable that sodium clearance which represents the absolute amount of sodium excretion is regulated by body requirement of sodium to maintain the extracullular level within normal range. From the relationship between GFR and sodium reabsorption rate, the amount of sodium excretion were suggested to increase in acute glomerulonephritis and in some cases of essential hypertension. From the value of U/P however, it was also suggested that patients with acute or subacute glomerulonephritis were in more diuretic state than those with chronic ones.