Sociology Of Science Research Articles

Проблема применимости понятия парадигма к философскому процессу

Since the second half of the 20th century, Kuhn's concept has been used in philosophy of natural science, sociology and history of science, biology, medicine, political sciences, economics and history of economics, anthropology and history of anthropology, psychology and history of psychoanalysis, theory of art and literature, mathematics, linguistics. A.P. Ogurtsov and S.S. Neretina systematized the controversial issues of this concept, including the question of the qualification of philosophy as a discipline. The author joined this discussion in the process of reconstructing the political philosophy of M.K. Petrov. This article discusses several new topics related to the interpretation of T. Kuhn's concept.

Развитие теоретических представлений о бедности в китайской социологии

The study of the problem of poverty in China is of sociological significance in the broad context of social changes accompanying the era of reforms. Despite the obvious successes in overcoming total poverty, this phenomenon still persists in the regional territories of the country, which has many reasons and determines the relevance of their consideration by representatives of sociological science. The article offers an analysis of the main theoretical concepts of poverty that exist in the Chinese research environment. At the same time, their evolution is represented: from the resource perception of the causes of poverty to the systematic understanding of the acting factors and their study in aggregate. The author positions the commitment to a comprehensive assessment of the socio-economic conditions of disadvantaged regions in order to eliminate the negative causal factors of the development of their financial problems and reduce the pace of movement of Chinese society towards universal well-being.

DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIETY: REFLEXION OF SOCIOLOGICAL EDUCATION

The digital transformation of society has been studied in sociological science for more than a decade, and in recent years especially intensively. At the same time, these processes are not yet reflected in all educational programmes in sociological education. In the proposed article, a statistical analysis of sociological education's reflection on the digitalisation of society is carried out. To obtain the results, we propose the following criteria: the availability of bachelor's and master's degree programmes with a "digital" orientation, the inclusion of "digital" disciplines in non-digital training programmes, and the availability of relevant literature for modern sociology students. The research has revealed a wider spread of educational programmes and offered disciplines of digital content in Master's degree programmes than in Bachelor's degree programmes. It also suggests that the existing stratification of universities (research institutes, federal, core, etc.) manifests itself as a kind of digital inequality - some universities can afford training in accordance with the requirements of digitalisation, while others lack the resources to do so. At the same time, the reflection of the digitalisation of society is still positive.

Eğitim Yönetimi Proseslerinde Eğitim Politikası ile Kamu Politikasının Kodları

Within the framework of our study, educational management processes will be examined in the context of policy, education policy and public policy concepts. Both education policies and public policies create two basic dynamics that can be evaluated within the scope of education management. It is difficult to understand the term politics as a specific and concrete phenomenon within the context of education policy and public policy. That is why there is no single and widely accepted invariant definition of politics. On the other hand, there is a wide literature in a number of disciplines, including sociology of politics, policy management and political science, which attempts to define policy in the context of educational policy and public policy. Although they have one thing in common, the truth is that there is no easy definition of politics. Therefore, there is very little to be achieved in the sense of a fixed conceptualization of the term politics. Although there is no widely accepted, precise and reliable definition of the policy definition in the context of education policy and public policy, it is possible to define the policy as the definition of goals, the determination of priorities, a plan, an output or a component of some or all of them. In this context, within the framework of education policy, political science is a branch of social science that covers a very wide field and is still in development. Within the framework of education policy, public policy refers to the positions and actions taken by the state, which includes a number of institutions that contain the basic characteristics and integrity of the authority. Public policy is often confused with decisions made in public. But a personal decision alone does not make policy. Within the framework of education policy, public policy describes examples of decisions in the context of other decisions made by political actors on behalf of state institutions from authorized positions. Public policies serve as an example to explain both the consequences and the tools designed to guide human behavior and actions. Public policy refers to the issues that officials can work on, as a rule, the things that are desired to be achieved. Key Words: Education Management, Education Management Process, Education Policy, Public Policy

Agents of scientific uncertainty: Conflicts over evidence and expertise in gender-affirming care bans for minors

Globally, as medical and mental health associations increasingly have expressed support for the gender-affirming care model for trans and gender expansive youth, this model has been paradoxically banned across the United States. Ban proponents have deemed the science behind gender-affirming care to be dangerously uncertain. Examining the first gender-affirming care ban for minors, Arkansas's Save Adolescents from Experimentation (SAFE) Act of 2021, we addressed the following two questions: 1) who are the scientists, clinicians, and political organizations that promote SAFE and similar bans?; and 2) what are the scientific arguments they make to defend SAFE in federal court? First, we developed a typology of the various “agents of scientific uncertainty” behind these bans, drawing on literature from the sociology and history of science and medicine as well as the political economy of scientific doubt. Second, we created and qualitatively analyzed a dataset featuring 375 unique citations referenced throughout federal litigation over SAFE to identify these agents of scientific uncertainty's arguments. We sorted these arguments into eight categories, which reveal how agents distorted scientific evidence and exaggerated real uncertainties and risks in gender-affirming care. This case study establishes a frame for understanding the growing prevalence and legal impact of scientific arguments against gender-affirming care.

Sosiologiyada anketlərin tərtibi və sorğuları gerçəkləşdirmə metodları barədə

When there is a demand among the population, the methods of conducting social surveys, such as drawing up questionnaires and conducting surveys, have been used for many decades. At the same time, there are certain limitations in the application of these methods in sociological science. In recent decades, the emergence of social networks, activities of young people and middle-aged people in society, mainly from these platforms, have not been completely destroyed by questionnaires and surveys. On the contrary, the same format is used in questionnaire surveys conducted in some media channels. Although questionnaires and surveys used in sociological research are an important instrument of understanding, perception and understanding of social processes occurring in society, the results obtained cannot be considered completely accurate, error-free and objective. But the information received as a source is very valuable and relevant from the point of view of understanding events and relationships in society.

Epistemological Deviant, Epistemic Abjection and Lost Opportunities: A Case Study of a Muslim Trans Intersex Student’s Othering and Dehumanisation in an Indian Science Classroom

This article sheds light on the registers of violence through which people from marginalised groups—especially non-normative or minoritised collectivities of gender, sex and religion—are constructed as outsiders in science higher education in India. Further, this article delineates the production and construction of a ‘normal’ sex/gender in a science classroom as distinct from a ‘biological’ sex/gender. Towards these goals, this article uses autobiographical narratives of a Muslim intersex transgender (trans) individual pursuing their masters in a science institution in Bengaluru, India, which it analyses using sociology of science and psychoanalytic lenses to articulate these mechanisms as the construction of the ‘epistemological deviant’ and the employment of ‘epistemic abjection’.

Diversity and classic sociologists: Theorising the concept of the Traveller by Harriet Martineau

Harriet Martineau’s early sociological publication, How to observe Morals and Manners (1838a) has received attention as one of the works that provided a more diverse foundation for the social sciences. This article examines the content of this pre-disciplinary text and explores the value of a simple and valuable concept Martineau offers: the Traveller. It is argued that theorisation of this concept contributes to a more diverse foundation for the history of the social sciences by (1) highlighting the subject of the researcher, (2) rediscovering a set of requisites for research inspired by skilled scepticism and (3) opening up more communicative knowledge production, that is, knowledge that is in line with 21st century dialogical sociology and public understanding of science.

Science as a counter to the erosion of truth in society

The role of scientific values has taken on new urgency with recent changes in the politics of Western societies. The threat is the erosion of the distinction between true and false in political circles. This could rapidly lead to democracy sliding into populism thence fascism. In the light of this, philosophy and sociology of science should themselves re-examine their role. The main point of the paper is to argue that science could and should push against the erosion of truth in society. Sociological thinking has sometimes tended to erode the difference between science and ordinary thought but it should no longer ignore the political consequences and should, instead, start to take scientific values as a positive resource in society. The philosophical analysis of scientific values, which I will refer to as ‘scientific value analysis, or ‘SVA’, has championed the impact of societal values on science but should also look at the way scientific values could positively affect societal values.

Отношение россиян к коррупции (по материалам пилотного исследования)

The article is aimed at examining the problem of corruption; it presents an analysis of the theoretical basis of sociological science for interpreting this phenomenon as anomie and a destabilizing factor in the development of the state and society. The relevance of the article is determined by the complex situation in society in this regard, the entrenchment of corruption in the Russian society. Results of a pilot survey of citizens’ opinion on the causes of corruption and necessary measures to counteract it are presented. The main fields of distribution of corrupt practices and the degree of involvement of citizens in deviant schemes were recorded. It is revealed that with a generally negative attitude of citizens towards corruption, they still express a weak willingness to counteract it and allow themselves the opportunity to be a subject of corruption relations and use such practices for personal purposes, if it helps them solve issues that are significant for them. Conclusion dwells upon the fact that in order to improve the situation in society, it is necessary to strive to get rid of the indicated contradic-tion.

Социально-структурные аспекты глобализации: методологические основы исследования

The article examines the category of the global social structure and its position in the conceptual and categorical apparatus of modern sociological science. This category is characterized by a certain novelty and needs further theoretical development. The authors note and describe the concepts that form the basis of the society’s global social structure research from the perspective of the modern system approach, and consider its significance in the typology of social structures of society. A special place in the article is devoted to the levels of social structures, the study of theoretical concepts that constitute the foundation of methodological representations of the global social structure study. As methodological sources, the article uses works directly related to the concepts of global social structure and metastructure. The authors conduct a sociological analysis of the social system and social structure categories; identify the social structure levels according to the dialectics of individual, special and general cognition. The article discusses the possibilities of applying the main provisions of A. A. Bogdanov’s tectology as a method for sociological research of various modern social systems and structures types. The applicability of the globalization sociological apparatus within the framework of the sustainable development concept is considered. The study suggests that the global social structure should be considered in conjunction with new social formations, namely global social strata and institutions. However, but this requires further development of the conceptual and categorical apparatus.

Recent Approaches to the Study of Health, Healing, Illness, and Care in Africa

So far, the twenty-first century has been a boom time for studies of health, illness, healing, and care work in Africa, and the COVID-19 pandemic has only increased attention to these issues. Yet again, current events remind us that history, politics, social relationships, and public health are inextricably linked. These five books encompass a range of approaches to the questions and sources that animate these studies from a variety of disciplinary perspectives, including anthropology, public health, gender studies, medicine, political science, and history. Each of these authors and editors is explicit about their commitment to reaching an interdisciplinary audience and, for most of them, interdisciplinary work is core to their professional identities. Paul Farmer, Luke Messac, and Simukai Chigudu all earned medical degrees as well as doctoral degrees in medical anthropology, history and sociology of science and medicine, and international development respectively; Nolwazi Mkhwanazi and Lenore Manderson describe themselves as working “at the intersections of medical anthropology, public health and gender studies” (vii). These five books reflect the wide range of authors and audiences engaging in questions about what constitutes health, how it is achieved or undermined, and how the past has contributed to present conditions on the continent.

The Definition of "Сorrectional Rehabilitation of a Criminal" in the Political and Legal Doctrine of N. M. Yadrintsev

The purpose of the publication is to reveal and show the essence and content of the category "correctional rehabilitation of a criminal" in the philosophical and legal commitments of N. M. Yadrintsev. Guided by the hermeneutic methodology and textual analysis of the ideological political and legal heritage of the Siberian intellectual, we have emphasized that he associated the content of the definition of "correctional rehabilitation of a criminal" with moral.
 It is shown that in N. M. Yadrintsev's ideology appeal to the spiritual world of the man, to the moral principles of the life of an individual had a serious impact on the terminological apparatus used by the educator.
 It has been established that, supposedly, the leader of the regionalist movement can be considered one of the founders of penitentiary sociology, which arose at the overlap of sociological science and penitentiary law.
 The authors come to the conclusion that the definition of "correctional rehabilitation of a criminal" in the lexical and terminological apparatus of N. M. Yadrintsev, an ideologist of Siberian democratic regionalism, was used mainly in its content sense. The Siberian educator was primarily concerned with the nature of this category. In general, he understood the correctional rehabilitation of prisoners as a complex diverse process that has an immanent and permanent content.

ПРОЦЕССУАЛЬНОЕ ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ НОРМЫ В СИСТЕМЕ ОБЩЕСТВЕННЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ

The article deals with the problem of social normality, which is actualized in the conditions of a communicative and information society. It is quite justifi ed that in modern realities, the study of the role of the norm in human behavioral strategies is the most relevant. This article is based on the assumption that the norm cannot be reduced to a set of rules of behavior as an external regulator of human activity. In the traditions of psychoanalysis and the phenomenological school, it is proposed to consider the norm in the unity of intentionality and rationality. In a comparative analysis of the conclusions of psychological and sociological sciences, it is determined that the norm is a mechanism for motivating activity. The possibility of the evolution of the norm from recognition as an external stimulus to a factor of internal action is revealed. The approaches to the norm as a form of state equilibrium of public relations are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the state of the norm as a combination of hypothetical punishment and the degree of inner sensitivity of a person to the norm. An attempt was made to analyze the thesis about the unconditional nature of some, in particular, using the example of morality. In this regard, a critical section of modern classifi cations of normative components is given. The theoretical consequences of singling out regulation as an independent part of standards were traced. The psychic nature of social normality has been proven. It is shown that the norm can be considered as a mechanism of human changes. The importance of taking into account the norm in the processes of pleasure-without pleasure is noted.

ИСТОРИЗМ КАК ОБЩЕНАУЧНЫЙ ПРИНЦИП В СОВРЕМЕННОЙ СОЦИОЛОГИИ НАУКИ

In the given article, the author tries to defi ne historicism as an eff ective scientifi c principle in the fi eld of humanities, namely in the modern sociology of science. Trying to solve this task, the author focuses his attention on the B. Latour and G. Harman’s discussion on the essence of material objects. Analyzing their positions, the author states that despite initially diff erent philosophical attitudes, both thinkers consider the subject of their research in a historicist way, that is, as dynamic and changeable in the course of the time. This way of thinking, in turn, forces them to solve their program tasks, using the instruments which were developed in the frame of classical historicist thought. So B. Latour chooses to use the historicist methodology and G. Harman, in turn, reproduces its specific ontology. Taking into consideration the results of the study and opinions of domestic and foreign researchers, the author concludes that despite the destructive criticism of postmodernism, historicism still remains a kind of organizing principle in humanities, which doesn’t only set the context of modern discussions, but also forms prospects for further development.

From Laboratory to Gallery: Transfer of Construction Principles of Scientific Knowledge into Works of Science-Art

Science-art is seen as an artistic practice that uses scientific theories, concepts and laboratory equipment as its main tools, and the creative method of artists is based on the principles of scientific experimentation. Using the methods of the sociology of science and technology of B. Latour and S. Woolgar to study science-art, it is found that scientific experimentation becomes the basis (medium) of this direction of contemporary art. Thus, science-art borrows not only material objects of the scientific world, but also ways of constructing scientific knowledge, which, according to B. Latour’s research, are hidden in the specifics of laboratory practices. Key in this case are “recording techniques”, which replace various data, diagrams, samples and materials in the production of scientific knowledge, and which become an argument in academic discussions. For science-art, the analogue of such written documents are curatorial texts and explications of works, which can be placed both directly in the exhibition space and form a complex system of references to various research materials, interviews with scholars, podcasts, etc. These texts and media texts allow us to use them in the exhibition space. These texts and media texts allow the viewer to perceive the context of the artist’s creative experiment and form a specific artistic complex “artobject — text — audience”. Together with laboratory practices, science-art brings the art and mechanics of constructing scientific knowledge into the sphere of art, unwittingly fulfilling popularizing and educational tasks. However, the conceptual complexity of the works and the focus on the process of scientific investigation rather than on the presentation of results bring back to the viewer the doubt of philosophical quest and a critical view of scientific research as basic elements of academic enquiry.

Integrating intercohort changes in the composition of social origin into OED triangle research: A literature review and an outlook for future research

AbstractThis contribution highlights that conventional social mobility research in the sociological sciences is faced with a severe limitation, as it neglects the importance of intercohort changes in the social origin structure. This is illustrated by the example of OED triangle research, in which compositional changes are only partially recognized as important factors for social fluidity. The paper shows that the implications of an intercohort compositional change of social origin in the process of educational expansion and occupational change have often been overlooked in this literature. The paper makes theoretical and methodological suggestions for a better integration of the compositional change of social origin into future empirical analyses of the OED triangle.

Institute of Concrete Social Research of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Development of the problem of the social structure of Soviet society

The genesis of the development of Russian sociology is a process whose complexity was caused by the political and ideological collisions of the Soviet period. At the same time, starting from the middle of the twentieth century, a qualitatively new stage begins in the development of sociology, which is called the "golden age" of Russian sociological thought. During these years, not only theoretical and applied methods of the pre-war period are revived, but also a powerful theoretical and methodological scientific base is being created, which laid the foundation of sociology as an independent science. One of the important moments was the activity of the Institute of Concrete Social Research (ICSI) of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Within the framework of ICSI activities, multi-scale work was carried out, including on the problems of the social structure of Soviet society. The development of sociological science in the Soviet period can be called the most ambiguous and, to some extent, tragic page in the history of scientific thought in Russia. On the one hand, sociological research, especially regarding the social structure of Soviet society, has become in demand from both a political and an economic point of view since the emergence of the Soviet state. In a relatively short period in the young Soviet state, an extensive network of sociological laboratories was created, in which large-scale research was conducted in various directions. The activities of ICSI and its predecessors - the Sector of Research on New Forms of Work and Life and the Department of Sociological Research of the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences – allowed Soviet sociologists to unite into a team of like-minded people, and, despite ideological prohibitions and sanctions, to formalize sociological research into a multi-scale and complex theoretical and methodological basis of sociology.

Механизм моральной квалификации действий как условие использования искусственного интеллекта в сфере образования

The article is focused on the problem of using artificial intelligence (AI) in various spheres of human activity, including pedagogical practice. The author notes the ambiguity of the concept of “artificial intelligence”, the imperfection of its definitions in modern sociological science and the limitations of the existing basic sociological concepts of its study. The main problem of theoretical understanding of artificial intelligence in sociology is that by its nature it is a mechanism for reproducing social reality (that is, it ensures the functioning of the autopoiesis function in the modern world) with the help of a system of “smart things”, and on the other hand it is one of the sources of change in modern society. This problem raises the question of the limits and boundaries of the use of artificial intelligence in human activity. In this context, the main question that the article attempts to answer is whether artificial intelligence can be used in pedagogical practice, provided that it has no mechanism of moral qualification of its actions.

Quantifying the mover’s advantage: transatlantic migration, employment prestige, and scientific performance

AbstractResearch on scientific careers finds a mover’s advantage. International migration correlates with increased visibility and productivity. However, if scientists who move internationally, on average, enter into more prestigious employments than they came from, extant research may overestimate the direct performance gains associated with international moves. Building on insights from the sociology of science and studies of international researcher mobility, we examine how changes in employment prestige shape international movers’ performance returns to mobility. We follow a cohort of 167,014 European scientists to identify individuals that move to the USA and pair these migrants to non-mobile scientists with identical home institutions, research fields, and genders, giving a final sample of 3978 researchers. Using a difference-in-differences design, we show a substantial increase in the publishing rates and scientific impact of transatlantic migrants, compared to non-mobile scientists. However, most of the movers’ mobility-related boost in citation and journal impact is attributable to changes in employment prestige. In contrast, we find limited effects of employment prestige on changes in migrants’ publication rates. Overall, our study suggests large variations in the outcomes of transatlantic migration and reaffirms the citation-related “visibility advantage” tied to prestigious institutional locations.