Sodium Citric Acid Research Articles

The presence of glycogen in the rat liver following in vitro processing in decalcifying agents.

It has been shown that glycogen can be adequately retained in rat livers after fixation with acetic alcohol formalin for 6 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours or 7 days, followed by treatment with disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate adjusted to pH 7.5. Formic acid-sodium citrate or 5% trichloracetic acid solutions remove the glycogen following fixation.

青酸化合物より揮發する青酸量と水素イオン濃度との關係 (第4報)

Sodium nitroprusside was added to three kinds of buffer solution, i.e. phosphoric acid-sodium phosphate, citric acid-sodium hydroxide, and tartaric acid-sodium hydroxide, and quantities of free hydrocyanic acid liberated were measured at 15°, 37°, 60° and 100° at varying pH. No free hydrocyanic acid was detected at 15° in any of the buffer solutions: the highest concentration of the liberated HCN was 0.0008 per cent at 37°, 0.0368 per cent at 60° and 1.3576 per cent at 100°.The amount of HCN liberated from sodium nitroprusside varies considerably with the compositin of the buffer; with the tartaric acid-sodium hydroxide buffer solution, the peak amount of HCN librated at 60° is witnessed at pH 3.5 and that at 100° is attained at pH 5.5-6.8. This is considered to be due to the specific effect of the tartrate ion, suggesting that the selectivity exhibited by each buffer solution with regard to HCN liberation should be taken into due consideration.The amount of HCN liberated from sodium nitroprusside solution is thus so small in the neighborhood of human temperature (37°) that the toxicity of the solution is of no significance. It is pointed out, howeuer, that the toxicity of the liberated HCN should be taken into account at temeratures above 60° depending on the time of contact and the presence of catalyzer.

Formic Acid-Sodium Citrate Decalcification and Butyl Alcohol Dehydration of Teeth and Bones for Sectioning in Paraffin

Oral calcified tissue, which includes extracted teeth, teeth in situ, and alveolar bone, is usually prepared for histological examination by the general method of nitric acid decalcification, ethyl alcohol dehydration, and celloidin embedding. This paper describes a different method of tissue preparation which consists of formic acid-sodium citrate decalcification, butyl alcohol dehydration, and paraffin or celloidin embedding. The technic, described here in detail, was arrived at after 10 years of experimentation. During the last 3 years of this period, approximately 500 pieces of tissue were prepared and from these some 30,000 slides. An analysis of the various problems involved in the preparation of oral calcified tissue are presented in an effort to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed technic of preparation. For purposes of clarity, the outline of the technic is followed by an analysis of each step of the method in sequence.

Citric Acid and Its Salts as Calcifying Agents in Rats

The diet used was the Steenbock-Black rachitogenic diet 2965. To this was added lactic acid or citric acid and/or its salts primarily at the level of 0.04 mol. of supplement per 100 gm. basal ration. The increase in bone ash values for the various supplements showed approximately the following averages: lactic acid 2%, citric acid 4%, sodium citrate 9%, citric acid-sodium citrate mixtures 9 to 11%, potassium citrate 13%, citric acidpotassium citrate mixtures 14 to 16%. The effectiveness of citrates in improving the calcification in rats on a rachitogenic diet was confirmed, but the need of citric acid-citrate mixtures for the improvement was not confirmed. The greater effectiveness of potassium citrate as calcifying agent was indicated. The calcifying effect of citrates appeared to be unrelated to sex, gain in weight or food intake.

The Effect of the Acid-Base Content of the Diet Upon the Production and Cure of Rickets with Special Reference to Citrates: One Figure

The diets used were made to contain eight different ratios of calcium to phosphorus. In each of these ratios there are zones where rickets were produced when the absolute amounts were low and no rickets when the amounts were increased. 1. a. The addition of NH4Cl-(NH4)2CO3 mixtures to non-rachitogenic diets, in each of the eight zones, renders them rachitogenic. Further, the same additions to the rachitogenic diets in each of the eight zones, intensifies the severity of the rickets produced. b. The NH4Cl is the more important moiety, though the (NH4)2CO3 enhances the effect. 2. a. The addition of citric acid-sodium citrate mixtures to rachitogenic diets in each of the eight zones alters them so that they no longer produce rickets. b. Both the acid reaction and the alkali ash factors are necessary to accomplish this result. c. In the prevention of rickets, the citrates and tartrates alone, among the organic acids tested, were effective; therefore their action cannot depend entirely upon their acid-base effects.

On the subject of blood transfusions

The author recommends transfusing blood according to Dupuy-de-Fresnel's method in small quantities, mixing it with a significant volume of glucose solution. For this purpose, the author used Bobrov's apparatus and a glass beaker, which were pre-boiled in 5-7% solution of sodium citric acid.

To the technique of autohemotherapy

In order to prevent clotting of blood taken from the ulnar vein during autohemotherapy, Graef advises to proceed as follows: the surgeon should have Na citrici solution on hand and three syringes of 10 to 20 cc each. The first syringe, rinsed with sodium citric acid solution, is inserted into the ulnar vein, after which it, filled with blood, without the needle remaining in the vein at all times, is passed to an assistant for hypodermic injection. Meanwhile, the surgeon draws blood from the vein with a second syringe and hands it back to the assistant. In this way, this small operation can be performed quickly and without complications.