Sodium Chloride Extract Research Articles

Growth Inhibition of Rats Fed Raw Navy Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Growth inhibition of rats fed raw navy beans and the action of antibiotics in overcoming it were investigated. The growth inhibitory action of a navy bean fraction isolated by sodium chloride extraction and precipitation by 0.75 ammonium sulfate saturation was also studied. More nitrogen and more of 5 amino acids studied were excreted in the feces of rats fed raw navy beans than in the feces of rats fed heated beans. Nitrogen and amino acid retention in the animals was increased by feeding antibiotics. The intestinal contents of rats fed raw navy beans contained more insoluble nitrogen, protein nitrogen and amino nitrogen and these were not changed by supplementation with antibiotics. Proteolytic activity in the intestine of animals receiving raw navy beans was similar to that of those receiving heated navy beans. Increased insoluble matter and proteolytic activity in the cecum and increased size of the cecum of rats receiving antibiotics suggest that the site of antibiotic action may be the cecum. No significant effect on nitrogen or amino acid absorption due to the inclusion of the navy bean fraction in the diet was observed. Growth inhibition of rats fed raw navy beans may, in part, be the result of endogenous loss of nitrogen and impaired absorption of amino acids.

The Activity of Human Placenta Microsomes and Brain Particles in Blood Coagulation

Abstract 1. Human placenta microsomes active in blood coagulation have been prepared by a combination of differential centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, and extraction with butanol-benzene mixtures. Human brain particles have been prepared from acetone-dried brain by extraction with sodium chloride solutions, differential centrifugation, and extraction with butanol-benzene mixtures. 2. Placenta microsomes and brain particles appear to function as enzyme in the development of coagulant activity from the bovine serum fraction. 3. The coagulant activity, which develops in reaction mixtures containing placenta microsomes, calcium, and bovine serum eluate, rapidly disappeared on storage at 4°. In similar reaction mixtures containing purified brain particles, less than one-half of the coagulant activity could be recovered in the sediment after washing with buffer containing calcium, but from 75 to 100% could be recovered in the supernatant fluid after washing with ethylenediaminetetraacetate. 4. Purified brain particles bind protein from the bovine serum eluate nonspecifically and bind activated Factor X, but do not bind nonactivated Factor X.

P-1 blood group substance in Lumbricus terrestris (earthworm) and Ascaris suum.

Cameron and Staveley1 found that the echinococcus cyst fluid contains P blood group substance if there are scolices present in the cysts. When the echinococcus cyst fluid is used as an antigen, excellent anti-P1 sera are produced in goats2. In rabbits the production of P1 antibodies can also be stimulated, but not by application of the cyst fluid alone3. We have explored another source of antigen, Lumbricus terrestris4. Sodium chloride extracts, both cooked and uncooked, contain a fairly large amount of P1 substance together with H substance and B blood group substance. Some of the extracts inhibited also anti-A, but never anti-M, anti-N, or anti-D. The long-lasting immunity of man against Ascaris gave rise to the idea that the P1 cold antibodies which are ‘genuinely’ present in the sera of P2 group people could have developed following antigenic stimulation by Ascaris lumbricoides or other nemathelminthes. We therefore studied sodium chloride extracts from Ascaris suum and observed a high content of substance inhibiting anti-P1 sera as well as A and H substances. By means of sodium chloride extracts from Lumbricus, P2 erythrocytes pretreated with tannin can be transformed into P1 erythrocytes. The extract can be cooked and we have been using it for the immunization of goats. The detailed quantitative relations will be referred to elsewhere.

The Interactions of the Erythrocytes of Various Species with Agglutinins of Abrus Precatorius Linn

Summary The action of agglutinin from Abrus precatorius was tested against the red cells of human A, B, O groups and fifteen other animals. Using the tube method and at low protein concentrations it was possible to distinguish between individual animals having very similar habits, e.g., guinea pig and rabbit; mouse and rat; cow and buffalo, etc. The agglutinin showed very poor activity towards cow, sheep and goat. Attempts have also been made to separate the various protein fractions present in the sodium chloride extract of the seeds of Abrus precatorius on a paper electrophoretogram. It was noted that two different proteins are responsible for toxicity and hemagglutination. The agglutinin forms 30% of the total extractable protein while the toxin is only 10%; the remaining 60% shows no physiologic activity. It has also been pointed out that at lower concentrations Abrus agglutinins can be used in forensic pathology to narrow down the possible sources of a specimen of blood.

Cellulase Activity in Tomato Fruits According to Portion and Maturity

The cellulolytic activity of sodium chloride extracts of four portions of tomato fruits--seeds and pulp, placenta, inner pericarp, and outer pericarp--was determined over a maturity range extending from green fruits less than 1 inch in diameter to ripe fruits (8 days after turning color at the blossom end). Generally the green fruits were low in activity and the fruits showing red color were high. The outer pericarp had a high activity at the earliest green stage with the activity decreasing to the turning stage. The seeds and pulp had a high activity just prior to and during the mature-green stage coincident with the breakdown of the pulp around the seeds. The placenta had a much higher activity than the other portions after the mature green stage. The activity of each portion was constant during the ripening period from 2 to 8 days after the turning stage.

The mechanism of action of malt β-glucanases: V. Separation of the β-glucanases of germinated barley by dialysisl and ion-exchange chromatography on phosphorylated cellulose

The proteins present in 0.1 M sodium chloride extracts of germinated barley were separated by dialysis into an albumin and globulin fraction. The albumin fraction contained endo-β-glucanase, laminarinase, and carboxymethyl cellulase activities. The globulin fraction contained a second endo-β-glucanase and small amounts of the albumin enzymes. Separation of crude extract on phosphorylated cellulose yielded four distinct enzyme fractions: two endo-β-glucanases, a laminarinase, and a carboxymethyl cellulase. Each fraction could act on just one of the three substrates.

CELLULASE IN TOMATO FRUITS.

A CELLULOLYTIC enzyme that reduces the viscosity of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) solution was found in sodium chloride extracts of ripe tomato fruits using the method of Bell et al.1 for determining activity. This is a viscometric method devised for detecting low enzyme-levels by measuring the change in drain time of solutions in Ostwald-Fenske pipettes during a 20-h period.

Electrophoretic analysis of flour proteins from various varieties of wheat

AbstractExtracts (O.IM‐sodium chloride) of fifteen samples of flour, from six types of wheat, have been analysed by moving boundary electrophoresis. The gluten proteins and O.OIM‐acetic acid extracts of the flours were also examined. Electrophoretic enantiography was quite good for all buffers used.Seven to eleven electrophoretic components were observed for the gluten protein extracts depending on the type of wheat and the extent of resolution. Analyses of the gluten and the acetic acid extracts from flour could be grouped into three categories typified by the Hard Red Spring wheats, the Hard Red Winter wheats and the Durum wheat. Considerably more material was extracted with O.OIM‐acetic acid from flour than from gluten, including fast migrating (‘salt‐soluble’) and polysaccharide material. In general, patterns for the O.OIM‐acetic acid extracts of gluten could be superimposed on the patterns for the O.OIM‐acetic acid extracts of flour. The good reproducibility of the electrophoretic method was demonstrated by three analyses of glutens from a cake flour.Differences in component distribution were observed for the O.IM‐sodium chloride extracts of flour when analysed in veronal buffer, at least ten components being observed. Greater amounts of slower migrating components were noted in the Hard Red Winter wheats and in the Club wheat than in the Hard Red Spring wheats. Flour samples, analysed in borate buffer, could be divided into four general groups on the basis of their electrophoretic patterns.No differences were observed in the electrophoretic analyses of proteins from bleached and unbleached cake flour.

Ultracentrifuge studies of the ammonium sulphate fractions of the protein from yellow lupin seed (Lupinus lutevs)

AbstractAn ammonium sulphate fractionation of the protein in a 10% sodium chloride extract of yellow lupin seed meal has been carried out. Examination of the fractions in the ultracentrifuge at I = 0.5, pH = 7.6 has revealed the presence of at least four sedimenting components.Three of these components have been obtained reasonably pure by a different method from that used by J oubert2 for blue lupin seed protein. In agreement with his work, one of these components dissociated reversibly and slowly on lowering the ionic strength. Another component associated reversibly with the lowering of ionic strength, the reaction being rapid. The third component did not appear to enter into any association‐dissociation reactions.

Studies on the interaction of chyle and plasma in the rat.

1. It has been confirmed that during the absorption of olive oil in the rat there is an increase in the ability of the animal's plasma to clear chyle in vitro. The conditions whereby this post‐absorption clearing can best be demonstrated have been described.2. A comparison has been made between the clearing of chyle by a post‐absorption plasma and by a plasma withdrawn 15 minutes after the injection of 5 units of heparin per kg. of body weight. The two clearing systems have been shown to behave similarly with regard to temperature, pH, and inhibitors such as Triton derivatives, sodium tauroglycocholate and protamine. In both systems, as clearing of the chyle proceeds, fatty acid is released with the subsequent formation of a soluble fatty acid‐albumin complex in the plasma.3. In normal plasma a 0·85 per cent sodium chloride extract of rat pancreas has been shown to clear added chyle slowly. This clearing is markedly accelerated in the presence of sodium tauroglycocholate.4. The similarity between the post‐absorption and heparinized plasma‐clearing systems is discussed. It is suggested that the post‐absorption clearing reaction may represent the physiological mechanism for the dissolution of chylomicrons in the blood. If this is the case, it is shown that plasma albumin can play only a transient role as an acceptor of the dissolved lipid.

Apparatus for Studying Electrogravitational Separations. Some Experiments on the Extraction of Sodium Chloride from Solution in a Flow System

As the first step in a systematic experimental investigation of an electrogravitational method for concentrating and separating simple electrolytes in solution, new and versatile apparatus has been constructed. The power supply is designed to furnish up to 50 amp to the experimental cell at potentials up to 0.7 v, controlled electromechanically to ±1/2 per cent. A Lucite cell with plane‐parallel wire mesh electrodes has been adopted for flow experiments. Experiments on the extraction of sodium chloride were designed primarily to study electrode efficiencies in ranges of concentration and flow rate to which the method is applicable. Interesting qualitative comparisons with corresponding ion exchange experiments are developed.

Production, extraction and purification of haemagglutinin of Haemophilus pertussis.

SUMMARY: Most, though not all, freshly isolated strains of Haemophilus pertussis contain haemagglutinin. When organisms are grown on solid medium the haemagglutinin is associated with the cell. In liquid cultures the haemagglutinin in the early stages of growth is also associated with the cell but later diffuses into the medium. Haemagglutinin can be extracted by sodium chloride or sodium acetate from H. pertussis grown on solid medium. It can be precipitated from the extracts by methanol in the cold and resuspended in phosphate buffer. Precipitation by methanol gives a considerable degree of purification. Haemagglutinin deteriorates rapidly on storage even at low temperatures. The rate of deterioration is less with solutions in 50% glycerol. Fowl red blood cells or stromata absorb the haemagglutinin but not the toxin. The sodium chloride extract also contains agglutinogen but the sodium acetate extract does not. Antihaemagglutinin can be prepared by immunizing rabbits with haemagglutinin either in the form of extracts or bacterial suspensions. The most potent antisera are obtained using as antigen red blood cells saturated with haemagglutinin. Mice infected either intracerebrally or intranasally with H. pertussis cannot be protected either by active immunization with haemagglutinin or by passive immunization with antihaemagglutinin.

Therapeutics of experimental hypertension: Grollman, Arthur, Harrison, T. R., and Williams, J. R.: J. Pharmacol. and Exper. Therap. 69: 76, 1940

The effect of sodium nitrite, potassium thiocyanate, erythrol tetranitrate, Allium sativum, acetyl-β-methylcholine, sodium chloride, and renal extract on the blood pressures of hypertensive rats was investigated. The blood pressure was reduced to normal levels following the administration of renal extract. None of the so-called depressor or hypotensive substances manifested an ability to reduce appreciably the blood pressure and their clinical value is thus questionable. The administration of a relatively large dose of sodium chloride did not markedly elevate the blood pressure.