Superoxide Dismutase Research Articles

Sole and co-exposure toxicity of commercial formulations ethoprophos and bispyribac-sodium to Oreochromis niloticus: Assessment of oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and gill ultrastructure.

Aquatic organisms are simultaneously exposed to multiple hazardous chemicals that can be released into water bodies. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of sublethal concentration (1/50 96h-LC50) of two formulated pesticides: ethoprophos, bispyribac-sodium, and their combination for 1, 2, 3, and 4weeks on oxidative stress, genotoxic response, and gill morphology in Nile tilapia. This study is the first to demonstrate the toxic effects of ethoprophos and bispyribac-sodium mixture on the commercial important species, Oreochromis niloticus. The results showed that the 96h-LC50 values of ethoprophos and bispyribac-sodium were 4.8 and 0.064mg/L, respectively. Additionally, exposure to individual or combined pesticides induced a significant increase in the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), as well as a notable decline in reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels at all time of exposure. Furthermore, there were alterations in ultrastructure of the gill samples, including erosive lesions on the primary and secondary lamellae, fusion of microridges, and excessive mucus secretions on the epithelium. The data clearly demonstrate that the negative effects of the tested compounds are time-dependent and are more severe in combination than in a single compound. Collectively, our results indicated that the interaction of ethoprophos and bispyribac-sodium might be largely synergistic and provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of fish confronting these substances.

PTD-FNK Alleviated LPS-Induced Oxidative Stress of Boar Testicular Sertoli Cells via Keap1-Nrf2 Pathway

PTD-FNK, a synthetic anti-apoptotic protein, has been shown to potently alleviate cellular injuries. However, the effects of PTD-FNK on oxidative defense in boar testicular Sertoli cells (SCs) against oxidative injury has not been explored. In this study, we show that exposure of SCs to 100 mg/L lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 12 h leads to decreased survival rate, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and increased malondialdehyde (MDA). Treatment with 0.01 nmol/L PTD-FNK for 4 h significantly enhanced the activity of SOD, catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in SCs. Concurrently, PTD-FNK treatment effectively reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the levels of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in SCs. Moreover, using His pull-down and LC-MS techniques, we identified PTD-FNK-interacting proteins and confirmed that this protective effect may be mediated by the regulation of the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway by PTD-FNK. Therefore, PTD-FNK alleviates LPS-induced oxidative stress via the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway, providing novel insights for the development of therapeutic agents targeting testicular oxidative damage.

Establishment of a mouse model of ovarian oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide

IntroductionOxidative stress, resulting from environmental changes, significantly affects female fertility. Developing a mouse model to study oxidative stress lays the groundwork for research into human reproductive health and livestock fertility.Materials and methodsIn this study, we established and evaluated an oxidative stress model by administering hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to mice. ICR mice of similar age (7–8 weeks old) and average body weight (31.58 ± 1.12 g) were randomly assigned to four groups (A, B, C, and D). Group A served as the control and was injected with a saline solution, while groups B, C, and D received saline solutions containing 0.75%, 1.50%, and 3.0% H2O2, respectively, over one week. We measured the body weights of all mice before and after the experimental period.Results and discussionOur findings showed that the average body weight of mice in groups A and B increased, while groups C and D experienced weight loss. Group C showed a significantly lower average weight gain compared to groups A and B, and group D exhibited an even more pronounced reduction in weight gain. Although group D had a high mortality rate, there was no significant difference in mortality rates among groups B, C, and D. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased with higher concentrations of H2O2, with a significant difference noted between groups C and A. Catalase (CAT) activity in group B was significantly higher than in group A, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in group C was notably elevated compared to groups A and B. Conversely, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in group C was significantly lower than in both group A and group B. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining revealed changes in ovarian morphology and follicle dynamics. The percentage of atretic follicles in group C was significantly higher than in the control group, and group D had a significantly lower total number of healthy follicles compared to the untreated group. Increased H2O2 content resulted in a reduction of ovary size and an irregular appearance in group D.ConclusionBased on our findings, treatment with 1.50% H2O2 effectively established an oxidative stress model in mice within 1 week. This model serves as a valuable reference for future clinical studies on oxidative stress and reproductive disorders in female animals and humans.

Mediterranean Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) Under Salinity Stress: Effects on Antioxidant Capacity and Gill Structure.

Bivalve mollusks frequently experience salinity fluctuations that may drive oxidative stress (OS) in the organism. Here we investigated OS markers and histopathological changes in gills and hemolymph of Mediterranean mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 exposed to a wide range of salinities (6, 10, 14, 24, and 30 ppt). Mussels were captured at the shellfish farm with the salinity 18 ppt and then exposed to hypo- and hypersaline conditions in the laboratory. Indicators of redox balance in hemocytes (intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, DNA damage) and gills (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyls (PC), activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured. The effect of salinity stress on microstructure of gills has been evaluated as well. The results revealed induction of OS in tissues and cells of mussels for both experimental increase and decrease salinity modelings. Hemocytes showed higher sensitivity to osmotic stress compared to gills. In gills TBARS were stable in all experimental groups and PC increased only at salinity 6 ppt. The activity of SOD, CAT and GPx in gills decreased only in mussels acclimated to salinity 24 ppt and further salinisation up to 30 ppt was associated with the recovery of the activity of all enzymes. Major histopathological changes in gills upon salinity fluctuations included inflammatory reactions, circulatory alterations, regressive and progressive changes. Our findings clearly indicate that salinity fluctuations promote OS at cellular and tissue level and also affect microstructure of gills in mussels. The results provide new insights into the mechanisms of osmotic stress in bivalves.

Effect of the Root Endophytic Fungus Piriformospora indica on Strawberry Growth, Fruit Quality and Physiological Traits Under Elevated Electrical Conductivity

Strawberries are sensitive to abiotic stresses such as salinity, high levels of electrical conductivity, and nutrient imbalances. The mutualistic endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica has significant potential to be used in improving crop production under adverse conditions, with a large host range. However, greenhouse production requires novel tactics to improve the efficiency of saline water irrigation in areas with limited freshwater resources. This study was conducted at the National Research and Development Center for Sustainable Agriculture (Estidamah), KSA, to investigate the impact of P. indica colonization on the growth, photosynthesis traits, productivity, and fruit quality of Fragraria x ananassa Duch cv. Festival strawberry grown in pots and irrigated with two electrical conductivity (EC) nutrient solutions of 1.5 and 3.0 dS/m. The results showed that higher-EC-nutrient solution clearly reduced growth and early yield and improved vitamin C, TSS, and anthocyanin of strawberry in comparison to low-EC-nutrient solution. On the other hand, P. indica colonization significantly increased plant height, shoot fresh weight, root length, and early yield of plants grown under high-EC-nutrient solution with no impact on fruit quality. Obviously, the symbiosis between strawberry roots and P. indica enhanced chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate, as well as antioxidant activity such as proline, malondialdehyde, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase under higher-EC-nutrient solution. Our study indicated that P. indica might be used as a sustainable tool for strawberry production in arid and semiarid zones, to mitigate the negative impacts of higher-EC-nutrient solution.

Morphofunctional Features of Glomeruli and Nephrons After Exposure to Electrons at Different Doses: Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Apoptosis

Kidney disease has emerged as a significant global health issue, projected to become the fifth-leading cause of years of life lost by 2040. The kidneys, being highly radiosensitive, are vulnerable to damage from various forms of radiation, including gamma (γ) and X-rays. However, the effects of electron radiation on renal tissues remain poorly understood. Given the localized energy deposition of electron beams, this study seeks to investigate the dose-dependent morphological and molecular changes in the kidneys following electron irradiation, aiming to address the gap in knowledge regarding its impact on renal structures. The primary aim of this study is to conduct a detailed morphological and molecular analysis of the kidneys following localized electron irradiation at different doses, to better understand the dose-dependent effects on renal tissue structure and function in an experimental model. Male Wistar rats (n = 75) were divided into five groups, including a control group and four experimental groups receiving 2, 4, 6, or 8 Gray (Gy) of localized electron irradiation to the kidneys. Biochemical markers of inflammation (interleukin-1 beta [IL-1β], interleukin-6 [IL-6], interleukin-10 [IL-10], tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]) and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde [MDA], superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione [GSH]) were measured, and morphological changes were assessed using histological and immunohistochemical techniques (TUNEL assay, caspase-3). The study revealed a significant dose-dependent increase in oxidative stress, inflammation, and renal tissue damage. Higher doses of irradiation resulted in increased apoptosis, early stages of fibrosis (at high doses), and morphological changes in renal tissue. This study highlights the dose-dependent effects of electrons on renal structures, emphasizing the need for careful consideration of the dosage in clinical use to minimize adverse effects on renal function.

The Effects of Antioxidant Supplementation on Soccer Performance and Recovery: A Critical Review of the Available Evidence

Background Soccer is linked to an acute inflammatory response and the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antioxidant supplements have shown promising effects in reducing muscle damage and oxidative stress and enhancing the recovery process after eccentric exercise. This critical review highlights the influence of antioxidant supplements on performance and recovery following soccer-related activity, training, or competition. Methods: English-language publications from the main databases that examine how antioxidant-based nutrition and supplements affect the recovery process before, during, and after soccer practice or competition were used. Results: Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), astaxanthin (Asx), red orange juice (ROJS), L-carnitine (LC), N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), beetroot (BET), turmeric root, and tangeretin reduce muscle damage (creatine kinase, myoglobin, cortisol, lactate dehudrogenase, muscle soreness). Tangeretin, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), turmeric root, and aronia melanocarpa restrict inflammation (leukocytes, prostalagdin E2, C-reactive protein, IL-6 and 10). Q10, DHA, Asx, tangeretin, lippia citriodora, quercetin, allopurinol, turmeric root, ROJS, aronia melanocarpa, vitamins C-E, green tea (GTE), and sour tea (STE) reduce oxidative stress (malondialdehude, glutathione, total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutases, protein carbonyls, ascorbate, glutathione peroxidase, and paraoxonase 1). BET and NAC reinforce performance (endurance, jump, speed, strength). Conclusions: Further research is needed to determine the main mechanism and the acute and long-term impacts of antioxidant supplements in soccer.

Switchable ROS generator and scavenger to prevent the cisplatin induced acute kidney injury and improve efficacy via synergistic chemodynamic/immune therapy

Acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by cisplatin (DDP), which is accompanied with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is a severe side effect during treatment and restricts the application of DDP. In this study, we develop ultrasmall Mn3O4 nanozyme (UMON) with tumor microenvironment (TME) responsive ROS scavenging and generating as adjuvant to alleviate DDP induced AKI with improved efficacy. In kidney, UMON with superoxide dismutase and catalase activity acts as ROS scavenger to eliminate ROS generated by DDP, successfully protecting the renal cells/tissue and alleviating AKI during DDP treatment. Alternatively, UMON rapidly responses to the high GSH level in TME and release Mn2+ in tumor. This unique feature endows it to generate hydroxyl radicals (∙OH) through a Fenton-like reaction and deplete GSH in tumor cell and tissue, achieving high efficient chemodynamic therapy (CDT). More importantly, the Mn2+ successfully activates the cGAS-STING pathway, initiating the immune response and effectively inhibiting the tumor metastases. The synergistic CDT and immune therapy effectively improve the anti-tumor efficacy of DDP in vitro and in vivo. This study demonstrates that TME responsive ROS scavenger/generator shows the potential to reduce side effects of DDP while improve its therapeutic efficacy, providing a new avenue to achieve efficient chemotherapy and promoting the progress of clinical chemotherapy.

Nephroprotective effects of the soluble guanylyl cyclase stimulator, riociguat in doxorubicin-induced acute kidney injury in rats

This study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of riociguat, a soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) stimulator, on kidney function and structure in rats with acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DX). Rats were subjected to a single intraperitoneal injection of DX (13.5 mg/kg) on the 5th day, either alone or in combination with low-dose riociguat (3 mg/kg/day), or high-dose riociguat (10 mg/kg/day) for 8 consecutive days. Various markers related to kidney function, oxidative stress, and inflammation were measured in plasma and urine. Kidney tissues were examined histopathologically. DX-induced nephrotoxicity was characterized by increased plasma urea, creatinine, uric acid and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). DX also decreased creatinine clearance and albumin levels and increased urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity. Furthermore, DX increased the inflammatory markers interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 β), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). DX further induced oxidative stress injury evidenced by decreased glutathione reductase (GR) activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase levels and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Concomitant treatment with riociguat ameliorated these DX-induced changes with parallel histopathological improvements but the effects were more favorable with high-dose riociguat. The observed renoprotective effects of riociguat can be partly attributed to the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of this drug.

Comparative analysis of active period and oxidative stress of DDVP and ginger (Zingiber officinale) oil on Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella Hübner) infesting maize grain

BackgroundIndian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella) is a significant pest infesting stored grains, particularly maize. Over time, synthetic insecticides have been employed to control insect. The residual effects posed on non-target organisms have called for replacement of synthetic insecticides with botanicals. This study therefore aimed at comparing the insecticidal consistency and oxidative stress invoked by dichlorvos (DDVP) and the oil extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on Indian meal moth infesting maize. Disinfested maize grains were treated with DDVP and ginger oil extract separately. Adults P. interpunctella were introduced to the treated grains daily using complete replacement method. The percentage mortality was calculated daily for 10 d. Furthermore, the oxidative stress caused by DDVP and ginger oil extract on the moth was evaluated by measuring the level of some oxidative stress biomarkers such as glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) activity in the exposed insects.ResultsPreliminary results indicated that both DDVP and ginger oil extract exhibited insecticidal properties against Indian meal moth infesting maize. However, the insecticidal (active) period of ginger oil extract was found to be longer than that of DDVP. Nevertheless, DDVP provoked greater oxidative stress in the exposed moth.ConclusionsGinger oil extract and DDVP show potential for controlling Indian meal moth infestations in stored maize. Yet, ginger oil offers a longer-lasting effect on pest suppression and control. Consequently, it could be a replacement or synergistic insecticide with DDVP to provide ecofriendly insecticide application.

Effects of Oxidized Soybean Meal and Oxidized Soybean Oil on the Muscle Oxidative Stability, Flesh Quality, Amino Acid Profile, and Fatty Acid Profile of Megalobrama amblycephala

This study aimed to investigate the effects of oxidized soybean meal and oxidized soybean oil on the muscle oxidative stability, flesh quality, amino acid profile, and fatty acid profile of blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala. Oxidized soybean meal and oxidized soybean oil were obtained from fresh soybean meal (FSM) and fresh soybean oil (FSO) by heating. In the experimental diet, the proportions of oxidized soybean meal (OSM) and oxidized soybean oil (OSO) were 30% and 4.19%, respectively. The feeding trial was conducted for 8 weeks. The findings revealed that both OSM and OSO reduced glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), hardness, chewiness, and oxymyoglobin (OxyMb) and elevated the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), and metmyoglobin (MetMb) in the muscle. OSM notably decreased the content of muscle essential amino acids (EAAs), nonessential amino acids (NEAAs), delicious amino acids (DAAs), and total amino acids (TAAs) compared with CON and OSO. Compared with CON and OSM, OSO significantly reduced the content of elaidic acid (C18:1n9t), linoelaidic acid (C18:2n6c), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), ω-6 PUFAs, and the ratio of ω-6/ω-3, while stearic acid (C18:0), γ-linolenic acid (C18:3n6) and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) were significantly elevated. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that both OSM and OSO negatively impacted muscle antioxidant capacity and flesh quality. Moreover, OSM adversely affected the amino acid profile of the muscle, while OSO impaired the fatty acid profile.

Molecular identification and expression patterns of sweet cherry HIPPs and functional analysis of PavHIPP16 in cold stress.

The HIPP proteins are involved in low-temperature stress, the growth of sweet cherry, and may be potential targets for genetic improvement. PavHIPP16 improved cold resistance in Arabidopsis. In response to abiotic stressors, the heavy metal-associated isoprenylated plant protein (HIPP) proteins play a crucial regulatory role. Although the function of HIPP has been identified in some plants, there have been fewer systematic studies conducted on sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). Therefore, we performed a comprehensive analysis and expression profiling of PavHIPPs using bioinformatics, RT-PCR, and qRT-PCR techniques. Our findings revealed that 28 PavHIPP genes were unevenly distributed across eight chromosomes. We predicted nine motifs in PavHIPP proteins and observed similar gene structures among highly homologous proteins. The promoter sequences of PavHIPPs contained numerous regulatory elements associated with an adversity of stress. The expression levels of some members showed varying degrees of change under low-temperature treatment. These genes were differentially expressed during flower and fruit development. Arabidopsis overexpressing the PavHIPP16 (OE) gene showed significantly lower relative conductivity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content compared with the wild-type (WT) plants under cold environment. Conversely, peroxidase (POD) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and proline content were significantly higher in OE Arabidopsis than in WT plants. Overall, our results suggest that PavHIPP16 OE Arabidopsis thaliana exhibited enhanced adaptability compared to WT plants under cold conditions. This study provides a foundation for future investigations of the pathways regulating sweet cherry growth and development mediated by the HIPP genes.

Comparative study of endophytic bacterial strains from non-host crops for enhancing plant growth and managing early blight in tomato

Bacillus pseudomycoides, Paenibacillus polymyxa, and B. velezensis are potent bacterial endophytes, which typically exhibit host-specific interactions. However, comparative studies of these endophytes in vitro and in planta in non-host crops are lacking. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the potential of endophytes B. pseudomycoides strain HP3d, P. polymyxa strain PGSS1, B. velezensis strain A6, and P42, isolated from various crop ecosystems in promoting plant growth and inducing systemic resistance against early blight disease in tomato. In vitro, endophytes exhibited 44.44–55.56% and 37.50–87.50% inhibition of Alternaria solani in dual culture and volatilome bioassay, respectively. In the glasshouse, individual and combined applications via seed treatment (ST), seedling dip (SD), and foliar spray (FS) significantly enhanced shoot growth (23.63–57.61%), root growth (43.27–118.23%), number of leaves (77.52–93.58%), number of shoots (33.42–45.28%) and root dry matter (42.17–43.86%), reducing early blight (PDI) by 70.95–76.12% compared to uninoculated control. Enzymatic activities, including such as polyphenol oxidase (30–40 fold), peroxidase (65.00–75.00 fold), superoxide dismutase (34.20–37.20 fold) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (44.44–45.56 fold) were elevated post-inoculation in endophytes treated tomato plants challenged with A. solani compared to control treated only with A. solani and declined after the fifth day. The total chlorophyll content declined from the 0th to the 10th day, but endophyte treated plants exhibited lesser reductions (2.03–2.09) than uninoculated control. Field trials confirmed the glasshouse findings, showing reduced early blight and improved growth parameters in tomato where the ST + SD + FS combination emerged as the most effective treatment for all endophytes showing 1.06–1.88 fold increase in fruit yield per plant and 28.92–32.52% decrease in PDI compared to untreated control. Thus, the study highlights the broad-spectrum potential of these strains in promoting plant growth and controlling early blight in tomato, demonstrating non-host specificity. These endophytes offer eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides, supporting sustainable agriculture. Their success in field trials suggests the potential for commercialization and large-scale use across diverse crops and pave the way for further interdisciplinary research to optimize their application in integrated pest management strategies.

Anti-fatigue effect of pigeon meat hydrolysate on exercise mice and its underlying mechanism: Related to oxidative stress and energy metabolism

With the acceleration of the pace in modern society, fatigue caused by high-intensity physical work, long-term heavy mental work and lack of sleep has become a widespread and noticeable health problem. In this study, pigeon meat hydrolysate (PMH) with good antioxidant activity was prepared and the anti-fatigue effects of fractions in PMH with different molecular weights (MW) on exercise mice and the underlying mechanism were investigated. Results showed that mice gavaged with PMH and its fractions exhibited improved exhaustive swimming time when compared to the Control, with fraction at MW 1–5 kDa (PP2) showed the highest improvement. Meanwhile, PP2 decreased the levels of blood lactate acid (BLA) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and increased the contents of muscle and liver glycogen. And the activities of Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase in myocyte of mice were significantly enhanced, with the outflow of creatine kinase (CK) reduced. PP2 also exhibited significant antioxidant activity by increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and reducing the production of malondialdehyde (MDA), especially at relative higher dosages (M-PP2 and H-PP2). Metabolomics study indicated that the differential metabolites between PP2 and the Control group in liver tissues of mice were mainly related to the energy metabolism and central nervous system regulation pathways. All these results demonstrated that PP2 fraction in PMH at a dosage higher than 0.5 mg/g of mice body weight could significantly enhance the exercise endurance of mice and exert excellent anti-fatigue ability via alleviating oxidative stress and modulating energy metabolism in mice.

Exploring the response of yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus L.) root to drought mediated by pathways related to phytohormones, lipid, and redox homeostasis.

Yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus L.) is a high-protein crop of considerable economic and ecological significance. It has the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen in symbiosis with Rhizobium, enriching marginal soils with this essential nutrient and reducing the need for artificial fertilizers. Additionally, lupine produces seeds with a high protein content, making it valuable for animal feed production. However, drought negatively affects lupine development, its mutualistic relationship with bacteria, and overall yield. To understand how lupine responds to this stress, global transcriptome sequencing was conducted, along with in-depth biochemical, chromatography, and microscopy analyses of roots subjected to drought. The results presented here contribute to strategies aimed at mitigating the effects of water deficit on lupine growth and development. Based on RNA-seq, drought-specific genes were identified and annotated to biological pathways involved in phytohormone biosynthesis/signaling, lipid metabolism, and redox homeostasis. Our findings indicate that drought-induced disruption of redox balance characterized by the upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes, coincided with the accumulation of lipid-metabolizing enzymes, such as phospholipase D (PLD) and lipoxygenase (LOX). This disruption also led to modifications in lipid homeostasis, including increased levels of triacylglycerols (TAG) and free fatty acids (FFA), along with a decrease in polar lipid content. Additionally, the stress response involved alterations in the transcriptional regulation of the linolenic acid metabolism network, resulting in changes in the composition of fatty acids containing 18 carbons. The first comprehensive global transcriptomic profiles of lupine roots, combined with the identification of key stress-responsive molecules, represent a significant advancement in understanding lupine's responses to abiotic stress. The increased expression of the Δ12DESATURASE gene and enhanced PLD activity lead to higher level of linoleic acid (18:2), which is subsequently oxidized by LOX, resulting in membrane damage and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation. Oxidative stress elevates the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT), while the conversion of FFAs into TAGs provides protection against ROS. This research offers valuable molecular and biochemical candidates with significant potential to enhance drought tolerance . It enables innovative strategies in lupine breeding and crop improvement to address critical agricultural challenges.

Hepatoprotective effects of ethanolic extract of Corallocarpus epigaeus roots on nitrobenzene-induced liver injury in Wistar rats

ABSTRACT This study examined the potential of Corallocarpus epigaeus ethanolic root extract to combat free radicals using DPPH, FRAP, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide scavenging assays. Rats were initially exposed to a single oral dose of nitrobenzene (50 mg kg−1 body weight), followed by a 15-d oral regimen of the ethanolic root extract of C. epigaeus at 200 mg kg−1 body weight. The assessment of serum liver marker enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP), lipid peroxidation levels, antioxidant enzyme activities, and histopathological examinations of liver tissues were carried out. The C. epigaeus ethanolic root extract demonstrated antioxidant properties and contained flavonoids, tannins, carotenoids, lycopene, and phenolic compounds. In Nitrobenzene-induced rats, elevated serum markers and increased liver lipid peroxidation were observed that were normalized by the extract. It also increased antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Histopathological analysis confirmed the hepatoprotective effects of the extract.

Growth performance and enzymatic activities in monosex tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) supplemented with Najas indica along with the compound identification of the extracts.

Recent research has looked at various macroalgae species as dietary components or feed additives for a variety of fish species due to their nutritional value. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of Najas indica, a macroalgae extract, on the growth performance, proximate composition, and metabolic activities of monosex tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), while also isolating the compounds present. Three distinct solvents (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol) were used to extract bioactive compounds from a coarse powder of macroalgae after drying and grinding, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was used to detect bioactive compounds. The extracts were combined with commercial feed (0.4%) and applied to the treatment with three replications and a control containing 50 fingerlings per tank for 5 weeks. The findings indicated a significant increase in the final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), and survival rate among the treated fish, whereas the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed to decrease in comparison to the control group. Significantly higher levels of protein and lipids were found in treated fish, whereas moisture and ash levels were significantly lower compared to control fish. In treated fish, the digestive enzyme amylase was significantly higher, but the protease enzyme reduced significantly. The antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) was significantly higher in the treatment group, whereas the catalase (CAT) enzyme did not differ significantly. A total of 47 bioactive compounds were identified in N. indica, among which the prominent compounds included n-hexadecanoic acid, neophytadiene, phytyl palmitate, d-mannitol, and heptanoic acid. The results obtained from this study indicate that the utilization of N. indica macroalgae extract has the potential to serve as an additional dietary component, therefore, enhancing the growth performance and metabolic functions of fish.

Preventive potential of chitosan self-assembled coconut residue dietary fiber in hyperlipidemia: Mechanistic insights into gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids.

Hyperlipidemia is a metabolic disorder resulted from unhealthy dietary and lifestyle habits. Its pathogenesis is possibly linked to gut microbiota dysbiosis. This study investigates the preventive effects of chitosan self-assembled coconut residue dietary fiber (CRFSC) on hyperlipidemia induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and gut microbiota. CRFSC resulted in a significant weight loss of 7.9% in HFD rats and had a preventive effect on all four lipid parameter abnormalities. HFD supplemented with oat group resulted in a weight loss of 3.8% in HFD rats and had no preventive effect on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) abnormalities. Prevention was achieved not only through the modulation of gut microbiota composition and the increase of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels, but also through the activation of superoxide dismutase enzyme and the inhibition of malondialdehyde accumulation, all of which are the factors leading to the controlling of lipid abnormalities and oxidative damage. The prevention of lipid parameters by chitosan self-assembled coconut residue dietary fiber (CRFSC) may be attributed to its richness in chitosan and insoluble dietary fiber, as well as its ability to enrich beneficial bacteria such as Akkermansia, Roseburia, and Ruminococcus. Correlation analysis demonstrated that key bacterial species producing SCFAs, which are rich in the CRFSC diet, had a positive impact on controlling hyperlipidemia. Hence, consumption of a CRFSC diet could serve as an effective strategy for preventing and controlling the development of hyperlipidemia due to its potential ability to regulate gut microbiota and SCFAs. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study showed that dietary fiber from coconut residue after chitosan self-assembly had preventive effects on overweight, dyslipidemia, and oxidative damage in rats. In addition, CRFSC also increased the content of short-chain fatty acids in the gut. And improve gut health by affecting gut microbiota. This finding suggests that CRFSC can be used as a dietary strategy to prevent hyperlipidemia and has practical significance in developing new healthy foods.

Systems Pharmacology to Explore the Potential Mechanism of Ginseng Against Heart Failure.

The aim of this study is to elucidate the pharmacological mechanism underlying the effects of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma (ginseng) in heart failure (HF), providing a theoretical foundation for its clinical application. The potential mechanism of ginseng in the context of HF was investigated using systems pharmacology that combined network pharmacology, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) analysis, molecular docking, and experimental verification. Network pharmacology was employed to identify drug-disease targets. Core gene targets were subsequently subjected to enrichment analysis by integrating network pharmacology with GEO. Molecular docking was utilized to predict the binding affinities between identified targets and ginseng compounds. Furthermore, the therapeutic efficacy of ginseng was validated in an isoproterenol (ISO)-induced rat model of HF. The modulation of key signaling pathways by ginseng was confirmed through Western blot analysis. A total of 154 potential targets of ginseng in the treatment of HF were identified through network pharmacology analysis. The analysis of GSE71613 revealed that the PI3K-Akt pathway, reactive oxygen species, oxidative phosphorylation, MAPK signaling, and Ras signaling pathways are predominantly associated with patients with HF. By integrating the findings from network pharmacology and GEO analysis, ginsenoside Rg1 and ginsenoside Rb3 were identified as the potential components in ginseng, while FN1 and PRKAA2 were recognized as key targets involved in the PI3K-AKT and AMPK pathways, respectively. Molecular docking analysis revealed a strong affinity between the potential components and the identified core targets. In vivo experiments indicated that the extract of ginseng (EPG) significantly ameliorated ISO-induced cardiac dysfunction by improving cardiac parameters such as cardiac left ventricular internal systolic diameter, left ventricular end-diastolic volume, left ventricular end systolic volume, and left ventricular ejection fraction, while also reducing malondialdehyde production. In addition, EPG was found to enhance superoxide dismutase activity and ATP levels, while concurrently reducing the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. The extract also reduced myocardial oxygen consumption, inflammatory cell infiltration, and the number of damaged myocardial fibers. Moreover, EPG was observed to upregulate the expression of p-PI3K, p-AKT, p-AMPK, and Bcl-2, while downregulating the expression of p-NFκB, TGF-β, and Bax. The therapeutic effects of ginseng on HF are primarily mediated through the PI3K-Akt and AMPK pathways. Ginsenoside Rg1 and ginsenoside Rb3 have been identified as potential therapeutic agents for HF.

Foliar Methyl Jasmonate Application Activates Antioxidant Mechanisms to Counteract Water Deficits and Aluminum Stress in Vaccinium corymbosum L.

Due to climate change, water deficits (WDs) and aluminum (Al) toxicity are increasing, affecting plants, especially crops such as blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). The application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) could mitigate these effects. This work aimed to evaluate the effective MeJA dose to overcome oxidative stress provoked by combined WD+Al stress in blueberries. Plants of Al-sensitive (Star) and Al-resistant (Legacy) cultivars were exposed to control (Al at 65 mg/Kg, 80% field capacity), WD+Al (50% field capacity; Al at 1665 mg/Kg), and WD+Al treatment with different foliar MeJA doses (10, 50, and 100 μM) during 7 and 21 days. Data revealed that plants exposed to WD+Al and treated with 50 µM MeJA reduced Al up to 3.2-fold in roots and 2.7-fold in leaves and improved water potential (Ψw) up to 2.5-fold. The sensitive cultivar decreased the relative growth rate under WD+Al, increasing by 1.9-fold with 50 µM MeJA. Under WD+Al stress, all MeJA doses mitigated the decrease in relative water content in Al-resistant cultivars, restoring values like control plants. In the sensitive cultivar, 50 µM MeJA increased photosynthesis (1.5-fold) and stomatal conductance (1.4-fold), without changes in transpiration. Lipid peroxidation decreased (1.2-fold) and increased antioxidant activity (1.8-fold), total phenols (1.6-fold), and superoxide dismutase activity (3.3-fold) under WD+Al and 50 µM-MeJA. It was concluded that the most effective dose to alleviate the WD+Al stress was 50 µM MeJA due to the activation of antioxidants in blueberry plants. Therefore, the MeJA application could be a potential strategy for enhancing the resilience of V. corynbosum exposed to WD+Al stress.