Sod-podzolic Soil Research Articles

MICROMYCETES IN ROOT ZONE OF SOYBEAN PLANTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONAL EFFECT ON PLANTS

Objective. Characterize the fungal coenosis of the root zone of soybean plants and investigate the functional effect of isolated micromycetes on plants. Methods. The mycocenosis of different spheres of the root zone of soybean plants was studied under the conditions of field experiments on sod-medium-podzolic dusty-sandy soil. Soil sampling, isolation, accounting and cultivation of fungi were carried out according to generally accepted methods. Measuring the number of micromycetes in the spacing and the rhizosphere of soybean was carried out by the Waksman’s soil dilutions method. To extract mycobiota of rhizoplane, the method of washing from the surface of soybean roots, followed by dilution and deep sowing in the digest medium was used. Endophytes were isolated from the tissues of healthy unaffected soybean roots after their surface sterilization with alcohol (96%) for 1.5 min. Cultural and morphological characteristics of fungi were studied on wort agar, Chapek's agar medium, and potato-glucose agar. Their identification was carried out according to the determinants appropriate for a specific systematic group of micromycetes. The functional effect of micromycetes on plants was evaluated using bioassays on corn seedlings. Results. The mycocenosis of sod-podzolic soil was formed by micromycetes belonging to the genera Acremonium Link, Alternaria Nees, Cladosporium Corda, Fusarium Link:Fr, Gliocladium Corda, Mortierella Coem, Mucor Mich, Penicillium Link:Fr, Rhizopus Ehrenb, Trichoderma Hers, among which micromycetes of the genus Penicillium (28.05 ± 3.13 thous CFU per 1 g of dry soil) were the most common. Under the influence of root exudates, the total number of soya bean rhizospheric soil fungi increased threefold and amounted to 212.30 ± 16.73 thous CFU per 1 g of dry soil; in the rhizosphere fungi of the genus Fusarium prevailed (152.63 ± 13.27 thous CFU per 1 g of dry soil). Mycocenosis of the rhizoplane of soybean plants was qualitatively and quantitatively depleted, as compared to the rhizosphere, and consisted mainly of representatives of the genera Fusarium (10.18 ± 3.93 thous CFU per 1 g of dry roots) and Gliocladium (6.88 ± 1.20 thous CFU per 1 g of dry roots). The endophytic mycobiota of soybean was formed by micromycetes of the genera Penicillium (44 %), Chaetomium (21 %), Fusarium (21 %), Verticillium (7 %), Phoma (7 %). Micromycetes isolated from the root zone of soybean plants differed in their functional effect on plants. The largest share of the studied fungi (61 %) are producers of growth-stimulating substances of various origin, 18 % of strains are characterized by a phytotoxic effect on plants, 21 % do not have a pronounced effect on plants. Conclusion. The fungal coenosis of the root zone of soybean was characterized, the functional effect of isolated micromycetes on plants was investigated.

PROSPECTS OF SOYBEAN GROWING IN THE WESTERN POLISSIA ZONE

Modern climatic changes, namely significant warming in the northern Forest-Steppe and Polissia zones of Ukraine, provide opportunities for growing a number of grain and leguminous crops (maize for grain, soybeans, sunflower, and others), previously unusual for this region. Among the above-mentioned crops, soybean is a crop that can significantly improve the nitrogen balance of the soil without the use of mineral fertilizers; its cultivation to some extent can be an alternative to expensive nitrogen fertilizers because, under the condition of inoculation, soybean can leave up to 80 kg/ha of biological nitrogen, which equivalent to 300 kg of ammonium nitrate, which is enough for forming decent harvest of winter wheat or corn. The analysis of meteorological data shows that when having the current amount of heat supply during the growing season in the Western Polissia zone, it is possible to grow ultra-early and early-ripening soybean varieties with a duration of the growing season of up to 90-100 days and a required number of heat units - up to 2400-2500 CHU. It was established that the main factor limiting the cultivation of soybeans on the peat soils of the Western Polissia zone is a significantly shorter frost-free period (compared to the adjacent sod-podzolic soils on dry land). Therefore, for growing on peat soils, it is necessary to choose ultra-early varieties of soybeans with a growing season of up to 85 days and the required number of heat units - up to 2400-2500 CHU. That will allow obtaining physiologically ripe seeds before the onset of the first autumn frosts, which in some years can already occur in the first decade of September. On peat soils, the yield of the Yunka soybean variety by the variants of the experiment ranged from 15,1-24,8 t/ha, while on the adjacent sod-podzolic light loamy soils it was 30,3-46,8 t/ha. The reason for the significantly lower soybean yield on peat soils is a short frost-free period compared to sod-podzolic soils, which did not allow the studied varieties to fully realize their potential for 2 years in a row. The research has established that on sod-podzolic light loamy soils of the Western Polissia zone, under favorable conditions, the yield of such ultra-early and early-ripening soybean varieties as Yunka and Astor of the Sevita genetics selection (Canada) can be up to 45,0-46,8 t/ha. The use of Rizofix inoculant in a combination with Rice Pi phosphorus-mobilizing product allows increasing the productivity of soybeans to 6,7-7,0 t/ha. Additional profit from their use is about 8-8,3 thousand hryvnias from 1 ha.

The influence of azotovite and phosphatovite on crop yields in the crop rotation link

The results of studies of two–factor field experience for 2019-2021. On the study of the influence of three methods of using azotovite (A) and phosphatovite (F) - (factor B) and mineral fertilizers (background 1, 2) (factor NQ) on the yield and nutritional value of forage crops in the link are presented improved fodder crop rotation: spring rapeseed for green mass; winter rye and spring barley for grain on sod-podzolic soil in the conditions of the Novgorod region. High efficiency was ensured by the use of azotovite and phosphatovite (factor B3) – treatment of seed material with preparations (A + F for 2 l / t of each preparation) and non-root treatment of crops in phases: tillering of cereals and leaf formation-stalking of rapeseed (A + F for 1 l/ha of each preparation) against the background of 1. Yield cultivated crops over the years of research amounted to 34.7; 6.8 and 4.4 t/ha, which is 27; 25 and 33% higher in relation to background 1, respectively, with a production profitability of 130-160%. On average, for the crop rotation link, the highest yield of feed units is 5.8 thousand/ha, digestible protein is 0.47 t/ha, as well as an increase in the provision of digestible protein for a feed unit by 6 grams was obtained when using factors N1P1K1 and B3 in relation to background 1 in technological operations. In this variant, the best economic and energy effect was revealed – the conditional net profit increased by 37% (in 2019 prices), the energy intensity of the production of basic products decreased by 20%, the energy efficiency of production increased by 24% relative to background 1.

Allelotoxicity and Water Stability of Sod-Podzolic Soil after Growing Wheat on It.

It is well-known that soil allelotoxicity and the water stability of soil structure are determined by the entry of plant residues into the soil, but the relationship of these soil properties has not been investigated. Soil samples from the fields of the Federal Research Center "Nemchinovka" after growing 25 cultivars of spring and winter wheat on plots with sod-podzolic soil are selected in this study. The effect of the soil's allelotoxicity of plot samples on the germination of spring wheat seed of the Liza cultivar is studied by the biotesting method. The water stability of the soil structure is determined for the same samples. The existence of a sigmoid dependence between the allelotoxicity of soil samples and their water stability with a correlation greater than 95% is established. The presence of this dependence is apparently related to the increase in the soil's water stability with an increase in the amount of fresh plant residues entering them, which is known from the literature, and the transition of the allelotoxins' effects from stimulation to suppression with a growth in their concentration in soils.

The Crop Production Capacity of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)—A New Field Crop for Russia in the Non-Chernozem Zone of Moscow’s Urban Environment

The article presents the research findings from the analysis of the growth, development, and yield formation characteristics as well as grain amino acid composition of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). The aim of this research was to assess the adaptability of quinoa, a new alternative crop for the Non-Chernozem conditions of Moscow’s urban region. Five quinoa cultivars were tested, namely Brighest Brillian, Red Faro, Cherry Vanilla, Titicaca, and Regalona and were grown on sod-podzolic soil with wide-row hill-drop planting. For four years, the quinoa cultivars produced high yields without fertilizer and pesticide application—on average, 2.08–2.59 tons of grain per hectare—with a high content of protein and essential amino acids, primarily valine, lysine, and threonine. The Cherry Vanilla and Regalona cultivars had the highest grain yield on average (2.59 and 2.39 t/ha, respectively). Being able to produce crops in years with different temperatures and moisture supply, they were described as cultivars with high flexibility. However, none of the studied cultivars provided a sustained yield. The total protein content in the quinoa grains grown in 2020 ranged from 12.50 to 13.96% with high essential amino acids scores, such as valine, lysine, and threonine. The cultivar Red Faro was characterized by the highest ecological plasticity, stability, and resistance to the environmental conditions of Moscow’s urban region.

Consequences of the Long-Term Fertilization System Use on Physical and Microbiological Soil Status in the Western Polissia of Ukraine

The response of soil microbial diversity to long-term fertilization is still not well understood in the context of different soil types. The purpose of this research was to reveal the impact of fertilization systems on soil parameters and life activity of the main taxonomic and physiological groups of microorganisms responsible for nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus transformation. Reported results were obtained in the course of a 55-year-long experiment on fertilization of sod-podzolic soil in a grain-flax-potato crop rotation. Soil sampling was conducted within a 0–20 cm depth in five sites: without fertilizer (C); organic fertilization system, manure (O1FS); mineral fertilization system, NPK (MFS); organic-mineral fertilization system, manure + NPK (O1MFS); and organic-mineral fertilization system, siderate + NPK (O2MFS). Long-term use of various fertilization systems has led to changes in the soil properties. Bacteria dominated the microbial community in all examined areas. Soil fertilization supported bacteria development in all variants, except for MFS, and negatively affected the micromycetes content. A strong relationship between the change of the main soil indicators and the number of microorganisms from the main taxonomic groups was found between the soil pH KCl and the number of micromycetes. The O1FS option had the most beneficial effect on the development of soil nitrifiers and denitrifiers. The O1MFS fertilization system was the most favorable for the development of non-symbiotic anaerobic nitrogen-fixing, cellulose-degrading and phosphate-mobilizing microorganisms. In turn, the least favorable conditions for the development of physiological groups of microorganisms were found in cases of continuous use of mineral fertilizers.

The influence of biological techniques in the feed crop rotation link on soil productivity and fertility

Relevance. New fertilizers Azotovite and Phosphatovite do not pollute the soil and provide significant savings when applying in combination with traditional fertilizers. Studies on the use of Azotovite and Phosphatovite in the conditions of the Novgorod region on sod-podzolic soil in improved fodder crop rotations have not yetbeen conducted, therefore research on the influence of Azotovite and Phosphatovite together with mineral fertilizers in improved crop rotations is relevant.Methods. The results of studies of two-factor field experiment, carried out in 2019–2021 on sod-podzolic soil in the conditions of the Novgorod region, are presented to study the influence on the yield and nutritional value of forage cropsof three methods of using Azotovite (A) and Phosphatovite (P) — factor H— and mineral fertilizers in full dosagesfor a programmed yield (background 1) andin dosages, reduced by 50% (background 2) (factor B) in the feed crop rotation link: spring rapeseed for siderate; winter rye and spring barley for grain. The use of crop-root residues, siderates and grain straw serves as a basis for increasing soil fertility.Results. It was established that the introduction of a complete mineral fertilizer based on the planned harvest, the double use of Azotovite and Phosphatovite in technological operations— etching of seed material (by 2 l/t of each preparation) and non-root spraying of plants in the period up to 30 cm (by 1 l/ha of each preparation) —provided high productivity of siderate (38.2 t/ha),grain of winter rye (7.1 t/ha) and spring barley (4.1 t/ha); digestible proteinin amount 0.65 and 0.34 t/ha was obtained, low energy intensity of grain production (less than 3.0 GJ/t) is combined with high energy efficiency of production — 5.8 units. The use of siderate and grain straw as organic fertilizers allowed to increase soil fertility on average per crop rotation link for all variants of the experiment by more than 47 GJ/ha.

Influence of soil cultivation method and fertilization system on the yield of sunflower (Helianthus L.) when growing in conditions of Central Polissia of Ukraine

The paper presents three-year field and laboratory research on studying the sunflower hybrids of different cultivation technologies, types of ripeness groups with yield indices depending on using different fertilisers and different types of soil cultivation. The study was conducted when using new hybrids of domestic and foreign selection. The hybrids Grand Admiral and Pegas were selected according to their biological characteristics that are more typical for the zone of Polissia when using standard cultivation technology. It was noted that on sod-podzolic soils with a light mechanical composition, the use of disk tillage tools (BDVP-4.2) to a depth of 10–12 cm was not significantly inferior to the deep loosener (GR-4.5) to a depth of 40–45 cm, which was a shortfall grain yield from disking in both experiments was 0.08 t/ha (37.7%) and 0.21 t/ha (23%). The above-mentioned type of soil is naturally poor in terms of its physical and chemical composition, namely the content of humus (1.0–1.3%), availability of exchangeable potassium and mobile phosphorus (32–52 mg/kg), which creates the need to use scientific approach to the reproduction of soil fertility with the use of organic and mineral fertilizers. It has been proven that when using fertilizers N16P16K16 + N46 (nitroammophosca, 200 kg + urea fertilizer, 75 kg) an increase in sunflower seed yield equals 1.66–1.72 t/hа (281–322%), when using the fertilizers N10P26K26 + N46 (diammophos, 200 kg + urea fertilizer, 75 kg) the increase in yield equals — (287–328%) and when using P5K55 + N46 (phosphorus-potassium fertilizer, 20 kg + urea fertilizer, 75 kg) the increase in yield is the highest and equals 1.85–1.97 t/ha depending on the experiment variant. It is noted that the Pegasus sunflower hybrid was inferior to the Grand Admiral hybrid in all indicators of the experiment, from the form of mineral fertilizers to soil cultivation, and is: when applying N16P16K16 + N46 — 0.66 t/ha; N10P26K26 + N46 — 0.39 t/ha; P5K55 + N46 — 0.38 t/ha.

Enzyme diagnostics for evaluation of effect of nitrogen fertilizers on mineralization and humification processes in sod-podzolic soils

Ecological management of soil resources is an urgent task involving periodic assessment of effect of fertilizers and other anthropogenic factors on the rate and direction of organic matter transformation. Mineralization and humification of organic residues are the most important functions of the soil, which determine its fertility and are closely related to the biochemical activity of microbial communities. When using intensive agricultural technologies, it is required to timely identify potential risks of reducing soil fertility. Taking into account the biochemical nature of the processes of mineralization and humification of organic substances, it is advisable to use indicators of enzymatic activity for this purpose. Enzymes are the most important metabolites of microorganisms. When choosing enzymatic indicators for a reliable assessment of influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on the activity of mineralization and humification, we took into account large-scale and universal processes in the cycles of the main biogenic elements – carbon and nitrogen. Soil enzyme diagnostics was shown to be likely useful instrument for evaluation of natural and anthropogenic factors effect on mineralization and humification processes in sod-podzolic soils. The most informative enzymatic tests for characterization of soil biochemical status in C and N cycles were determined. Biochemical coefficient was proposed as a resulting criteria for interpretation of enzymes activity data, allowing to compare humification and mineralization activities, reveal their disbalance and control of anthropogenic impact on soils. Experimental data on the effect of nitrogen fertilizers on the activity and ratio of humification and mineralization, obtained in long-term field experiments on soddy-podzolic soils of different granulometric composition and level of fertility are presented.

Effect of deep loosening of interrows on physical properties of sod-podzolic soil and yield of organic potato

The purpose of this research is to study the effect of deep loosening of row spacings on the physical properties of the soil and yield of organic potatoes. Two variants of soil cultivation were used in row spacings: usual and 25 cm deep. The soil cultivation was carried out with a row-crop chisel cultivator. Its design was developed at the institute. Analysis of the data obtained as a result of experimental studies showed that deep loosening of row spacings had a positive effect on soil compaction both in the inter-row width and directly in the plough ridge. The soil compaction in the row spacing during normal tillage was in average above 20 %, and in the ridge by an average of 13 % compared to deep tillage. The assimilation of moisture by the soil with when using of deep loosening of row spacings also had a positive trend, especially under condition of a large amount of precipitation in a short period of time. Thus, with a loss of 34 mm, the soil in the variant with loosening the row spacings in a larger volume absorbed moisture and the moisture indicators increased sharply in layers, at 15 cm by 27 %, at 25 cm by 20 %, at 35 cm by 5 %. Potato yield increased by 8.7 % when using deep loosening of row spacings. The obtained results of experimental studies should be used as recommendations when carrying out technological operations aimed at caring for potato plantings.

The new variety of spring triticale Slovo for the Central and Volgo-Vyatka regions of the Russian Federation

The variety of spring triticale adapted to the conditions of the Non-Chernozem zone of the European part of Russia was developed in cooperation with Belorussian scientists using the method of intraspecific hybridization of ecologically distant forms. The results of this variety study in the varietal tests of 2015-2020 on gray forest medium loamy and sod-podzolic sandy soils of the Vladimir region and in the Republic of Belarus are presented. The new variety had high yield of 6.06 t/ha, on average, over 7 years of variety testing on gray forest soils. Yield increase to the standard variety Normann was 0.81 t/ha or 13.3 %. An intensive type variety. In a favorable year the yield in the variety testing reached 8.71 t/ha, the increase to the standard variety was 17.1 %. A medium-ripened, medium-sized variety Slovo matured 1-3 days earlier than the standard Normann variety and the new Dobroye variety. The Slovo variety was characterized by group resistance to diseases (powdery mildew, types of rust and smut), weak susceptibility to leaf and ear septoria, stress resistance to abiotic stressors (drought resistance 8.2 points, lodging resistance 5 points). The new variety like the standard Normann variety, is intended for cultivation using technologies of various intensity levels. It can be grown on different soils according to its granulometric texture and availability of mineral nutrition elements. On sandy sod-podzolic soils, the average yield was 4.20 t/ha, that of the standard variety was 4.15 t/ha. In addition to high productivity, the new variety was characterized by high quality of feed grain, the increase in protein per hectare to the standard Norman variety was 114 kg/ha. Since 2022, the Slovo variety has been included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements Approved for Use in the Central (3) and Volga-Vyatka (4) regions of the Russian Federation. It is recommended in feed production for grain cultivation, as well as for monofodder.

Soil and Vegetation Cover and Biodiversity Transformation of Postagrogenic Soils of the Volga-Oka Interstream Area

Based on the actual material, the state of the land, previously (more than 15 years ago) placed under cultivation and “neglected” to date, was assessed. Control sites within different landscape provinces of the Volga-Oka interstream area were compared by the state of soil cover and vegetative cover, as well as the type of anthropogenic transformation. The study identified three types of transformation of post-agrogenic lands characteristic of the initial and intermediate overgrowth stages of pre-climax communities: field overgrowth associated with a change in land use; field overgrowth with nearby forest; and field overgrowth without nearby forest. The soil cover state was assessed by acidity, pH, and humus content, and it generally corresponds to the area’s characteristics. Deterioration of these characteristics was noted on sod-podzolic soils overgrown with forest vegetation, as evidenced by low humus content of 0.96–1.46%. The results of research using statistical methods reliably showed that the overgrowth of most sites with herbaceous vegetation within different landscapes followed common successions, even on different soils (sod-podzolic and gray forest). With the leveling of landscape features of areas, there were similar plant species and communities. It was shown that as a result of agricultural overgrowing, the species richness of plant communities was sharply reduced. For example, the maximum value of the Shannon index on overgrown lands is 3.6, which is lower than the reference natural community, where this indicator is 4.1. The remediation of biodiversity in the foreseeable future is very problematic. Although post-agrogenic phytocenoses can gradually restore their productive potential to the level of natural phytocenoses (the maximum value of phytomass in overgrown lands is 10.2 mt/ha, for comparison, natural phytocenoses accumulate 6.3 mt/ha at reference sites), their productivity is provided by a different species composition of herbaceous plants with poor biodiversity. In order to preserve biodiversity, it seems advisable to intersperse croplands with uncultivated plots of sufficiently large size which can serve as a kind of natural ecosystem preservation bank.

Comparative characterisation of forest litter on sod-podzolic soils of Forest Experimental Dacha in RSAU–MAA named after K.A. Timiryazev

Forest litter under linden and pine forests was studied at the Forest Experimental Dacha of the RSAU–MAA named after K.A. Timiryazev. Despite significant differences in physical and chemical parameters between the litter formed under the conditions of different forest communities, the properties of sod-podzolic soils formed under both vegetation types are quite similar. The litter under linden forest has higher ash content, it is less acidic and contains almost 2 times more exchangeable bases, the content of hydrogen and nitrogen is higher by 0.82 wt% and 0.66 wt%, respectively. The litter of linden and pine forests, according to the atomic ratios H : C, C : N and the degree of oxidation, are equal to 1.82, 30.3, -0.92 and 1.64, 45.7, -0.71, respectively; the litter of linden forests differs from litter of pine forests in the higher content of aliphatic, nitrogen-rich, reduced organic compounds. In the litter of linden forests concentration coefficients of phosphorus and magnesium 1.2 times higher; of carbon, potassium and aluminium – 1.3 times higher; of calcium – 1.4 times higher; of nitrogen – 1.8 times higher, and of silicon – 3 times higher, than in the litter of pine trees. However, the concentration factor of manganese in the pine forest litter is 1.9 times higher compared to the litter of linden. According to the results of UV spectroscopy, water-soluble organic matter of pine forest litter, unlike water-soluble organic matter of linden forest litter, is more enriched by components of aromatic origin. This is evidenced by higher values of SUVA254 and lower values of coefficients E2/E3 and E4/E6.

Characteristics of humic acids in sod-podzolic soil under long-term exposure to different fertilization systems

The elemental composition and structure of humic acids in the soddy-podzolic heavy loamy soil of the Cis-Urals were studied during long-term application of organic, mineral and organo-mineral fertilizers under conditions of a long-term stationary experiment. Mineral fertilizers contributed to the formation of humic acids with increased content of aliphatic components, the ratio H : C = 1.45 and a high degree of oxidation (ω = 0.41). The low content of nitrogen in humic acids (from 2.0 to 2.6 at.%), with various fertilizer systems, is primarily due to its low content in the plant biomass of crops cultivated in crop rotation.The organic fertilizer system resulted in the enrichment of the structural aggregates of humic acids with aromatic groups and nitrogen. The high intensity of absorption of the >C=O group of carboxylic acids in the region of 1 717 cm-1 and double bonds of carbon atoms at 1 627 cm-1 confirms this position. Humic acids of the “manure 10 t/ha” and “manure 5 t/ha + equiv. NPK” have the largest number of carboxyl groups in their composition. The vibrations of the >C=O group of carboxylic acids are most weakly expressed in soil humic acids with a mineral fertilizer system. Organo-mineral fertilizer system demonstrates intermediate results in terms of the content of the main constitutional elements in humic acids. Mineral fertilizers application reduces the amount and thermal stability of the structural components of humic acids, thereby contributing to the degradation of the most stable part of macromolecule, which can lead to the loss of potential soil fertility. Тhe use of mineral fertilizers on sod-podzolic heavy loamy soil led to the enrichment of humic acids with aliphatic fragments, and of organic ones – increased the content of stable components of aromatic nature, but lowered their thermal stability. According to thermographic analysis the ratio of weight loss in the low-temperature zone and the weight loss in the high-temperature zone (Z) during long-term use of mineral fertilizers is 0.9, i. e. the proportion of components of aliphatic nature in the structure of humic acids increases in comparison with unfertilized or manure fertilized soil.

Информационно-энергетическая оценка создания почв с заданными свойствами

The paper considers the information and energy assessment of soil fertility. It is shown that soil cultivation is accompanied by an increase in soil humus content, absorption capacity, content of biophilic elements, accumulation of energy in the soil, optimization of information relationships in the soil. Thus, the energy content in poorly and well cultivated sod-podzolic soils was 351.7 and 510.7 million kcal/ha, respectively. When cultivating soils, the content of mobile forms of biophilic elements in them increased, the relationship between soil properties and crop yield became more stable. It is shown that on more cultivated soils it is more profitable to grow crops that are more demanding of fertility, accumulating more energy on these soils than crops that are less demanding of fertility. The change of optimal soil properties for individual crops depending on the level of intensification of production is shown. Keywords: SOIL, FERTILITY, ENERGY STORAGE IN THE SOIL AND IN THE CROP YIELD

The Effect of Lanthanum on the Composition of Methanotrophic Community of Sod-Podzolic Soil

The Effect of Lanthanum on the Composition of Methanotrophic Community of Sod-Podzolic Soil

Водопотребление галеги восточной (galega orientalis lam.) при орошении на дерново-подзолистой почве в северо-восточной части Республики Беларусь.

The article presents the results of the study of water consumption of Galega orientalis on sodpodzolic soils in the north-eastern part of the Republic of Belarus. Based on the obtained field data, the total water consumption was calculated not only for each of the options, but also for different growing seasons. Bioclimatic coefficients have been obtained for calculating the water consumption of Galeag orientalis, which can further be used in calculating the water regime and the need for irrigation of this crop both in the design and in the operational regime of irrigation.

Эффективность гранулированного и перепревшего индюшиного помета при возделывании многолетних трав на дерново-подзолистой почве

The article presents the results of studies on the influence of granulated and rotted turkey litter on the growth, development and yield of perennial grasses, the quality of sod-podzolic soils newly introduced into agricultural circulation. The research results have shown that the most optimal dose of application for obtaining high yields of perennial grasses and increasing soil fertility is 15 t/ha of granulated turkey litter. Keywords: PERENNIAL GRASSES, YIELD, GRANULATED AND ROTTED TURKEY LITTER, SOD-PODZOLIC SOIL

Actinobiota of <i>Rhaponticum carthamoides</i> (Willd.) Iljin roots as potential source of microbiological preparations for cropping

The paper determines the number and structure of actinomycete complexes associated with the roots of the medicinal plant – leuzea safflower (Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin) during long-term cultivation on sod-podzolic soil. The total number of actinomycetes in the rhizosphere varied within (4.4-13.2)×105 CFU/g of soil, and in the rhizoplane ‒ within (7.6-24.1)×103 CFU/g of roots. The complex of mycelial prokaryotes is represented by the genera Streptomyces, Micromonospora, Streptosporangium, Streptoverticillium and oligospore forms. Streptomycetes dominated both in the rhizosphere and in the rhizoplane of leuzea safflower. From these microlocuses, 30 cultures of mycelial prokaryotes were isolated using selective techniques. The cultural-morphological and physiological-biochemical properties of the isolates were studied. High-performance screening conducted using a dual reporter system revealed among 19 isolates associated with leuzea roots the ability to produce protein synthesis inhibitors in four (21 %) streptomycetes cultures. PCR detection of type II polyketide synthetase genes did not reveal their carriers among streptomycetes associated with leuzea. A significant proportion (67 %) of streptomycetes isolates from the rhizosphere and rhizoplana of leuzea had moderate and high cellulase activity. It has been established that the majority (92 %) of streptomycetes in the rhizoplana complex produce indole compounds (IUC) in the amount of 40±16.1 mcl/ml, up to 61 % of isolates produce water-soluble metabolites of antifungal action. New strains of streptomyces antagonists of phytopathogenic fungi, cellulolytics and auxin producers promising for further study have been identified.

Influence of biological intensification on the balance of sod-podzolic soil nutrient elements in field crop rotations

The studies were carried out in the Kirov region on sod-podzolic sandy loam soil in a long-time stationary experiment established in 1976. The article provides data (2010-2017) on four fallow-grain-grass crop rotations with various types of fallows, annual and perennial legumes (25-50 %), intercrops (12.5-37.5 %). The purpose of the studies is to compare the influence of some biologization techniques in eight-field crop rotations on the change in soil fertility and the balance of nutritional elements of sod-podzolic sandy loam soil. It is found that the application of low doses of mineral fertilizers (N30P30K30) and various types of green manure crops per rotation has significantly increased the content of mobile phosphorus in the arable soil layer (by 39-46 mg/kg). According to grouping the provision of soils with phosphorus, the content of this element passed into the «high provision» group. The content of exchangeable potassium in the soil remained in the «increased» provision group. In the control crop rotation with clean fallow at a minimum supply of nutrients with mineral fertilizers and root-stubble residues, the balance of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was created negative at the intensity of less than 100 %. The replacement of clean fallow for cropped and green manure fallows, as well as the introduction of intermediate cruciferous crops into the crop rotation structure contributed to the positive balance of nitrogen (250.2-484.3 kg/ha) with the intensity of 124-150 %. The biologization factors used in crop rotations favored the creation of a positive phosphorus balance (12.5-148.1 kg/ha) with the optimal intensity of 117-163 % and a positive potassium balance (128.9-395.8 kg/ha) with the intensity above the optimal value of 116-148 %. The most advantageous in terms of productivity and ensuring a positive balance of nutritional elements is crop rotation with two green manure fallows and sowing of stubble and hay cruciferous crops in three fields.