Sodium Chloride Excretion Research Articles

Effects of posture on renal excretion of sodium and chloride in orthostatic hypotension.

Large decreases in the rates of sodium excretion, chloride excretion, and glomerular filtration were observed in patients with orthostatic hypotension when they assumed the upright posture following a period of recumbency. When they returned to the recumbent position, sodium excretion typically was not restored immediately in spite of immediate restoration of filtered sodium load. The decreased sodium excretion found to occur in patients with orthostatic hypotension when they are in the upright posture is considered to be due in part to the decreased filtered sodium load and in part to changes in tubular reabsorption that are independent of filtered sodium load.

Endocrine regulation of the blood sugar.

Article1 February 1953ENDOCRINE REGULATION OF THE BLOOD SUGARJEROME W. CONN, M.D., F.A.C.P.JEROME W. CONN, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-38-2-179 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptOf all of the presently recognized metabolic disturbances which arise in man as the result of deranged endocrine function, diabetes mellitus is the most common. As a clinical entity it has been known, studied and treated by physicians for many years. Because of the tremendous impact upon medical science of the isolation of insulin by Banting and Best in 1921, the historical details of the disease itself are known to virtually all whose interests fall into the general realm of biology. Much of our present knowledge in the fields of nutrition, metabolism and modern endocrinology stems from basic facts derived...Bibliography1. DruryWickMacKay DRANEM: Formation of glucose by the kidney, Am. J. Physiol. 163: 655, 1950. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. ColowickCoriSlein SPGTMW: The effect of adrenal cortex and anterior pituitary extracts and insulin on the hexokinase reaction, J. Biol. Chem. 168: 583, 1947. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. Sutherland EW: The effect of hyperglycemic factor of the pancreas and of epinephrine on glycogenosis, Recent Progress in Hormone Research 5: 441, 1950. Google Scholar4. BornsteinReidYoung JEFG: The hyperglycaemic action of blood from animals treated with growth hormone, Nature, London 168: 903, 1951. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. Young FG: Permanent experimental diabetes produced by pituitary (anterior lobe) injections, Lancet 2: 372, 1937. CrossrefGoogle Scholar6. RichardsonYoung KCFG: Histology of diabetes induced in dogs by injection of anterior-pituitary extracts, Lancet 1: 1098, 1938. CrossrefGoogle Scholar7. CampbellLeiDavidson JHPIW: Production of diabetes and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate by purified growth hormone, Endocrinology 49: 635, 1951. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar8. EngleViauCogginsLynn FLAWWS: Diabetogenic effect of growth hormone in the intact force-fed adrenocorticotrophin treated rat, Endocrinology 50: 100, 1952. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar9. Ingle DW: The production of glycosuria in the normal rat by means of 17-hydroxy-11-dihydrocorticosterone, Endocrinology 29: 649, 1942. Google Scholar10. IngleLiEvans DWCHHM: The effect of adrenocorticotrophic hormone on the urinary excretion of sodium chloride, potassium, nitrogen, and glucose in normal rats, Endocrinology 39: 32, 1946. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar11. ConnLouisJohnston JWLHMW: Studies upon mechanisms involved in the induction with adrenocorticotropic hormone of temporary diabetes mellitus in man, Proc. Am. Diabetes A. 8: 213, 1948. Google Scholar12. GershbergFryBrobeckLong HEGJRCN: The rôle of epinephrine in the secretion of the adrenal cortex, Yale J. Biol. and Med. 23: 32, 1950. MedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Ann Arbor, Michigan*From the Symposium on Diabetes, presented at the Thirty-third Annual Session of the American College of Physicians, Cleveland, Ohio, April 25, 1952. Nextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byGlycosuria�ber die Bestimmung von Insulin im Blute am epididymalen Fettanhang der Ratte mit Hilfe markierter GlucoseDas PankreasGlucagon: Physiologic and Clinical ConsiderationsSurgery of the Diabetic Patient: Changing ConceptsTHE PARADOXICAL EFFECT OF INTRAVENOUS HYDROCORTISONE UPON CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISMInsulin-Resistant Diabetes after Total Pancreatectomy 1 February 1953Volume 38, Issue 2Page: 179-187KeywordsBlood sugarDiabetes mellitusEndocrinologyFallsInsulinNutrition ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 February 1953 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright, 1953, by The American College of PhysiciansPDF downloadLoading ...

Reduced renal excretion of sodium chloride following circulatory stresses

Reduced renal excretion of sodium chloride following circulatory stresses

Effect of vasopressin (pitressin)-induced water retention on sodium excretion.

THE EXCRETION of water is influenced by many factors. One of the most important factors is the antidiuretic hormone of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (ADH). An increase in the osmotic activity of the blood increases the secretion of antidiuretic hormone and results in a concentrated urine. 1 Drugs and reflex stimuli also release the antidiuretic hormone. 2 A decreasing osmotic activity of the blood inhibits the release of the antidiuretic hormone, and a water diuresis follows. Small intravenous doses of vasopressin injection (pitressin®) in man produce the same effect on the excretion of water and salt as does endogenously produced vasopressin. Both act by increasing the tubular absorption of water without altering glomerular filtration or renal blood flow; neither have demonstrated in short-term experiments a striking effect on excretion of sodium chloride. 3 In water-loaded subjects administration of vasopressin may cause a slight decrease in the excretion

SYNDROME OF SALT DEPLETION

The recognition of the importance of the retention of sodium in the aggravation or in the production of the phenomena of congestive heart failure has directed attention to methods that will diminish the sodium content of the body in the therapy of disorders characterized by these phenomena. Two procedures are used to accomplish this purpose. One procedure consists of the use of a diet that is extremely poor in salt. It is now possible to remove salt which is naturally present in foods so that diets may be prescribed that have all the essential foodstuffs and yet are extremely poor in sodium. The other procedure is the use of powerful diuretics that produce a disproportionately greater excretion of sodium chloride than of water. In clinical practice, both procedures are frequently used together. There can be little doubt of the efficacy of this regimen and that the introduction of this therapy

The maintenance of an adequate cardiac output by the regulation of the urinary excretion of water and sodium chloride; an essential factor in the genesis of oedema: Borst, J. G. G.: Acta Med. Scandinav. (Suppl.) 207:130 1948

The maintenance of an adequate cardiac output by the regulation of the urinary excretion of water and sodium chloride; an essential factor in the genesis of oedema: Borst, J. G. G.: Acta Med. Scandinav. (Suppl.) 207:130 1948

The effect of relatively unimportant deviations in the normal blood volume on the urinary excretion of water and sodium chloride

Acta Medica ScandinavicaVolume 130, Issue S207 p. 15-18 The effect of relatively unimportant deviations in the normal blood volume on the urinary excretion of water and sodium chloride First published: January/December 1948 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1948.tb12112.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume130, IssueS207January/December 1948Pages 15-18 RelatedInformation

THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF DIETARY SODIUM CHLORIDE AND WATER INTAKE IN CARDIAC EDEMA

Article1 October 1947THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF DIETARY SODIUM CHLORIDE AND WATER INTAKE IN CARDIAC EDEMAL. W. GORHAM, M.D., D. E. LESTER, M.D., A. V. WOLF, Ph.D., H. H. SHULTZ, M.D.L. W. GORHAM, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, D. E. LESTER, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, A. V. WOLF, Ph.D.Search for more papers by this author, H. H. SHULTZ, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-27-4-575 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThe restriction of sodium chloride intake has been recognized for many years as essential in the treatment of cardiac edema. A diminished renal excretion of sodium and water is the primary factor in the production of edema according to Warren and Stead,1rather than increased venous pressure. Karrell's2once popular regimen of 800 c.c. of milk with no other food or fluid contained approximately 1.0 gm. of sodium chloride. In many hospitals at the present time, the "cardiac general" diet restricts the sodium chloride intake to a minimum of 3.0 gm. and customarily fluids are limited to 1500 c.c. daily....Bibliography1. WARRENSTEAD JVEA: Fluid dynamics in chronic congestive heart failure, Arch. Int. Med., 1944, lxxiii, 138-147. CrossrefGoogle Scholar2. KARRELL P: De la cure de lait, Arch. gen. de med., 1866, Vol. 128, O. S., Series 6, Vol. 8, 513-533. Google Scholar3. SCHROEDER HA: Studies on congestive heart failure. I. The importance of restriction of salt as compared to water, Am. Heart Jr., 1941, xxii, 141-153. CrossrefGoogle Scholar4. SCHEMM FR: A high fluid intake in the management of edema, especially cardiac edema. I. The details and basis of the regime, Ann. Int. Med., 1942, xvii, 952-969. LinkGoogle Scholar5. SCHEMM FR: A high fluid intake in the management of edema, especially cardiac edema. II. Clinical observations and data, Ann. Int. Med., 1944, xxi, 937-976. Google Scholar6. BRIDGESWHEELERWHITE WCEOPD: Low-sodium diet and free fluid intake in the treatment of congestive heart failure, New Eng. Jr. Med., 1946, ccxxxiv, 573-578. CrossrefGoogle Scholar7. WHEELERBRIDGESWHITE EOWCPD: Diet low in salt (sodium) in congestive heart failure, Jr. Am. Med. Assoc., 1947, cxxxiii, 16-20. CrossrefGoogle Scholar8. LEEVYSTRAZZAJAFFIN CMJAAE: Fluids in congestive heart failure, Jr. Am. Med. Assoc., 1946, cxxxi, 1120-1125. CrossrefGoogle Scholar9. FREYBERGGRANT RHRL: Loss of minerals through the skin of normal humans when sweating is avoided, Jr. Clin. Invest., 1937, xvi, 729. CrossrefGoogle Scholar10. KEUTMANNBASSETTWARREN EHSHSL: Electrolyte balances during artificial fever with special reference to loss through the skin, Jr. Clin. Invest., 1939, xviii, 239. CrossrefGoogle Scholar11. MACKAYBUTLER EMAM: Studies of sodium and potassium metabolism. The effect of potassium on the sodium and water balances in normal subjects and patients with Bright's disease, Jr. Clin. Invest., 1935, xiv, 923. CrossrefGoogle Scholar12. FUTCHERSCHROEDER PHHA: Studies on congestive heart failure. II. Impaired renal excretion of sodium chloride, Am. Jr. Med. Sci., 1942, cciv, 52. CrossrefGoogle Scholar13. WOLF AV: The dehydrating effect of continuously administered water, Am. Jr. Physiol., 1945, cxliii, 567. CrossrefGoogle Scholar14. WOLF AV: The retention and excretion of continuously administered salt solutions, ibid., cxliii, 572. Google Scholar15. WOLF AV: Renal regulation of water and some electrolytes in man, with special reference to their relative retention and excretion, ibid., cxlviii, 54. Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Albany, New York*Presented in abstract form at the Atlantic City meeting of the Association of American Physicians May 7, 1947.From the Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Albany Medical College, Union University, Albany, N. Y.This study was aided by a grant from the Winthrop Chemical Co., Rensselaer, N. Y.*The use of salt-free bread is essential; two analyses of ordinary bread showed 4.9 m.eq. of sodium per slice. Neo-curtesal (Winthrop Chemical Co.) has in some cases been helpful as a salt substitute after patients left the hospital. This product contains no sodium. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byHerzinsuffizienzOn the neglected role of water and potassium in cardiovascular therapyTherapie der HerzinsuffizienzBody fluid alterations during the development of and recovery from hyponatremia in heart failureElectrolyte and Fluid Disturbances in Congestive Heart FailurePresent Day Treatment of Congestive Heart FailureSome Applications of Ion exchange Resins to Medical Problems†Congestive heart failure of renal originWater Balance in Heart and Kidney Disease as Related to Edema and OliguriaDietary Management in Heart Disease with Particular Reference to Congestive Cardiac FailureLow salt diets and arterial hypertension 1 October 1947Volume 27, Issue 4Page: 575-583KeywordsBreadChemical analysisDietEdemaExcretionFoodMilkSaltsSodiumSodium chloride Issue Published: 1 October 1947 PDF downloadLoading ...

A HIGH FLUID INTAKE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF EDEMA, ESPECIALLY CARDIAC EDEMA. II. CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS AND DATA

Excerpt It is only in the last 50 years that the limitation of fluids in the presence of edema has been taught and practiced so universally. Earlier clinicians noted that the theoretical fear of wa...

Eliminação urinaria do cloreto de sodio na anemia ancilostomotica

Os autores verificaram, em três casos de anemia ancilostomótica, diminuição acentuada na eliminação de cloreto de sódio na urina (2.5 g NaCl em 1.000 cm3 de urina) e progressivo retôrono à normalidade, após administação isolada de sais de ferro, sem eliminação dos helmintos do intestino.

Influence of Posterior Pituitary Extracts on Sodium Balance in Normal Subject and in Patient with Diabetes Insipidus

In the normal subject anti-diuretic extracts of the posterior pituitary cause an increase in the excretion of sodium and chlorine with the result that the balance for these elements becomes negative., In Fig. 1 we have presented data on a normal subject (male, 25 years old) which shows the same thing. The patient with diabetes insipidus (male, 19 years old), on the other hand, behaves differently. The same dose of posterior pituitary extract as given the normal caused no increase in sodium chloride excretion although a marked anti-diuresis resulted (Fig. 1). The days upon which “Pituitrin” (Surgical, 0.5 cc. twice daily) was administered are indicated in solid black. In the normal subject there was no appreciable reduction in urine volume the rate being about 1.5 liters per day without the extract and 1.2 to 1.4 liters per day when “Pituitrin” was given. In the patient with diabetes insipidus the specific anti-diuretic effect was obvious. The daily urine output was reduced from around 8 to 3 liters per day with a corresponding decrease in the fluid intake. Both subjects received a constant diet during the period of observations and for several days preceding. The data in Fig. 1 assumes a constant excretion in the stool of the various elements each day. Although we know that this is not absolutely true we have data which shows that the variations are such as to have no influence upon the picture presented here. The urinary excretion in these cases is therefore a good measure of the mineral balance. In the normal it happens that the chlorine does not follow the sodium as closely as it might because this subject had 5 gm. of KCl added to his diet each day and the percentage variation in chloride excretion is consequently less than in sodium excretion, with the same absolute change in both. Unlike the normal the sodium balance does not become negative in diabetes insipidus as a result of “pituitrin” therapy. In this patient it happens that it actually becomes positive, at least for 4 days and although not a constant result in this condition it is frequently the case.

THE PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS OF NOVASUROL

Novasurol, mercuricoxyacetobarbital, contains 33.9 per cent of mercury and is prepared in a 10 per cent aqueous solution. It was introduced in 1917 as an antisyphilitic. Voigt1and Levy-Lenz2in 1920 summarized its effect in syphilis. Compounds of mercury, principally calomel, have always ranked high among the diuretics. Increase in urination was early noted with novasurol, and in 1920 attention was called to this effect by Saxl and Heilig.3They found marked polyuria and a quantitative increase in the excretion of sodium chloride, both of which could be stopped by the use of atropine. They believed the effect was secondary to hydremia. Brunn4in 1921 gave normal persons 1 or 2 liters of salt water before injection of novasurol, and obtained the same results as in cases of syphilitic myocarditis with decompensation, namely, great augmentation of the urinary total. At necropsy of the syphilitic cases, he noted no renal lesions.

THE NUMERICAL LAWS GOVERNING THE RATE OF EXCRETION OF UREA AND CHLORIDES IN MAN

1. The excretion of urea and of chlorides in the normal individual is carried out according to definite laws, capable of numerical expression. 2. The rate of excretion of urea and of sodium chloride is determined by the concentration in the blood, the rate of water output, and indirectly by the weight of the individual. 3. The threshold of sodium chloride excretion is practically constant at about 5.62 grams of sodium chloride per liter of plasma. Slight variations in the threshold occur in normal individuals. 4. The rate of excretion of urea under the conditions found at any time can be measured directly in terms of the normal by an index of urea excretion.

The Excretion of Sodium Chloride In Fevers

The Excretion of Sodium Chloride In Fevers