Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Research Articles

The Impact of Individualizing Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Strategies on World-Class Rowing Performance.

Contemporary meta-analyses have generally demonstrated a positive effect of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation on exercise performance. However, despite these claims, there is limited data on contrasting individualized and standardized timing of NaHCO3 ingestion prior to exercise to further enhance performance outcomes.Purpose: To determine whether NaHCO3 ingestion timing impacts 2,000-m rowing time-trial (TT) performance in elite-level rowers (Senior National team including Olympic/World Championships level) adhering to their own individualized pre-race strategies (e.g. nutrition, warm-up, etc.).Methods: Twenty three (n = 23) rowers across two research centers (using the exact same methods/protocols) completed three trials: NaHCO3 loading profile at rest to determine the individual's time-to-peak bicarbonate concentration [], followed by two randomized 0.3 g·kgBM−1 NaHCO3 supplementation experimental trials conducted at different time points [consensus timing (CON): TT performed 60 min post-NaHCO3 ingestion; and individualized peak (IP): TT performed at the rower's individual peak [] determined from the profiling trial post-NaHCO3 ingestion].Results: There was a significant mean difference of +2.9 [± 0.4 mmol·L−1 for IP vs. CON (95% CI 2.0 to 3.8 mmol·L−1); p = 0.02; d = 1.08] at pre warm-up, but not immediately prior to the TT (post warm-up). Performance times were significantly different between IP (367.0 ± 10.5 s) vs. CON (369.0 ± 10.3 s); p = 0.007; d = 0.15).Conclusions: The present study demonstrated a small but significant performance effect of an individualized NaHCO3 ingestion strategy. Similarities after warm-up between pre-TT values (CON ~ + 5.5 mmol·L−1; IP ~ + 6 mmol·L−1), however, would suggest this effect was not a result of any meaningful differences in blood alkalinity.

The emerging role of lactate as a mediator of exercise-induced appetite suppression.

Lactate, a molecule originally considered metabolic waste, is now associated with a number of important physiological functions. Although the roles of lactate as a signaling molecule, fuel source, and gluconeogenic substrate have garnered significant attention in recent reviews, a relatively underexplored and emerging role of lactate is its control of energy intake (EI). To expand our understanding of the physiological roles of lactate, we present evidence from early infusion studies demonstrating the ability of lactate to suppress EI in both rodents and humans. We then discuss findings from recent human studies that have utilized exercise intensity and/or sodium bicarbonate supplementation to modulate endogenous lactate and examine its impact on appetite regulation. These studies consistently demonstrate that greater blood lactate accumulation is associated with greater suppression of the hunger hormone ghrelin and subjective appetite, thereby supporting a role of lactate in the control of EI. To stimulate future research investigating the role of lactate as an appetite-regulatory molecule, we also highlight potential underlying mechanisms explaining the appetite-suppressive effects of lactate using evidence from rodent and in vitro cellular models. Specifically, we discuss the ability of lactate to 1) inhibit the secretory function of ghrelin producing gastric cells, 2) modulate the signaling cascades that control hypothalamic neuropeptide expression/release, and 3) inhibit signaling through the ghrelin receptor in the hypothalamus. Unravelling the role of lactate as an appetite-regulatory molecule can shed important insight into the regulation of EI, thereby contributing to the development of interventions aimed at combatting overweight and obesity.

Effects of diet interventions, dietary supplements, and performance-enhancing substances on the performance of CrossFit-trained individuals: A systematic review of clinical studies.

CrossFit (CF) is characterized as a constantly varied, high-intensity, functional movement training program, performed with little or no rest between bouts, combining strength and endurance exercises, such as running, cycling, rowing, Olympic weightlifting, power weightlifting, and gymnastic-type exercises. Several nutritional strategies are used to improve sports performance of CF practitioners; however, most of them are empirical and lack scientific evidence. Thus, the aim of this review was to determine the effects of diet intervention, dietary supplements, and performance-enhancing substances on exercise-performance parameters of CF practitioners. MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, LILACS, SciELO, and Scopus databases were searched using specific Medical Subject Headings and keywords for clinical studies that enrolled CF athletes in an intervention using diet, dietary supplements, or performance-enhancing substances. Athletic performance was considered as the primary outcome. No other filters were applied. Including grey literature search, 219 studies were identified; however only 14 studies met the eligibility criteria. Two studies evaluated the effects of caffeine supplementation on exercise performance; five studies evaluated high- or low-carbohydrate effects on performance and other parameters. One study verified the effects of multi-ingredient supplementation on CF-specific performance and body composition. One study compared the intake of protein supplements on performance and body composition. Two studies assessed the effect of green tea and (-)-epicatechin on performance and other parameters. One study evaluated the effects of nitrate supplementation on exercise performance. One study investigated the effect of betaine supplementation on body composition and muscle performance. Finally, one study examined the effects of sodium bicarbonate (SB) ingestion on exercise performance and aerobic capacity. Only SB supplementation improved CF performance. These outcomes may have been obtained due to methodological limitations such as small sample size, lack of control over influencing variables, short period of exercise intervention. Despite the popularity and growing evidence about CF, little is known about the relationship between performance-enhancing substances or dietary interventions and CF performance. Given the lack of scientific evidence, new studies with potential ergogenic supplements, a better methodological model, and practical application are required.

Effects of acute sodium bicarbonate supplementation on anaerobic performance in elite and non-elite male cyclists

هدف تحقیق: بی‌کربنات سدیم با دارا بودن خاصیت تامپونی از جمله مکمل‌های مجاز و موثر برای کاهش خستگی می‌باشد. از این رو هدف اصلی تحقیق حاضر بررسی تأثیر مصرف حاد مکمل بی‌کربنات سدیم بر عملکرد بی‌هوازی مردان دوچرخه‌سوار نخبه و غیرنخبه می‌باشد. روش تحقیق: بدین منظور در یک طرح تحقیق متقاطع یک سویه کور، 12 دوچرخه‌سوار نیمه-استقامتی نخبه‌ (3 سال سابقه‌ی رقابت‌های ملی و بین‌المللی) و 16 دوچرخه‌سوار غیر‌نخبه (بدون سابقه‌ی رقابت‌های رسمی) در محدوده‌ی سنی 29- 17 سال به‌صورت هدفمند انتخاب و در دو گروه قرار داده شدند. هر دو گروه‌ به فاصله یک هفته، 60 دقیقه قبل از اجرای آزمون 100 میلی‌گرم دارونما (نمک طعام) یا 300 میلی‌گرم بیکربنات سدیم به ازای هر کیلوگرم وزن بدن به‌صورت محلول در 200 میلی‌‌لیتر آب مصرف کردند. سپس با استفاده از آزمون بی‌هوازی وینگیت، شاخص‌های توان اوج، توان متوسط، شاخص خستگی و ضربان قلب بازیافت آزمودنی‌ها اندازه‌گیری شده و نتایج حاصله با استفاده از تحلیل واریانس (2×2) بررسی شدند (05/0> α). نتایج: پاسخ متغیرهای وابسته به مکمل‌دهی بی‌کربنات سدیم در دو گروه تفاوت معنی‌داری نداشت (05/0> α)، با این‌حال در هر دو گروه مصرف حاد مکمل بی‌کربنات سدیم موجب افزایش معنی‌دار توان اوج (001/0p <) و توان متوسط (001/0= P) و کاهش مقادیر شاخص خستگی (001/0p <) و ضربان قلب بازیافت دقیقه پنجم (001/0p <) گردید. بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به بهبود ظرفیت بی‌هوازی مردان دوچرخه‌سوار نخبه و غیرنخبه متعاقب مصرف حاد مکمل بی‌کربنات سدیم، می‌توان اثر بخشی بی‌کربنات سدیم را بدون توجه به سطح آمادگی یا ظرفیت تامپونی عضلات ورزشکاران محتمل دانست

Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Does Not Improve Running Anaerobic Sprint Test Performance in Semiprofessional Adolescent Soccer Players.

Ergogenic strategies have been studied to alleviate muscle fatigue and improve sports performance. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) has improved repeated sprint performance in adult team-sports players, but the effect for adolescents is unknown. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of NaHCO3 supplementation on repeated sprint performance in semiprofessional adolescent soccer players. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, 15 male semiprofessional adolescent soccer players (15 ± 1years; body fat 10.7 ± 1.3%) ingested NaHCO3 or a placebo (sodium chloride) 90min before performing the running anaerobic sprint test (RAST). A countermovement jump was performed before and after the RAST, and ratings of perceived exertion, blood parameters (potential hydrogen and bicarbonate concentration), and fatigue index were also evaluated. Supplementation with NaHCO3 promoted alkalosis, as demonstrated by the increase from the baseline to preexercise, compared with the placebo (potential hydrogen: +0.07 ± 0.01 vs. -0.00 ± 0.01, p < .001 and bicarbonate: +3.44 ± 0.38 vs. -1.45 ± 0.31mmol/L, p < .001); however, this change did not translate into an improvement in RAST total time (32.12 ± 0.30 vs. 33.31 ± 0.41s, p = .553); fatigue index (5.44 ± 0.64 vs. 6.28 ± 0.64W/s, p = .263); ratings of perceived exertion (7.60 ± 0.33 vs. 7.80 ± 0.10 units, p = .525); countermovement jump pre-RAST (32.21 ± 3.35 vs. 32.05 ± 3.51cm, p = .383); or countermovement jump post-RAST (31.70 ± 0.78 vs. 32.74 ± 1.11cm, p = .696). Acute NaHCO3 supplementation did not reduce muscle fatigue or improve RAST performance in semiprofessional adolescent soccer players. More work assessing supplementation in this age group is required to increase understanding in the area.

The Perfect Timing For Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation: Greater Possibilities With Probabilities

PURPOSE: To describe the reliability of blood bicarbonate pharmacokinetics to sodium bicarbonate (SB) supplementation and, based on those data, to estimate probabilities of SB ingestion timing before exercise using currently accepted thresholds. METHODS: Thirteen males (age 27±5 y; body mass (BM) 77.4±10.5 kg; height 1.75±0.06 m) ingested 0.3 g·kg-1BM SB in capsules on 3 occasions (SB1, SB2 and SB3). Blood was obtained at baseline and every 10 min following SB ingestion for 3h, then every 20 min for a further hour to determine bicarbonate concentration. Time-to-peak (Tmax), absolute peak (Cmax), absolute peak change (ΔCmax) and area under the curve (AUC) were determined and analysed using mixed models, as was the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), coefficient of variation (CV) and typical error (TE). Individual variation in pharmacokinetic responses was assessed using a Bayesian simulation approach using multilevel models with random intercepts. RESULTS: No significant differences between sessions were shown for blood bicarbonate regarding Cmax, ΔCmax or AUC (all p>0.05), although Tmax occurred significantly earlier in SB2 (127±36 min) than in SB1 (169±54 min, p=0.0088) and SB3 (159±42 min, p=0.05). ICC, CV and TE showed moderate to poor reliability for these variables. Bayesian modelling estimated that over 80% of individuals from the population experience elevated blood bicarbonate levels greater than +5 mmol·L-1 between 75-240 min after ingestion, and between 90-225 min for elevations greater than +6 mmol·L-1 (Table 1). CONCLUSIONS: Assessing SB supplementation using discrete values showed only moderate reliability at the group level, and poor reliability at the individual level, while Tmax was not reproducible. However, when analysed as modelled curves, a 0.3 g·kg-1BM dose was shown to create a long-lasting window of ergogenic potential, which has practical utility for athletes and suggests that individually tailored timings are not required.

The Efficacy Of Individualizing Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Strategies On Elite-level Rowing Performance

A recent review has addressed a number of practical issues associated with traditional sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation approaches, identifying ingestion timing as critical to maximising the potential of this ergogenic medium. Furthermore, contemporary empirical studies have also suggested that adjusting the start of exercise to commensurate with an individual’s peak blood buffering response may result in better outcomes in terms of GI distress and exercise performance, however this concept has yet to be investigated in international level athletes. PURPOSE: The following study addressed the question of whether or not ingestion timing is critical to time-trial performance (2,000 m rowing time-trial) in elite-level rowers including Pan American, World Champion and Olympic team members) adhering to their own individualised pre-race strategies (e.g. nutrition, warm-up, etc.). METHODS: Twenty three (n = 23) elite rowers across two research centres (Canadian Sport Institute Pacific and the New South Wales Institute of Sport) completed three trials (one NaHCO3 loading profile to determine the individual’s time-to-peak blood buffering capacity followed by two randomized experimental trials (Consensus Standard (CON): 2,000 m rowing time trial (TT) performed 60 min post 0.3 g·kgBW-1 NaHCO3 ingestion; and Individualised Peak (IP): 2,000 m rowing TT performed at the rower’s individual peak bicarbonate concentration [HCO3-] (determined from the profiling trial) after ingesting 0.3 g·kgBW-1 NaHCO3)). RESULTS: Significant interaction effects and post hoc comparisons revealed differences between CON and IP at pre-warm up for HCO3- (mean difference of 2.9 ± 0.4 mmol·L-1 (95% CI 2.0 to 3.8 mmol·L-1); p = 0.02) but not at pre-TT. Performance times were significantly different between CON (369.0 ± 10.3 s) and IP (367 ± 10.5 s) (mean difference 1.5 ± 2.4 s (95% CI 0.5 to 2.6 s); p = 0.007), however given the effect size this difference was likely trivial. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study do not support the recent claims that targeting the onset of exercise to commence with an individual’s peak blood buffering capacity after NaHCO3 supplementation is essential to maximise the erogenicity of this supplement.

Effect of Supplements on Endurance Exercise in the Older Population: Systematic Review.

Background: Ageing is associated with changes of physical and physiological parameters, but there is evidence that regular physical activity could minimize these effects. Additionally, the older population presents a great risk of suboptimal nutrition. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to review the evidence of nutritional strategies and endurance exercises in the older population. Methods: A systematic review was performed based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement. The search was carried out in three different databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus. Results: Eight studies were included in the present review. The use of caffeine and beta-alanine supplementation with proteins have been found to be beneficial in both sexes. In older women, a balanced diet, an increase in protein, supplementation with beta hydroxy methyl butyrate, and supplementation with sodium bicarbonate have been favorable. However, no benefit has been seen in older men with sodium bicarbonate or ubiquinone supplementation. Nevertheless, the use of supplements should be prescribed according to individual characteristics and physical activity. Conclusions: Caffeine and high protein supplement with beta-alanine may provide positive effects in the older population. In addition, in older women, bicarbonate supplementation and beta-hydroxyethyl butyrate (HMB), lysine, and arginine supplementation have shown positive effects on exercise performance.

P0007EFFECT OF SODIUM BICARBONATE LOAD ON URIC ACID LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND METABOLIC ACIDOSIS: PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE SOBIC-STUDY

Abstract Introduction and Aims Sodium bicarbonate is a commonly used drug that balances metabolic acidosis in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is said to delay disease progression. Elevated serum uric acid levels are frequently seen in CKD and the prevalence of gout disease in CKD patients is higher than in the normal population. Animal studies suggest that excessive sodium bicarbonate intake may increase uric acid levels, and in Korean Native Broilers led to visceral and articular gout. In turn, individuals with Gitelman/Bartter tubulopathy present alkemic and also show increased gout prevalence. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of oral sodium bicarbonate supplementation on uric acid levels after 20 weeks of treatment in patients with CKD and metabolic acidosis. Methods Patients with CKD stage 3 and 4 and HCO3- &amp;lt; 21mmol/l enrolled in the ongoing randomized controlled SoBic-study (since 2013) were randomized into the intervention group (target HCO3- 24±1mmol/l) or the rescue group (target HCO3- 20±1mmol/l). Baseline serum uric acid levels were determined prior to sodium bicarbonate supplementation and after 20 weeks. We used Spearman’s correlation and regression analysis to detect a possible association between the amount of sodium bicarbonate intake (milligrams per day) and the alteration of uric acid in patients using a significance level of p=0.05. Results Forty-five patients were included in the study until January 2019 (23 intervention group, 22 rescue group) and demographic data is given in table 1. Of the total patient population 24.4% were already affected by hyperuricemia (serum uric acid ≥6.5mg/dl) before participating in the study (47.8% of the intervention group, 13.6% of the rescue-group). During the study period, none of the patients showed symptoms of gout. The mean uric acid level at baseline was 7.3(±1.3) and 7.4(±1.6) after 20 weeks. The median uric acid increased by 0.1 in the intervention group (p=0.651) and decreased by 0.1 in the rescue group (p=0.889) from baseline until 20 weeks. Serum bicarbonate levels and uric acid were not correlated (rs=0.201, p=0.185). The regression analysis showed no association between the uric acid level and the total daily intake of sodium bicarbonate over 20 weeks. Conclusions In patients with CKD and metabolic acidosis the treatment with oral sodium bicarbonate for 20 weeks hat no adverse effect on the uric acid level.

Acute effect of sodium bicarbonate supplementation by resistant training practices

Currently, the use of sodium bicarbonate (SB) as an ergogenic supplement has been linked to improved performance in several high-intensity and short time interval modalities because it is a natural buffer of the body fluids of the human body. This study aimed to evaluate the acute effect of SB supplementation on muscle strength endurance of resistance training practitioners. Crossover clinical trial, placebo-controlled (PL), and single-masked, included 10 trained adult men. The maximum repetition (1RM) and exhaustion tests with 80% 1RM were performed in the extensor chair and direct thread. In all sessions, the volunteers were verbally stimulated, the total maximum repetitions in the exercises and the blood lactate concentration were measured. SB was supplemented at a dose of 0.3 g/kg body mass. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0. The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to evaluate the normality of the data, and the Student’s t-test was used for independent and paired samples. The size of the Cohen’s effect was calculated, and the significance level was set at p&lt;0.05. Comparing the supplements, no significant differences were found in all variables tested. However, when comparing pretest and posttest periods, significant differences were found between lactate concentrations, with considerably large effect sizes (&gt; 1.00). SB supplementation by endurance training practitioners induces blood alkalosis, which reduces fatigue and possibly improves muscle strength endurance. Keywords: resistance exercise, ergogenic, metabolic acidosis, muscular fatigue, performance.

The influence of progressive-chronic and acute sodium bicarbonate supplementation on anaerobic power and specific performance in team sports: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study

BackgroundThe aims of this study were to verify the effect of progressive-chronic and acute sodium bicarbonate (SB) supplementation on the anaerobic capacity, blood acid-base balance, and discipline-specific performance in team sports disciplines.MethodsTwenty-four trained male field hockey players completed a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of either progressive-chronic (increments from 0.05 up to 0.2 g/kg) or an acute one-off dose (0.2 g/kg) supplementation protocol. Before and after treatments, athletes completed an exercise protocol that comprised of a discipline-specific field performance test conducted between two separate Wingate anaerobic tests (WAnTs).ResultsProgressive-chronic SB supplementation improved anaerobic capacity in the first bout of WAnTs, as observed based on an increase in mean power (MP: 575 ± 71 vs. 602 ± 67 W, p = 0.005, ~ + 4.7%), peak power (PP: 749 ± 94 vs. 777 ± 96 W, p = 0.002, ~ + 3.7%), power carry threshold (PCT) at 97%PP (727 ± 91 vs. 753 ± 93 W, p = 0.002, ~ + 3.6%) and average power over PCT (739 ± 94 vs. 765 ± 95 W, p = 0.001, ~ + 3.5%). Acute SB supplementation had no effect on anaerobic capacity. However, an improvement in time during discipline-specific field performance test was observed after progressive-chronic (919 ± 42 vs. 912 ± 27 s, p = 0.05; ~ − 0.8%) and acute (939 ± 26 vs. 914 ± 22 s, p = 0.006, ~ 2.7%) SB supplementation. Acute SB supplementation also improved post-exercise parameters of acid-base balance (based on blood pH, bicarbonate concentration and base excess) compared to no supplementation or placebo.ConclusionsOur study indicates that both chronic and acute SB supplementation positively supports discipline-specific performance among field hockey athletes. Moreover, the chronic protocol supported anaerobic power indices before the inset of exercise-induced fatigue but had no significant impact afterwards. However, only the acute protocol significantly affected the buffering capacity, which can be used to determine athlete’s performance during high-intensity sporting events. This study design therefore highlighted that future studies focusing on sodium bicarbonate supplementation in team sports should concentrate on the efficiency of chronic and acute supplementation in varying time frames.

Enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate supplementation improves high-intensity cycling performance in trained cyclists

PurposeEnteric-coated sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) can attenuate gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms following acute bicarbonate loading, although the subsequent effects on exercise performance have not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of enteric-coated NaHCO3 supplementation on high-intensity exercise performance and GI symptoms.MethodsEleven trained male cyclists completed three 4 km time trials after consuming; a placebo or 0.3 g∙kg–1 body mass NaHCO3 in enteric-coated or gelatin capsules. Exercise trials were timed with individual peak blood bicarbonate ion concentration ([HCO3–]). Blood acid–base balance was measured pre-ingestion, pre-exercise, and post-exercise, whereas GI symptoms were recorded pre-ingestion and immediately pre-exercise.ResultsPre-exercise blood [HCO3−] and potential hydrogen (pH) were greater for both NaHCO3 conditions (P < 0.0005) when compared to placebo. Performance time was faster with enteric-coated (− 8.5 ± 9.6 s, P = 0.044) and gelatin (− 9.6 ± 7.2 s, P = 0.004) NaHCO3 compared to placebo, with no significant difference between conditions (mean difference = 1.1 ± 5.3 s, P = 1.000). Physiological responses were similar between conditions, although blood lactate ion concentration was higher with gelatin NaHCO3 (2.4 ± 1.7 mmol∙L–1, P = 0.003) compared with placebo. Furthermore, fewer participants experienced GI symptoms with enteric-coated (n = 3) compared to gelatin (n = 7) NaHCO3.DiscussionAcute enteric-coated NaHCO3 consumption mitigates GI symptoms at the onset of exercise and improves subsequent 4 km cycling TT performance. Athletes who experience GI side-effects after acute bicarbonate loading may, therefore, benefit from enteric-coated NaHCO3 supplementation prior to exercise performance.

The Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on the Decline in Gross Efficiency During a 2000-m Cycling Time Trial

Gross efficiency (GE) declines during high-intensity exercise. Increasing extracellular buffer capacity might diminish the decline in GE and thereby improve performance. To examine if sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation diminishes the decline in GE during a 2000-m cycling time trial. Sixteen male cyclists and 16 female cyclists completed 4 testing sessions including a maximal incremental test, a familiarization trial, and two 2000-m GE tests. The 2000-m GE tests were performed after ingestion of either NaHCO3 supplements (0.3g/kg body mass) or placebo supplements (amylum solani, magnesium stearate, and sunflower oil capsules). The GE tests were conducted using a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. Power output, gas exchange, and time to complete the 2000-m time trials were recorded. Capillary blood samples were analyzed for blood bicarbonate, pH, and lactate concentration. Data were analyzed using magnitude-based inference. The decrement in GE found after the 2000-m time trial was possibly smaller in the male and female groups after NaHCO3 than with placebo ingestion, with the effect in both groups combined being unclear. The effect on performance was likely trivial for males (placebo 164.2 [5.0]s, NaHCO3 164.3 [5.0]s; Δ0.1; ±0.6%), unclear for females (placebo 178.6 [4.8]s, NaHCO3 178.0 [4.3]s; Δ-0.3; ±0.5%), and very likely trivial when effects were combined. Blood bicarbonate, pH, and lactate concentration were substantially elevated from rest to pretest after NaHCO3 ingestion. NaHCO3 supplementation results in an unclear effect on the decrease in GE during high-intensity exercise and in a very likely trivial effect on performance.

Effects of Creatine and Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Exercise Performance in Elite Taekwondo Players

BackgroundIngesting creatine and sodium bicarbonate alone or together improves anaerobic performance; however, the combined effects on taekwondo athletes remain unknown.METHODSIn a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study, 40 elite male taekwondo athletes (21.4±1y; 180.5±7.31cm; 72.7±8.59kg) were assigned to 5 groups: creatine monohydrate+sodium bicarbonate (Cr+SB: 20gr Cr+0.5gr.kg−1 SB+0.5g.kg−1maltodextrin), creatine monohydrate (Cr: 20gr Cr+0.5g.kg−1 maltodextrin), sodium bicarbonate (SB: 0.5gr.kg−1 SB+0.5g.kg−1 maltodextrin), placebo (PL: 20gr cellulose+0.5g.kg−1 maltodextrin), and control (CO). Participants ingested assigned supplements for 5d. A day before and after supplementation, Taekwondo Anaerobic Intermittent Kick Test (TAIKT) was conducted in 3 rounds with a 1min passive rest to simulate the taekwondo match. Peak power (PP), mean power (MP), and fatigue index (FI) were calculated. Blood lactate (BL) levels were measured before, immediately after, and 3–5min after the test in the baseline and follow‐up sessions. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was measured after each round in the pre‐ and post‐test. Data were analyzed using a two‐way analysis of covariance (p≤0.05).RESULTSResults showed that the interaction was significant for PP and MP in rounds 1, 2, 3, and an average of all rounds (P&lt;0.05), but FIs were not significant for any rounds (P&gt;0.05). After supplementation, PP and MP in all rounds and the average increased in Cr+SB, Cr, and SB (P&lt;0.05), but not in PL and CO. The average FI of rounds was less in Cr+SB and SB (P&lt;0.05) following supplementation. PP in all rounds and average was higher in Cr+SB than PL and CO (P &lt;0.05) after supplementation. MP in the post‐test of Cr+SB in round 1 was higher than PL and CO (P&lt;0.05). MP in rounds 2 and 3 and an average of rounds was higher in Cr+SB than Cr, PL, and CO. MP was higher in the post‐test of rounds 2 and 3 and an average of rounds compared to PL (P&lt;0.05). Upon supplementation, an average FI in all rounds was less in SB than Cr (P&lt;0.05). BL levels were higher immediately after TAIKT compared to resting levels in both pre‐ and‐post‐ingestion. BL was higher 3min after TAIKT compared to the resting level in both pre‐ and‐post‐ingestion. Three minutes after TAIKT, the BL level was lower than the level immediately after TAIKT in both pre‐ and post‐ingestion. After receiving the supplement, BL immediately and 3min after 3 rounds of TAIKT was lower in Cr+SB and SB compared to Cr, PL, and CO (P&lt;0.05). RPE values were higher after rounds 2 and 3 compared to round 1 and were higher after round 3 than round 2, in pre‐ and post‐ingestion. In round 1, RPE decreased in Cr+SB, Cr, and SB (P&lt;0.05) compared to PL after supplementation. In rounds 2 and 3, RPE was lower compared in Cr+SB, Cr, and SB to PL and CO (P&lt;0.05).CONCLUSIONCo‐ingestion of Cr and SB further improved MP and PP, followed by TAIKT compared to Cr and SB ingestion alone. Cr and SB co‐ingestion and Cr alone cannot improve FIs in TAIKT, but SB alone may have a positive effect. Also, the FI in SB and Cr and SB co‐ingestion was lower than that of other groups.

The Effect of Aspartate and Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Muscle Contractile Properties Among Trained Men.

Farney, TM, MacLellan, MJ, Hearon, CM, Johannsen, NM, and Nelson, AG. The effect of aspartate and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on muscle contractile properties among trained men. J Strength Cond Res 34(3): 763-770, 2020-The focus of this investigation was to examine the effects of aspartate and NaHCO3 supplementation on muscle contractile properties within trained men. Eleven men (21.9 ± 1.5 years) ingested supplementation as 4 conditions all separated by 1 week and included the following: placebo (PLA), L-aspartate (12.5 mg) (ASP), NaHCO3 (0.3 g·kg) (SBC), or combination of ASP and SBC (CBO). For each day of testing, participants performed 1 high-intensity exercise session along with a pre- and postexercise (pre- or postex) isometric mid thigh pull test to measure peak force (PF) production and rate of force development (RFD). Blood was collected for all testing sessions before and after the high-intensity exercise to determine ammonia accumulation (AMM). Exercise sessions consisted of 4 exercises: barbell thrusters, squat jumps, lunge jumps, and forward jumps, with the total amount of work being equated for all 4 exercises across all 4 testing sessions. Participants performed the exercises in the aforementioned order, which was designated as 1 round. Each participant performed 3 rounds, with the work-to-rest ratio being 20-second work, 30-second rest. A 1-minute rest was given between the rounds. There were no treatment effects (p > 0.05) for PF, RFD, or AMM. However, there was a significant main effect for supplement consumption for the total time of work with the ASP, SBC, and CBO treatments having a lower time to completion compared with the PLA treatment. Ammonia was significantly elevated postexercise (p = 0.004), whereas there were no differences from preexercise to postexercise for PF or RFD (p > 0.05). The only significant treatment × time interaction was for RFD (p = 0.03) with CBO increasing postexercise, with the other 3 treatments all decreasing postexercise. The combination of ASP and SBC together may have the potential to reduce fatigue by mitigating the effects of metabolic by-product accumulation.

Is Individualization of Sodium Bicarbonate Ingestion Based on Time to Peak Necessary?

To describe the reliability of blood bicarbonate pharmacokinetics in response to sodium bicarbonate (SB) supplementation across multiple occasions and assess, using putative thresholds, whether individual variation indicated a need for individualized ingestion timings. Thirteen men (age 27 ± 5 yr; body mass [BM], 77.4 ± 10.5 kg; height, 1.75 ± 0.06 m) ingested 0.3 g·kg BM SB in gelatine capsules on three occasions. One hour after a standardized meal, venous blood was obtained before and every 10 min after ingestion for 3 h, then every 20 min for a further hour. Time to peak (Tmax), absolute peak (Cmax), absolute peak change ([INCREMENT]Cmax), and area under the curve were analyzed using mixed models, intraclass correlation coefficient, coefficient of variation and typical error. Individual variation in pharmacokinetic responses was assessed using Bayesian simulation with multilevel models with random intercepts. No significant differences between sessions were shown for blood bicarbonate regarding Cmax, [INCREMENT]Cmax or area under the curve (P > 0.05), although Tmax occurred earlier in SB2 (127 ± 36 min) than in SB1 (169 ± 54 min, P = 0.0088) and SB3 (159 ± 42 min, P = 0.05). Intraclass correlation coefficient, coefficient of variation, and typical error showed moderate to poor reliability. Bayesian modeling estimated that >80% of individuals from the population experience elevated blood bicarbonate levels above +5 mmol·L between 75 and 240 min after ingestion, and between 90 and 225 min above +6 mmol·L. Assessing SB supplementation using discrete values showed only moderate reliability at the group level, and poor reliability at the individual level, whereas Tmax was not reproducible. However, when analyzed as modeled curves, a 0.3-g·kg BM dose was shown to create a long-lasting window of ergogenic potential, challenging the notion that SB ingestion individualized to time-to-peak is a necessary strategy, at least when SB is ingested in capsules.

Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Muscular Strength and Endurance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

The effects of sodium bicarbonate on muscular strength and muscular endurance are commonly acknowledged as unclear due to the contrasting evidence on the topic. To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies exploring the acute effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on muscular strength and endurance. A search for studies was performed using five databases. Meta-analyses of standardized mean differences (SMDs) were performed using a random-effects model to determine the effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on muscular strength (assessed by changes in peak force [N], peak torque [Nm], or maximum load lifted [kg]) and muscular endurance (assessed by changes in the number of repetitions performed, isokinetic total work, or time to maintain isometric force production). Subgroup meta-analyses were conducted for the muscular endurance of small vs. large muscle groups and muscular strength tested in a rested vs. fatigued state. A random-effects meta-regression analysis was used to explore possible trends in the effects of: (a) timing of sodium bicarbonate ingestion; and (b) acute increase in blood bicarbonate concentration (from baseline to pre-exercise), on muscular endurance and muscular strength. Thirteen studies explored the effects of sodium bicarbonate on muscular endurance and 11 on muscular strength. Sodium bicarbonate supplementation was found to be ergogenic for muscular endurance (SMD = 0.37; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.15, 0.59; p = 0.001). The performance-enhancing effects of sodium bicarbonate were significant for both small (SMD = 0.31; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.59; p = 0.025) and large muscle groups (SMD = 0.40; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.66; p = 0.003). Sodium bicarbonate ingestion was not found to enhance muscular strength (SMD = - 0.03; 95% CI: - 0.18, 0.12; p = 0.725). No significant effects were found regardless of whether the testing was carried out in a rested (SMD = 0.02; 95% CI: - 0.09, 0.13; p = 0.694) or fatigued (SMD = - 0.16; 95% CI: - 0.59, 0.28; p = 0.483) state. No significant linear trends in the effects of timing of sodium bicarbonate ingestion or acute increase in blood bicarbonate concentrations on muscular endurance or muscular strength were found. Overall, sodium bicarbonate supplementation acutely improves muscular endurance of small and large muscle groups, but no significant ergogenic effect on muscular strength was found.

The gender dependent influence of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on anaerobic power and specific performance in female and male wrestlers

The aim of this study was the assessment of progressive low-dose sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation on the anaerobic indices in two bouts of Wingate tests (WT) separated by wrestling-specific performance test and assessing the gender differences in response. Fifty-one (18 F) wrestlers completed a randomized trial of either a NaHCO3 (up to 100 mg·kg−1) or a placebo for 10 days. Before and after treatment, athletes completed an exercise protocol that comprised, in sequence, the first WT1, dummy throw test (DT), and second WT2. The number of completed throws increased significantly in males from 19.3 ± 2.6 NaHCO3pre to 21.7 ± 2.9 NaHCO3post. ΔWT2-WT1 improved particularly in the midsection of 30-s WT on NaHCO3. However, no significant differences were found in peak power (PP), power drop (PD) and average power (AP) (analyzed separately for each WT), and ΔWT2-WT1 in PP and PD. Interaction with gender was significant for AP, PP and PD, every second of WT1 and WT2, as well as DT test. In conclusion, our study suggests that the response to NaHCO3 may be gender-specific and progressive low-dose NaHCO3 supplementation allows the advantageous strengthening of wrestling-specific performance in males. It can also lead to maintenance of high anaerobic power mainly in the midsection of the 30-s Wingate test.

Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation and Urinary TGF-β1 in Nonacidotic Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.

In early-phase studies of individuals with hypertensive CKD and normal serum total CO2, sodium bicarbonate reduced urinary TGF-β1 levels and preserved kidney function. The effect of sodium bicarbonate on kidney fibrosis and injury markers in individuals with diabetic kidney disease and normal serum total CO2 is unknown. We conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study in 74 United States veterans with type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus, eGFR of 15-89 ml/min per 1.73 m2, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) ≥30 mg/g, and serum total CO2 of 22-28 meq/L. Participants received oral sodium bicarbonate (0.5 meq/kg lean body wt per day; n=35) or placebo (n=39) for 6 months. The primary outcome was change in urinary TGF-β1-to-creatinine from baseline to months 3 and 6. Secondary outcomes included changes in urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1)-to-creatinine, fibronectin-to-creatinine, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)-to-creatinine, and UACR from baseline to months 3 and 6. Key baseline characteristics were age 72±8 years, eGFR of 51±18 ml/min per 1.73 m2, and serum total CO2 of 24±2 meq/L. Sodium bicarbonate treatment increased mean total CO2 by 1.2 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.3 to 2.1) meq/L, increased urinary pH by 0.6 (95% CI, 0.5 to 0.8), and decreased urinary ammonium excretion by 5 (95% CI, 0 to 11) meq/d and urinary titratable acid excretion by 11 (95% CI, 5 to 18) meq/d. Sodium bicarbonate did not significantly change urinary TGF-β1/creatinine (difference in change, 13%, 95% CI, -10% to 40%; change within the sodium bicarbonate group, 8%, 95% CI, -10% to 28%; change within the placebo group, -4%, 95% CI, -19% to 13%). Similarly, no significant effect on KIM-1-to-creatinine (difference in change, -10%, 95% CI, -38% to 31%), fibronectin-to-creatinine (8%, 95% CI, -15% to 37%), NGAL-to-creatinine (-33%, 95% CI, -56% to 4%), or UACR (1%, 95% CI, -25% to 36%) was observed. In nonacidotic diabetic kidney disease, sodium bicarbonate did not significantly reduce urinary TGF-β1, KIM-1, fibronectin, NGAL, or UACR over 6 months.

Sodium bicarbonate supplementation in resistance exercise performance, perceived exertion and blood lactate concentration

Abstract Aim: The aim was to evaluate the effect of sodium bicarbonate supplementation (NaHCO3) in repetition performance, perceived exertion and blood lactate concentration. Methods: Fourteen trained men (25.14 ± 3.5 years; 85.83 ± 10.18 kg; 1.78 ± 0.06 m; 26.88 ± 3.17 kg/m2) realized two upper-body resistance exercise sessions consisting of 15-RM load and 1 minute of the interval, combining bicarbonate supplementation (BS) or Placebo conditions. Results: After the ANOVA analysis, no difference was found on the total number of repetitions during the session on both BS and Placebo condition (p = 0.11). However, a greater number of total of repetitions on the machine chest fly exercise for BS vs. Placebo condition (p = 0.04) was observed. The perceived exertion increased regardless of the supplementation condition (p < 0.0001). Additionally, for the blood lactate was observed significant increases in BS vs. Placebo condition in the post verification (p = 0.013), corroborated for a bigger area under the curve (AUC) on the BS compared to Placebo (p = 0.026) condition. Conclusion: In conclusion, sodium bicarbonate supplementation was not able to improve performance during a resistance exercise session, except for the single-joint exercise performed with high values of perceived exertion, not altering the perceived exertion, and blood lactate between protocols.