Sodium Chloride Electrolyte Research Articles

Adsorption of Polyions on Flat TiO2 Surface

In this study, the surface properties of Ti/TiO2 substrate before and after the adsorption of polyelectrolytes were investigated. As model polyelectrolytes, strongly charged polycation poly(diallyldimethylammonium) (PDADMA) and strongly charged polyanion poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) were used. Initially, the bare titanium substrate was characterized by means of ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and measurements of inner surface potential using crystal electrode (CrE). It was shown that the substrate surface is very smooth with the roughness of 3.5 nm and oxide layer thickness of 3.8 nm. After the adsorption of PDADMA and PSS, polyelectrolyte-coated titanium surface was examined using the above-mentioned methods under the same conditions. It was found that both PDADMA cations and PSS anions form a stable polymeric nanofilm on Ti/TiO2 surface that partially covers the surface, without significant impact on the surface roughness. The corrosion protection effectiveness values indicate that the corrosion properties were greatly enhanced upon polyion adsorption and polyelectrolyte coating formation on the flat TiO2 surface. The obtained results were additionally confirmed by inner surface potential measurements. According to the methods employed, PDADMA nanofilm modification offers enhanced corrosion protection to the underlying titanium material in sodium chloride electrolyte solution.

Enhancement of the corrosion properties of cold sprayed Ti–6Al–4V coatings on mild steel via silica sealer

AbstractThe pore formation associated with the cold spray process requires the development of an economical sealer to enhance the corrosion resistance of Ti–6Al–4V coatings on a mild steel substrate. Herein, a sound method is developed to seal pores in the cold sprayed Ti–6Al–4V coatings with silica sealer. Potentiodynamic polarization tests in 3.5 wt% sodium chloride electrolyte were employed to investigate the corrosion resistance of cold sprayed Ti–6Al–4V coatings fabricated at two standoff distances (30 and 70 mm) before and after the sealing process. The polarization resistance of cold sprayed Ti–6Al–4V coatings significantly increased by >80% after the sealing process. The electrochemical responses of cold sprayed Ti–6Al–4V were dependant on sealing the pores with agglomerated silica nanoparticles as observed by scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis. The increase in polarization resistance makes the sealer an effective treatment for cold sprayed Ti–6Al–4V coatings used in marine environments and other engineering applications. This sophisticated sealing process can reduce the deposition cost by reducing the thickness of Ti–6Al–4V coatings and increasing their lifetime on metal components.

Performance Analysis of Electrochemical Micro Machining of Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) Alloy under Different Electrolytes Concentrations

Titanium alloy is widely used in modern automobile industries due to its higher strength with corrosion resistance. Such higher strength materials can be effectively machined using unconventional machining processes, especially the electro-chemical micro machining (ECMM) process. It is important to enhance the machining process by investigating the effects of electrolytes and process parameters in ECMM. The presented work describes the influence of three different combinations of Sodium Chloride-based electrolytes on machining Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) alloy. Based on the ECMM process parameters such as applied voltage, electrolytic concentration, frequency and duty cycle on response, characteristics are determined by the Taguchi design of experiments. The highest material removal rate (MRR) was achieved by the Sodium Chloride and Sodium Nitrate electrolyte. The combination of Sodium Chloride and Citric Acid achieve highest Overcut and Circularity. The optimal overcut was observed from the Sodium Chloride and Glycerol electrolyte due to the presence of glycerol. The better conicity was obtained from Sodium Chloride and Citric Acid in comparison with other electrolytes. A Sodium Chloride and Glycerol combination could generate better machined surface owing to the chelating effect of Glycerol.

Electrochemical Evaluation of Galvanized Steel

In this work, the corrosive behavior of commercial galvanized steel samples with and without defects on their surface is evaluated in aqueous media to simulate the marine environment with the presence of chlorides and sulfates, a common environment for steel parts for industrial purposes. Galvanized steel samples were exposed in two electrolytes (3% sodium chloride and 0.1 M sodium sulfate) in a period of 40 days. Then the samples were subjected to electrochemical tests (Polarization Resistance, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, and Potentiodynamic Polarization Curves) to predict the behavior in terms of their deterioration or destruction of the material. It was found that the defective and non-defective samples immersed in the sodium chloride electrolyte presented greater deterioration due to corrosion since the substance causes greater destructive effects in metallic materials compared to sodium sulfate.

Influence of process parameters on the machinability of nickel aluminum bronze alloy by electrochemical micromachining process – A desirability analysis approach

The machining of Nickel Aluminum Bronze (NAB) via traditional machining methods creates many problems which include wear of the tool, the appalling surface of the finished product, large dimensional deviation, and excessive heat-affected area. These issues can be mitigated by non-traditional techniques such as electrochemical micromachining, electric discharge machining, laser beam machining, and plasma arc machining. Electrochemical micromachining (ECMM) works under the principle of anodic dissolution. Difficult to machine materials can be easily machined by ECMM technique. The micro-domain applications of NAB are found in perforated orifice and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, micro-drilling on NAB alloy was conducted using the ECMM process. The influence of two different electrolytes such as sodium chloride (non-passivating) and sodium nitrate (passivating) while micromachining NAB alloy was analyzed. The response surface methodology (RSM) approach was proposed to obtain the maximum material removal rate (MRR). The output response MRR was analyzed using desirability analysis. The NAB alloy machined with sodium chloride electrolyte was found to have 2.20 times higher MRR than the component machined with sodium nitrate solution.

Experimental investigations of suitability of electrolyte solutions for anodic dissolution of nickel aluminum bronze

Micro electrochemical machining (ECMM) is an attractive area of research due to the fact that this process does not produce any tool wear and any defective layer after anodic dissolution and it gives better surface finishing on different micro applications including surgical tool, aerospace, stress-free drilled holes in automotive manufacturing with complex shapes, etc. It is a challenging task for machining nickel aluminum bronze (NAB) alloy due to its excellent mechanical, chemical, and other unique properties. This paper describes relevant problems and solutions for the circular micro-hole machining in NAB alloy (1 mm thick plate) using a tungsten carbide tool of diameter 0.4 mm and sodium chloride and sodium nitrate as an electrolyte solutions. The influence of process parameters like applied voltage, concentration of the electrolyte, and duty factor on radial overcut and surface roughness has been studied. The experimental results show that the good surface finish and least radial overcut achieved from sodium nitrate (NaNO3) electrolyte when compared to that of sodium chloride (NaCl) electrolyte. The machined hole diameter was measured by using a metallurgical microscope.

Corrosion Resistant Feedstock Modification in Additively Manufactured 316L

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a disruptive technology that has the potential to dramatically improve the US Department of Defense supply chain. The corrosion performance of these AM materials is not well understood and contradicts equivalent conventionally-manufactured materials. AM316L steel frequently has defects and pores that are 25-µm or less, and these are implicated as the cause for localized corrosion including crevice and pitting. The 316L feedstock used in manufacturing AM316L contains up to 0.03% wt carbon, and the depletion of chromium due to sensitization and formation of Cr26C3 is yet another cited reason for localized corrosion. We demonstrate that mixing the feedstock with small amounts of certain ceramic materials could might improve these shortcomings. The surface of this new material - AM316L-MMC (metal matrix composite) - is hydrophobic, in contrast to the hydrophilicity of AM316L, and shows little or no evidence of pitting and crevice corrosion in aqueous solutions of 5%, 30% and 60% FeCl3. It also remains free of pitting and crevice corrosion under anodic polarization in aqueous 3.5% sodium chloride electrolyte.

Comparison of the wettability and corrosion resistance of two biomedical Ti alloys free of toxic elements with those of the commercial ASTM F136 (Ti–6Al–4V) alloy

Titanium alloys have been widely used as biomaterials. However, contact of titanium with body fluids can release toxic ions due to degradation. The present work aimed to compare the wettability and corrosion resistance of two Ti alloys without toxic ions, Ti–30Nb–7Zr (TNZ) and Ti–47Nb (TN), with those of the commercial biomedical alloy Ti–6Al–4V-ELI (ASTM F136). Corrosion studies were carried out in a three-electrode cell conventional system, which Ti alloys as working electrodes were exposed to 0.9% sodium chloride electrolyte at 37 °C to determine if they have surface properties adequate for biomedical applications. α and β phases present on the microstructure were distinguished using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Chemical surface composition was performed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Surface energy was determined by wettability testing. For TN and TNZ alloys the microstructure consisted of a β matrix, although only TNZ exhibited α precipitates. In contrast, F136 alloy microstructure presents α matrix, which was strengthened by the β phase. All alloys tested exhibited an increase in corrosion potential with the immersion time, indicating the growth and stabilization of the passive oxide film. The results showed that ASTM F136 is more hydrophilic but less corrosion resistant than the TN and TNZ alloys. It remains to be seen in practical applications whether the lower hydrophobicity of TN and TNZ alloys is compensated by lower toxicity and higher corrosion resistance.

Salt-responsive zwitterionic copolymer as tackifier in brine drilling fluids

Salt contamination has become the most critical challenge faced by water-based drilling fluids (WDFs) under extreme salinity and high temperatures, which deteriorates rheology and fluid loss properties, causing drilling accidents such as leakage, formation collapse and borehole instability. Herein, we report a salt-responsive zwitterionic polymer (PAMN) and its novel application as a tackifier in brine drilling fluid exploiting the anti-polyelectrolyte effect, in which the zwitterionic polymer molecular chain has undergone a transformation from a collapsed small spherical shape to an extended chain shape corresponding to the increasing ionic strength of the electrolyte. Compared with the saturated brine drilling fluid, the apparent viscosity and plastic viscosity of the saturated brine drilling fluid dispersed with PAMN increased by 542.9% and 925% respectively owing to the charge interaction on the molecular chain of PAMN was shielded by sodium chloride electrolyte, which resulted in the increase of the radius of gyration (Rg) of the PAMN molecular chain. Additionally, the salt response mechanism of zwitterionic polymer PAMN had been revealed by molecular simulation technology, which simulated the radius of gyration, radial distribution function (RDF), mean square displacement (MSD) and energy of molecular chain in water and salt water, respectively. This work demonstrates that the approach can be extensively generalized to a large class of synthetic zwitterionic polymers and can promote the development of various salt-responsive intelligent drilling fluids.

Improved Fabrication of Electrophoretically Deposited Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 Films via Supporting Electrolyte Optimization in Ethanol

This paper describes the effect of the addition of supporting electrolytes sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), and lithium chloride (LiCl) on the stability of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 (Bi-2212) suspension for improved electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of Bi-2212 films. The optimal concentrations are found to be 7.15, 5.21, and 8.09 wt% for NaCl, KCl, and LiCl, respectively. They exhibit characteristic high zeta potential, small particle size, and low settling velocity entailing that well-stabilized Bi-2212 suspensions are produced. The resulting films possess a relatively smooth surface, high transition temperature (Tc), and high c-axis orientation. Further analysis shows that LiCl is the most suitable supporting electrolyte for the Bi-2212 suspension. The mechanism of action of this supporting electrolyte is influenced by the Hofmeister effects, which yields an electrostatic stabilization mechanism. The synthesized film using the optimal LiCl concentration demonstrates the highest Tc (87.25 K) and is c-axis oriented and well-textured.

2D Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets coated cellulose fibers based 3D nanostructures for efficient water desalination

We introduce a novel and facile synthesis strategy to design 2D MXene (Ti3C2Tx) nanosheets (NSs) coated cellulose fibers (CLF) based 3D nanostructures (CLF@Ti3C2Tx) to overcome the drawbacks of co-ion expulsion in carbon-based, commonly used CDI electrodes and restacking of MXene NSs due to van der Waals forces in the pure MXene based electrodes. CLF extracted from facial tissue paper were used as a porous carbon core-substrate to coat shell of exfoliated two-dimensional (2D) Ti3C2Tx NSs in order to prepare unique CLF@Ti3C2Tx nanostructures composite by an improved dip-coating method. After appropriate structural and chemical characterization, the designed CLF@Ti3C2Tx material was assembled in symmetric capacitive deionization (CDI) cell as an active electrode and the electrochemical properties and desalination capacity were studied in detail. Interestingly, the CLF@Ti3C2Tx based active electrodes displayed good specific capacitance of 142 F·g−1 in 1 M sodium chloride electrolyte, and high salt adsorption capacitance of 35 mg·g−1 compared with the pure MXene and carbon-based electrodes at an applied voltage of 1.2 V, with considerable cycling stability of 10 cycles. Inspired by the conventional chemical gilding process, the proposed unique and low-cost synthesis strategy and unique design open a new way to develop MXene-carbon based composite nanostructures for CDI and energy storage applications.

The Influence of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>- NaCl Electrolyte Composition to the Electrochemical Noise Behaviour of a High-Alloy Cast Steel

In this study, the influence of varying sulphuric acid – sodium chloride electrolyte composition to the electrochemical noise behaviour of a high-alloy cast steel was analysed. The noise analysis was carried out in a bare 0.1 M sulphuric acid solution, in a pure 5 wt.% sodium chloride solution and three solutions with defined ratios of both. The electrochemical current noise signal was recorded with a sampling rate of 100 Hz for 1 hour in each test solution. For the identification of the frequency content of notified characteristic transients, the current-time records were analysed by the continuous wavelet transform (CWT). The characteristic transients were extracted from the noise signal for a further analysis of their frequency and amplitude characteristics. The results show high-frequency transients in the bare sulphuric acid and low-frequency transients in the pure sodium chloride solution. In the combined electrolyte solutions the portion of low-frequency components increases when the NaCl content increases and indicates the enhancing influence of localised damage evolution processes at the steel surface.

A Comparative Study of the Adsorption of Crystal Violet Dye from Aqueous Solution on Rice Husk and Charcoal

In this work, the adsorption of crystal violet dye from aqueous solution on charcoal and rice husk has been investigated, where the impact of variable factors (contact time; the dosage of adsorbent, pH, temperature, and ionic strength) have been studied. It has been found that charcoal and rice husk have an appropriate adsorption limit with regards to the expulsion of crystal violet dye from fluid arrangements. The harmony adsorption is for all intents and purposes accomplished in 45 min for charcoal and 60 min for rice husk. The amount of crystal violet dye adsorbed (0.4 g of charcoal and 0.5 g of rice husk) increased with an increasing pH and the value of 11 is the best. The effect of temperature on the adsorption process was studied at the range (298-323) K. The test comes about were broken down by utilizing Freundlich and Tempkin isotherm models, where the Freundlich and Tempkin factors were determined, and it has been found that the adsorption isotherm obey the Freundlich isotherm. The effect of ionic strength on the adsorption process was studied also via sodium chloride electrolyte solution; the results have been revaled that the sodium ion has a positive impact on the adsorption process. The thermodynamic parameters are shown estimated as ∆H values were 2.8012 kJ mol-1 and 5.8252 kJ mol-1 for charcoal and rice husk, respectively; this behavior referred to endothermic adsorption.

Corrosion behaviour of WC-Ni high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) coating with the influence of spraying parameter

The high-velocity gas stream produces by high-pressure combustion in high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) both melts and propels the powder particles toward the substrate to be coated. It is one of the most popular deposition methods that may produce dense coating with superior abrasion and corrosion properties. In HVOF, the oxygen gas flow rate influence the coating microstructure, which affects the corrosion behaviour of the coating. Therefore, corrosion behaviour investigation of the coatings with the influence of spraying parameters and its mechanism is significant. Carbon steel AISI 1040 was coated using HVOF process. Tungsten carbide nickel (WC-10Ni) was used as the feedstock powder or coating material with particle size of 45 ± 11 µm. HVOF coating was performed at different flow rate of oxygen gas which were 30, 45 and 60 L.p.m (liquid per minute). The morphology and chemical composition of the HVOF coating were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electrochemical test was carried out in 3 wt% sodium chloride (NaCl) electrolyte. The corrosion behaviour of the prepared coating were tested at the range of −0.25 to 0.25 V and −0.25 to 0.75 V for initial and final potential voltage, respectively. The influence of oxygen flow rates has been analysed in term of corrosion behaviour. The corrosion resistance of the coating prepared at 30 L.p.m oxygen showed highest positive current density −200.90 mV as compared to other coatings.

Influence of Al Alloying on the Electrochemical Behavior of Zn Electrodes for Zn-Air Batteries With Neutral Sodium Chloride Electrolyte.

Zn alloy electrodes containing 10 wt. % Al were prepared to examine the applicability as anodes in primary Zn–air batteries with neutral 2M NaCl electrolyte. These electrodes were investigated by electrochemical measurements and microscopic techniques (SEM, LSM, AFM). Based on the cyclic voltammetry and intermediate term (24 h) discharge experiments, the only active element in the as-prepared alloy was found to be Zn. It was further confirmed by LSM that Zn rich areas dissolved while Al remained passive during discharge. The passive state of Al was also demonstrated by conductive AFM investigations on the as-cast alloy surfaces. The results on potentiodynamic polarization and weight loss measurements indicated that the alloy electrode was less prone to corrosion than pure Zn electrode. The electrochemical behavior of the electrodes was modified under certain cathodic polarization previous to measurements. Accordingly, originating from Al activation due to application of cathodic potentials, potentiodynamic polarization studies showed a clear shift on the corrosion potentials of the alloy toward more negative values. On the basis of these results, with the precondition of Al activation prior to discharge experiments, the effect of Al alloying on the Zn electrodes was revealed as temporarily enhanced potentials on the discharge profiles in comparison to pure Zn electrodes.

Porous nitrogen-doped MXene-based electrodes for capacitive deionization

A facile and novel process is proposed and demonstrated to fabricate highly-porous nitrogen-doped MXene sheets (N–Ti3C2Tx) with great promise for seawater desalination. The nitrogen-doping is used to form a framework with open pore structures (total pore volume of 0.84 cm3 g−1) and high specific surface area (368.8 m2 g−1), simultaneously to hinder the restacking of MXenes layers and to improve electrical conductivity. The processed N–Ti3C2Tx shows promising volumetric capacitance (514 F cm−3) and represents tremendous electrochemical stability maintaining 99.75% of the initial volumetric capacitance after 2,000 cycles in 1 M sodium chloride electrolyte. We showed that nitrogen-doped MXene sheet is a high-potential electrode material for capacitive deionization (CDI) application, which outperforms all the recently reported materials by considering a combination of two efficient characteristics: electroadsorption rate and capacitance. The N–Ti3C2Tx shows stable performance over 24 CDI cycles with an average salt adsorption capacity of 117 ± 4.7 mg cm−3 (43.5 ± 1.7 mg g−1) in 5,000 mg/L NaCl solution (applied voltage of 1.2 V).

The Ability of PVD Chromium (III) Oxide Films to Inhibit the Corrosion-Driven Cathodic Delamination of Organic Coatings from the Surface of Mild Steel

This paper describes a systematic study into the role of metallic chromium and chromium (III) oxide films of varying thickness in slowing or preventing the corrosion-driven cathodic disbondment of an organic overcoat applied to chromium/oxide coated steel. A graded wedge of chromium metal or chromium (III) oxide is applied to a steel substrate using physical vapour deposition (PVD) in conjunction with a stepping motor driven sliding shutter arrangement. An overcoat of electrically insulating polyvinyl butyral (PVB) lacquer is then applied and this acts as model organic coating. Corrosion is initiated from an artificially created coating defect, penetrating to the steel substrate, though the introduction of an aqueous sodium chloride electrolyte. Scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) potentiometry is then used to follow the resulting kinetics of PVB coating delamination in air at high relative humidity. The variation in layer thickness across the PVD wedge allows for a high-throughput investigation of the effect of the layer thickness for both metallic chromium and chromium (III) oxide on the rate of corrosion driven cathodic coating delamination, as shown schematically in the figure below. Varying chromium metal layer thickness between 100 nm and 1000 nm produced very little change in the rate of PVB film delamination and the delamination kinetics remained parabolic throughout. Parabollic kinetics are consistent with rate limitation by the mass transport of (sodium) cations through electrolyte layer forming beneath the delaminated coating. Conversely, increasing the thickness of chromium (III) oxide from 10nm to 200 nm (applied over a 500 nm metallic chromium layer), resulted in a significant decrease in rates of PVB delamination. At chromium oxide layer thicknesses ≥ 120 nm delamination kinetics became linear (zero order with respect to time). Linear kinetics are consistent with rate limitation by cathodic electron transfer to oxygen across the chromium (III) oxide layer. For chromium (III) oxide thicknesses of 200 nm PVB delamination was prevented over the entire 48 hour experimental time period. This level of inhibition is comparable to the protection provided by electroplated hexavalent chromium/ hydrated chromium oxide (ECCS) material used in packaging steel products. These finding indicate the ability of PVD to produce corrosion resistant coatings of controlled thickness and composition and provides relevant information regarding the likely relative importance of metallic metal and chromium (III) oxide in potential alternatives to coatings produced using hexavalent chromium. Figure I. Schematic representation of: a) the process by which a wedge of chromium metal or chromium (III) oxide is formed using a sliding shutter mechanism and b) how the PVB overcoated wedge sample is oriented with respect to the cathodic delamination cell. Figure 1

Influence of Process Parameters on Machinability of Inconel 718 by Electrochemical Micromachining Process using TOPSIS Technique

Accurate and precise micromachining with intricate features is an essential requirement for various applications of engineering materials in the present scenario. This is effectively achieved by the enhancing the electrochemical machining process, since it is a new and promising technique offering distinct advantages in overall machining quality. The turbine performance depends on a turbine blade and many small apertures with varying diameters of 0.5–4 mm for reducing the heat produced during its operation for improving efficiency. The present study was carried out for investigating the effects of diverse input process factors on the machining accuracies in the electrochemical micromachining process under two different electrolytes such as sodium chloride and sodium nitrate. The sodium chloride was found to have a higher material removal rate compared to sodium nitrate as electrolyte. A better surface finish and radial overcut were achieved with sodium nitrate compared to sodium chloride electrolyte. The optimum combination of ECMM process parameters was determined using TOPSIS method and verified with a confirmation test.

Feasibility study of manufacturing microgrooves on beryllium with electrochemical machining

Beryllium is a rare metal with many excellent properties, which make it increasingly meaningful for manufacturing precise instruments especially in the aerospace industry. Most of the small size beryllium parts consist of microgrooves that play an important role during use. In this paper, we adopted electrochemical machining (ECM) technology to process sub-millimeter microgrooves successfully on beryllium. The influences of both the electrolyte and feed rate were analyzed in detail. As a result, sodium chloride (NaCl) electrolyte always causes strong pitting corrosion, while the ECMed surface is smoother with a low concentration of sodium nitrate (NaNO3). The cross-section of the microgroove is semi-elliptical. The depth decreases, and the width remains unchanged as the feed rate increases. Flow marks appear at the bottom as a result of the gas diffusion and cathode chattering. Electrolyte of 10% (mass fraction) NaNO3 and a feed rate of 10 mm/min were considered as the proper configuration to achieve a 350 μm × 56 μm microgroove on beryllium with a Ф320 μm stainless steel cathode. Finally, a structure with uniform microgroove width has been fabricated.

Highly efficient [C8mim][Cl] ionic liquid accompanied with magnetite nanoparticles and different salts for interfacial tension reduction

Abstract The 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [C8mim][Cl] ionic liquid (IL) was used as a novel surfactant in n-heptane/water system. The interfacial tensions (IFT) were measured and corresponding variations were investigated. An IFT reduction of 80.8% was appropriate under the IL CMC of about 0.1 mol·L−1 and stronger effects were achieved when magnetite nanoparticles and salts were present profoundly under alkaline pHs. The equilibrium IFT data were accurately simulated with the Frumkin adsorption model. Hereafter, the saturated surface concentration, equilibrium constant and interaction parameter were obtained and their variations were demonstrated. Further, emulsion stability and contact angle of oil/water interface over quartz surface were studied. The oil/water emulsion stability was hardly changed with nanoparticles; however, the stability of oil/water + IL emulsions was significantly improved. It was also revealed that the presence of sodium and calcium chloride electrolytes fortifies the IL impact, whereas sodium sulfate weakens. From dynamic IFT data and fitting with kinetic models, it was found that the IL migration toward interface follows the mixed diffusion–kinetic control model. Consequently, the IL diffusion coefficient and the appropriate activation energy were determined.