Sodium Borate Research Articles

Strategi Menangkal Paham Radikalisme Pada Perguruan Tinggi: Studi Kasus Keterlibatan Mahasiswa Universitas Indonesia Dalam Aksi Terorisme

Radical activists are now increasingly targeting various universities, targeting students who generally do not have a strong religious background, so they can easily provide monolithic, rigid, and far from contextualized religious doctrines. One example of a case of the entry of radicalism in the campus environment is the arrest of Krisna Dwi Wardhana (KDW), an alumni student of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia by the Special Detachment (Densus) 88 Anti-terror Police Team, in June 2021 ago, in the Bogor area, West Java. From the results of the examination, it is suspected that KDW was affiliated with the Jamaah Ansharut Daulah (JAD) network group, and had a role as a provider of raw materials for making bombs. This was reinforced by the discovery of a number of evidences including chemicals, such as dextran, sodium borate, magnesium sulfate, HCL, sulfur, and other chemicals. With the increasing number of students exposed to radicals, it is feared that this condition could threaten the existence of the ideology of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Based on this, both the campus or university and elements of society must work together to overcome the notion of radicalization.

Structural and gamma ray shielding behavior of dual heavy metal oxide doped magnesium sodium borate glasses

The dual heavy metal oxide doped magnesium sodium borate glasses were fabricated using the melt quenching method. Bismuth concentration increases the density of current samples from 3.833 to 4.283 gcm−3. The amorphous nature is confirmed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, which shows no obvious peak. This information is provided by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) peaks and bands, which may be used to identify samples' bending and stretching vibrations. Using EpiXS software, the radiation shielding parameters of four samples were determined for energies of 444, 678, 689, 779, 867, 964, 1005, and 1086 keV. The results demonstrated that when a portion of B2O3 is replaced with Bi2O3, the sample's radiation shielding efficacy improves. The TVL results showed that 8.37 cm of sample A4 can reduce the intensity of 1086 keV by 90 %, whereas 9.52 cm of sample A1 is required to reduce the intensity by the same amount. Sample A4, which has the most Bi2O3, has the lowest TVL, making it the best radiation shield.

Detection of Sodium Formaldehyde Sulfoxylate, Aluminum, and Borate Compounds in Bread and Pasta Products Consumed by Residents in Jilin Province, China

Food additives are widespread in the human diet; however, their excessive intake can have an impact on the quality of health. This study evaluated food additives in bread and pasta products consumed by residents in various regions of Jilin Province, People's Republic of China, from 2019 to 2021. We collected samples of bread and six types of pasta products from farmers' markets and morning markets and used high-performance liquid chromatography, UV-visible spectrophotometry, and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry to detect the content of the following food additives: sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, aluminum, and borate compounds. For 836 samples in total, we detected the presence of sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, aluminum, and borate compounds in excess rates reaching 3.5, 10, and 4.7%, respectively. Aluminum in fried breadsticks exceeded the standard by 40%. The results of this study can be used to assess the overall pass rate of bread and pasta products sold in Jilin Province and support the detection of possible food safety problems.

Gamma photon and charged particle shielding features of praseodymium based glass matrix

Radiation shielding features of TePr glass system for helpful gamma-rays have been computed through FLUKA Monte Carlo code and Phy-X/PSD database. Linear attenuation coefficients (LAC) obtained with Phy-X/PSD and FLUKA code are found to be in good harmony with utmost relative difference < 3.7%. Based upon various parameters investigated, TePr1.2 (with highest amount of praseodymium) is found to be best shielding glass composition among the samples fabricated in this study for gamma-rays as well as charged particle beam of protons. The half value layer for the five glass samples between 0.284 and 2.51 MeV was estimated and we found that the HVL increases in the order TePr1.2, TePr1, TePr0.5, TePr0.2, TePr0. The proposed new glass system is found to have better shielding ability than commercial glasses and bismuth sodium borate glasses. The mass stopping power (MSP) for the tested glasses was reported, and we observed that MSP values for all the TePr glasses are not differing significantly. For protons, the SRIM based MSP values for TePr1.2 rise swiftly from 0.0612 to 0.135 MeV cm2/mg for kinetic energy range 0.01–0.14 MeV then decline slowly upto 0.0183 MeV cm2/ mg at 10 MeV.

Structural, optical, and radiation shielding features of newly developed BaZrO3/Na2O–B2O3 glass

In this work, the radiation shielding capacity of novel BaZrO3 perovskite-doped sodium borate glasses with compositions of 40Na2O–60B2O3+ x BaZrO3 (where x = 0, 10, 20, and 30% wt.) was examined. XRD and FTIR have been used to analyze the structural characteristics of the produced glass systems. The relative concentration of BO4 units in the sodium borate glass N4 decreased by adding 10% from BaZrO3 and then increased. Also, the optical energy increases from 3.2 eV to 3.34 eV as the BaZrO3 content reaches 10% and then drops to 3.15 eV with an increase in the BaZrO3 content to 30%. Further, glasses' electronic polarizability, reflection loss, and optical transmission were investigated. The gamma-radiation shielding characteristics of novel BaZrO3-based glasses were experimentally investigated. The MAC values enhanced from 0.0534 cm2/g for NB glass to 0.0685 cm2/g for NB+30% BaZrO3 at the energy of 1.333 MeV. Furthermore, the experimental and theoretical findings for mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) have also been compared utilizing Phy-X/PSD software. In addition, the exposure build-up factor (EBF), removal cross-sections of fast neutrons, and equivalent atomic numbers (Zeq) have been computed. According to the results, adding BaZrO3 perovskite seems to boost the gamma-ray shielding effectiveness of sodium borate glass.

Effect of Y3+ on the structural and photoluminescence properties of yttrium-doped sodium borate glass.

Glass of the composition 70%B2 O3 -(30-x)%Na2 O-x%Y2 O3 with x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 mol% was manufactured using the melt quenching method. X-ray diffraction tests indicated the amorphous structure of the glass, with the presence of some YBO3 clusters in the high yttrium content samples. Fourier transform infrared spectra analysis proved the presence of different borate groups and linkages, in addition to nonsystematic changes in the ratio BO3 /BO4 in the glass. The forming ability of the glass was found to be approximately stable for the low Y3+ content samples and increased for the heavily doped samples. The density of the samples was found to increase as the Y3+ concentration was increased, whereas the molar volume decreased. The bond strength of the examined glass suggested that a covalent nature was dominant between bonds. All the Y3+ -doped glass was found to emit greenish-cyan light when excited at . Photoluminescence intensity was shown to be enhanced by the generated YBO3 groups. The obtained correlated colour temperature values with 82.5% purity recommend the suitability of the glass for applications in outdoor illumination.

A novel H-TiO2/gel co-stabilized three-dimensional network synergistic fire-retardant foam gel for coal-pile

A new hollow titanium dioxide (H-TiO2)/gel with a three-dimensional network structure and flame resistance effect was proposed to address the instability and inefficiency of existing foam fire extinguishing agents. Sodium borate and H-TiO2 were added to the mixture of acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide (AM) to form H-TiO2 foam gel by stirring. Test results showed that the optimal gelation time was 18 min at 40 °C, and the concentration of crosslinker and initiator was 0.3 wt. % and 0.4 wt. %. In addition, the test results indicated the successful cross-linking and thermal stability due to the three-dimensional network structure. Rheological properties demonstrated that the optimal concentration of H-TiO2 was 0.1 wt. %, and the half-life of H-TiO2 foam gel reached 50 min. The cone calorimeter test(CCT) results showed that for coal #2 the time to ignition(TTI) of H-TiO2 foam gel was up to 12 times than that of raw coal samples. The maximum heat release rate(HHR) was reduced by 56.59 %, and the minimum total heat release(THR) was decreased by 32.04 %. The flue gas inhibition of bituminous coal #2 was 52.63 %, whereas the maximum smoke production was only 0.0006 m2/s. The delayed performance test of coal showed that H-TiO2 foam gel could improve the ignition time of coal, reduce the exothermic rate and total heat dissipation rate of coal, and have an obvious smoke suppression effect.

Heteroatom modified polymer immobilized ionic liquid stabilized ruthenium nanoparticles: Efficient catalysts for the hydrolytic evolution of hydrogen from sodium borohydride

Ruthenium nanoparticles stabilised by polymer immobilized ionic liquids catalyse the hydrolytic release of hydrogen from sodium borohydride. The composition of the polymer influences performance and ruthenium nanoparticles stabilised by an amine-decorated imidazolium-based polymer immobilised ionic liquid (RuNP@NH2-PIILS) was the most efficient with a maximum initial turnover frequency (TOF) of 177 moleH2.molRu−1.min−1, obtained at 30°C with a catalyst loading of 0.08 mol%; markedly higher than that of 69 molH2.molRu−1.min−1 obtained with 5 wt% Ru/C and one of the highest to be reported for a RuNP catalyst. The apparent activation energy (Ea) of 38.9 kJ mol−1 for the hydrolysis of NaBH4 catalysed by RuNP@NH2-PIILS is lower than that for the other polymer immobilized ionic liquid stabilised RuNPs, which is consistent with its efficacy. Comparison of the initial rates of hydrolysis in H2O and D2O catalysed by RuNP@NH2-PIILS gave a primary kinetic isotope effect (kH/kD) of 2.3 which supports a mechanism involving rate limiting oxidative addition of one of the O-H bonds in a strongly hydrogen-bonded surface-coordinated [BH3H−]—-H2O ensemble. The involvement of a surface-coordinated borohydride is further supported by an inverse kinetic isotope effect of 0.65 obtained from a comparison of the initial rates for the hydrolysis of NaBH4 and NaBD4 under the conditions of catalysis i.e., at a high hydride/catalyst mole ratio. Interestingly though, when the comparison of the initial rates of hydrolysis of NaBH4 and NaBD4 was conducted in dilute solution with a hydride/catalyst mole ratio of 1 a kinetic isotope effect (kH/kD) of 2.72 was obtained; this would be more consistent with concerted activation of both an O-H and B-H bond in the rate limiting step, possibly via a concerted oxidative addition-hydride transfer in the surface-coordinated hydrogen-bonded ensemble. Catalyst stability and reuse studies showed that RuNP@NH2-PIILS retained 71% of its activity over five runs; the gradual drop in the initial TOF with run number appears to be due to passivation of the catalyst by the sodium borate by-product as well as an increase in viscosity of the reaction mixture rather than leaching of the catalyst.

Er3+-doped barium sodium borate glasses development for 1.54 µm broadband amplifier and optical laser

Er3+-doped BaNaB glasses with 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 mol% of Er3+ were prepared by melt-quenching technique for study their luminescence properties in NIR and visible regions. The absorption spectra showed the absorption bands at 381, 406, 451, 488, 522, 545, 653, 804, 977 and 1532 nm in UV-Vis-NIR region. The NIR emission spectra, excited with 977 nm, show the broad band centered at 1540 nm in the range of 1460–1625 nm covers the S, C and L bands that have low transmission loss region in fiber-optic communication. The glass sample with 3.0 mol% of Er3+ provides the highest intensity of NIR emission. From the Judd-Ofelt analysis and McCumber theory, the glass sample with 4.0 mol% of Er3+ show the best performance for use as a broadband amplifier with the high gain bandwidth at 633.64 × 10−28 cm3 and the high emission cross section at 7.51 × 10−21 cm2. For the emission in visible region, when excited with 349 nm, the glass sample with 3.0 mol% of Er3+ provides the most intense emission in yellow-green region, when excited with 402 nm, the glass sample with 4.0 mol% of Er3+ provides the most intense emission in green region. The results from the McCumber theory and gain efficiency show good agreement of the glass sample with 4.0 mol% of Er3+ for use as broadband amplifier in C and L communication windows when the population inversion is more than 50%.

Combinatorial design of amorphous TaNiSiC thin films with enhanced hardness, thermal stability, and corrosion resistance

Amorphous TaNiSiC and TaNiC films (with varying Ta/Ni and Si/C ratios) were deposited using combinatorial magnetron sputtering. The TaNiSiC films remained X-ray amorphous after four hour-long annealings up to 700 °C, while TaNiC alloys with high Ni and C contents crystallized. These differences were attributed to a strong driving force for separation of Ni and C in TaNiC, whereas the addition of Si, due to its solubility in the other elements, reduced the elemental segregation in TaNiSiC. The as-deposited TaNiSiC films exhibited hardnesses of 9–12 GPa. Annealing led to an increase in hardness by 2–4 GPa, due to decreases in average atomic distance, as evidenced by X-ray diffraction measurements. Potentiodynamic polarizations from –0.7 to +1.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl (3 M NaCl) in 10 mM sodium borate showed lower current densities by up to 2 orders of magnitude with increasing Ta content (28–52 at.%). Changes in Si/C content (7–13 at.% Si) had no effect. However, optical microscopy showed that TaNiSiC films with high Si/low C contents (13/10 at.%) suffered much less localized etching compared to TaNiC films. Thus, Si had a significant role in increasing the mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and thermal stability of the TaNiSiC films.

Fragility and the rate of change of the energy landscape topography

We conduct a comparative analysis of the mechanical response of a moderately fragile sodium borate melt, juxtaposing the adiabatic complex modulus measured at GHz frequencies using Brillouin light scattering and the steady-state shear viscosity measured at zero Hz. The two data sets are perfectly compatible with one another by fitting both components of the high-frequency complex modulus using a modified Maxwell-Wiechert model, transforming the loss modulus to viscosity, and extrapolating to zero frequency. This procedure yields an excellent fit to the steady-state viscosity under the condition that the static and relaxational moduli, as well as the activation energy for viscous dissipation are temperature dependent, as modulated by the logistic function, which accounts for the structural changes in the material as it transitions from liquid to glass. Accordingly, fragility of a glass forming liquid can be regarded as a measure of the rate of change with temperature in the energy landscape topography. • Modified Maxwell-Wiechert model to describe viscoelasticity of glass forming liquids. • Brillouin light scattering yields viscosity consistent with steady state viscometry. • Probed at high frequency relaxation peaks are better dispersed on temperature scale. • Non-Arrhenius viscosity behavior due to energy landscape changing with temperature.

Voltammetric lipase activity assay based on dilinolein and a modified carbon paste electrode

In this work, a novel electrochemical assay for characterizing both lipases and lipase inhibitors as well as for the determination of lipase activity is described. It is based on a carbon paste electrode, modified with cobalt(II)phthalocyanine, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). As reaction media, a sodium borate buffer was used (0.1 M, pH 9). The measurements were carried out in a batch system using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and 1,3-dilinolein as standard substrate. The activity assay showed a linearity for porcine pancreas lipase activity in a range between 20 and 300 U L−1 (per min) with a limit of detection (LOD) of 7 U L−1 and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 20 U L−1. The kinetic behavior of the lipase reaction was investigated, resulting in a KM value of 0.29 mM. The applicability of the activity assay could be shown by investigating the activity of lipases from Aspergillus oryzae and Candida rugosa, and the results were confirmed by a reference method. The inhibitory effects were characterized with Orlistat.Graphical abstract

Influence of graphene nanopowder impurities on the structural and optical properties of sodium borate copper-based glass: Towards UV/NIR shielding materials

Graphene nanopowder was used as an unconventional additive to the studied oxide glasses, where it was added to the raw components of the copper-sodium borate glass by weight% according to the chemical formula :[(B2O3)0.6mol%(Na2O)0.3mol%(Cu2O3)0.2mol%]+(Graphene)x, where x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 1 g. Then, the traditional melt quenching method was considered for the glass preparation process. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), Ultraviolet–Visible spectra UV–Vis, and the electron spin resonance (ESR) were used for the characterization processes. According to the XRD patterns, the prepared samples have been divided into two categories, pure glassy samples (x < 0.6 g), and glass-ceramic samples (x ≥ 0.6 g). The FTIR showed the presence of the structural groups BO3 and BO4 as well CO. Also, FTIR showed a conversion from BO3 to BO4 when the content of graphene increased, which means a decrease in the number of nonbridging oxygen atoms NBOs. The deconvolution parameters showed an increase in the relative area of the band assigned to the OH and CH2 groups. According to ESR spectral analysis, Cu2+ ions should occupy octahedral sites with tetragonal distortion as the ground state, where the effective g values and the peak-to-peak width were computed and linked with the structural variation of the prepared samples. The UV–Vis optical measurements showed that the as-prepared glasses/glass-ceramics could act as an optical pass filter in the region of the visible light, as well as good candidates for UV- and NIR shielding applications.

Borax exerts protective effect against ferrocene-induced neurotoxicity in Oncorhynchus mykiss

BackgroundIn recent years, therapeutic targets and the development of new drugs have shifted research towards inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways. Ferrocene (FcH) is a stable, small molecule that exhibits immunostimulatory and anti-tumor properties by a different mechanism and is effective at low doses in oral administration. However, it was surprising that there has been no performed investigation using FcH on aquaculture. On the other hand, recent papers reveal the key biological functions and health benefits due to daily boron intake in animals and humans. Therefore, we investigated the neurotoxic damage potential of FcH and its related neurotoxicity action mechanism in aquatic environments. In addition, the protective potential of borax (BX, or sodium borate) were evaluated againt in vivo neurotoxicity by FcH. MethodsNeurotoxicity assessment was performed in rainbow trout brain tissue, acutely under semi-static conditions via determining a vide range of parameters including catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities as well as glutathione (GSH), myeloperoxidase (MPO), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA levels), DNA damage (8-OHdG), apoptosis (caspase 3), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), nuclear factor erythroid-2 (Nrf-2), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. In addition, the LC50 96 h level of FcH was determined for the first time in rainbow trout in this study. ResultsIn the obtained results, while FcH caused inhibition in enzyme activities, it showed an inducing effect on MDA, MPO, BDNF, Nrf2, TNF-α and IL-6 levels. It was determined that this oxidative damage related alterations were significantly different (p < 0.05) in comparison between FcH treated and controls. Again, the LC50 96 h value in rainbow trout was determined as 11.73 mg/L, which is approximately 5% less than the value given for freshwater fish (12.3 mg/L). On the contrary, it was observed that BX has a mitigating effect on FcH-induced neurotoxicity. ConclusionThe present study suggests that borax may be useful for preventing or alleviating neurotoxicity induced by environmental contaminants or toxic chemicals.

Pr3+-Doped Ba-Na-B Glasses: Luminescence and Judd–Ofelt Analysis for Photonic Applications

Praseodymium doped barium sodium borate glasses were prepared using conventional melt-quenching technique with the compositions of 10BaO:25Na2O:(65 – x)B2O3:xPr2O3 (where x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mol%) and investigated their physical, optical and luminescence properties. The absorption spectra showed the bands located at 442, 468, 480, 586, 1511 and 1909 nm, corresponding to the 3H4→3P2, 3P1, 3P0, 1D2, 3F3 and 3F2, respectively. The strongest absorption bands belong to wavelength at 442 nm in UV–Vis region and 1511 nm in NIR region. The emission spectra, observed with 442 nm excitation wavelengths, showed the emission peaks at 492 and 529 nm, denoted for green emission, and at 600 nm, denoted for orange emission. Judd–Ofelt analysis was also employed in this work to determine the potential of the glass samples for photonic applications.

Sodium Borates: Expanding the Electrolyte Selection for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

AbstractSodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are a promising grid‐level storage technology due to the abundance and low cost of sodium. The development of new electrolytes for SIBs is imperative since it impacts battery life and capacity. Currently, sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF6) is used as the benchmark salt, but is highly hygroscopic and generates toxic HF. This work describes the synthesis of a series of sodium borate salts, with electrochemical studies revealing that Na[B(hfip)4]⋅DME (hfip=hexafluoroisopropyloxy, OiPrF) and Na[B(pp)2] (pp=perfluorinated pinacolato, O2C2(CF3)4) have excellent electrochemical performance. The [B(pp)2]− anion also exhibits a high tolerance to air and water. Both electrolytes give more stable electrode‐electrolyte interfaces than conventionally used NaPF6, as demonstrated by impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Furthermore, they give greater cycling stability and comparable capacity to NaPF6 for SIBs, as shown in commercial pouch cells.

Sodium Borates: Expanding the Electrolyte Selection for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are a promising grid‐level storage technology due to the abundance and low cost of sodium. The development of new electrolytes for SIBs is imperative since it impacts battery life and capacity. Currently, sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF6) is used as the benchmark salt, but is highly hygroscopic and generates toxic HF. This work describes the synthesis of a series of sodium borate salts, with electrochemical studies revealing that Na[B(hfip)4]⋅DME (hfip=hexafluoroisopropyloxy, OiPrF) and Na[B(pp)2] (pp=perfluorinated pinacolato, O2C2(CF3)4) have excellent electrochemical performance. The [B(pp)2]− anion also exhibits a high tolerance to air and water. Both electrolytes give more stable electrode‐electrolyte interfaces than conventionally used NaPF6, as demonstrated by impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Furthermore, they give greater cycling stability and comparable capacity to NaPF6 for SIBs, as shown in commercial pouch cells.

Evidence for Ionic Diffusion in Dynamic Light Scattering from Glass-forming Sodium Borate Melts

Photon correlation spectroscopy conducted on glass-forming sodium borate melts provides a measure of the dynamic structure factor of these network-forming liquids over a broad time window and large temperature range. The dynamics are complex and include a non-Arrhenius temperature dependence and a non-exponential response to perturbations both of which are observed in the present measurements and both of which evolve with changes in the density of covalent bonds. An unexpected feature is the occurrence of a second, much slower relaxation process that develops only in the sodium-modified borates with up to 10 mol% sodium oxide. This second process appears to be caused by the diffusion of sodium ions as they undergo random ion hopping between charge-compensating sites in the network on a timescale equal to that of the viscous relaxation.

The Radioluminescence Investigation of Lead Sodium Borate Glass Doped with Eu3+

The effect of Eu3+-doped lead sodium borate glasses in composition of (79-x)B2O3: 20Na2O: xPbO: 1Eu2O3 and x are 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 and 55 mol%) were studied by using the melt-quenching technique. The absorption spectra show a maximum of 5 transition, where the strongest absorption bands were shown at 394 and 2101 nm in visible light and near-infrared region, respectively. The emission spectra of glasses were measured at 394 nm excitation wavelength. The highest peak of emission spectra corresponding due to 5D0 to 7F2 transition centered at 613 nm. The intensity of emission spectra increased with the increasing of PbO concentration upto 5 mol%. The radioluminescence spectrum (RL) has four peaks similar to photoluminescence, While, the transition at 612 nm strong strongest, identified at 0 mol% of PbO. In addition, the calculated integral scintillation efficiency of 5 mol% is 5.37% as compared with BGO crystal. The values of the color chromaticity coordinates were (0.65, 0.35) locating on the orange region of CIE diagram.

Effect of Graphene Additives on the Structure and Optical Parameters of Pure Sodium Borate Glass

This work has been performed to understand the effect of insertion of pure graphene, a two-dimensional organic material, throughout the structural matrix of the pure sodium borate glass. Different amounts (in grams), 0 ≤ x ≤ 3, of graphene have been added to 1 mol of Na2B4O7·10H2O. Four solid samples were prepared using fast cooling from their melts at 1000 ± 10°C. The prepared solids were characterized using X-ray diffraction, which indicated the amorphous nature of the four samples with an increase in the count rate when the content of graphene increased. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral analysis confirmed that the increase in the graphene content caused an increase in BO4 concentration concerning BO3. The amount of oxidized graphene was shared as glass network formers. The measured values of bulk density and the micro-hardness slightly increased as the graphene content increased. Optical measurement showed an increase in the optical absorbance, direct band gap, indirect band gap, and optical band edge. Also, the values of optoelectronic parameters increased when the graphene content increased to be larger than that of the pure ZnO and CO-ZnO, making the studied glass good candidates for nonlinear optical applications. Both the metallization factor and Urbach's energy showed that the crystallinity degree increased when the content of graphene increased.