Sociological Point Of View Research Articles

First liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry method for the determination of cocaine on banknote dust.

Prevalence measures of sociological interest concerning cocaine presence on banknotes are fraught with (i) the extreme variability of its concentration (seven orders of magnitude); (ii) the high number of banknotes needed for the statistical significance. Banknote dust from counting machines from a large and representative number of banknotes in circulation in a specific area represents the most eligible sample to ascertain cocaine circulation. No chromatographic method is available in this respect. This study aims at developing the first analytical methodology for the determination of cocaine in banknote dust samples. This novel and straightforward approach consists of a simple methanol extraction followed by analytical determinations via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. Satisfactory analytical performance was obtained with a coefficient of determination of 0.996; maximum within-run and between-run precisions were, respectively, 1.85% and 5.20%. Limits of detection and quantification were, respectively, 3 and 9ng/mL with an overall process efficiency of 93.2%. The method developed was successfully applied to 9 banknote dust samples from local banknote counter machines. The found concentrations ranged from 2.18E + 02 to 2.31E + 03μg of cocaine per gram of banknote dust and varied only one order of magnitude, much less than cocaine concentration on banknotes. To have an idea of cocaine circulation in a geographical area, the sampling of banknote dust, compared to banknotes, consists of tremendous advantages in terms of statistical significance, higher cocaine concentrations, and lower variability: this is crucial from the sociological point of view.

THE SQUARE AS A TOOL OF SOCIAL COMMUNICATION AND SOCIALIZATION

Urban open spaces are among the most common usage areas of urban life in the historical process. It is the most effectively used element of the areas designed as open spaces in urban planning. From a sociological point of view, urban squares are positioned as an important "public space", which is used by the inhabitants of these regions for cultural, social, commercial or political purposes on special occasions, in short, where urban life comes to life. While urban squares were an important "urban life focus" that formed the personality and identity of cities in the process, they lost their original values when they were used as car parks at the point we reached. Urban space is the main means of integration of a city/city. Public “urban spaces” are places where people can transfer their cultural knowledge and learn again. However, in terms of defining the city, individuals; It is in these places that he gains the experience of being an urbanite as a result of their cultural identity, development and communication with others. Social movements, revolutions and even coups have become symbols in the city squares, and sometimes they have been the places where the rebellion of the societies and sometimes the entertainment reached their peak. Squares, which are the basic communication and interaction spaces before the period that we will call the development of technology and the communication age, have an important place in the history of countries and societies in terms of socialization. In this study, the importance of public spaces (squares) compatible with social life was investigated by evaluating the relationship between the urban environment and social behavior from a human perspective.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0944/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

The Causal Fairness Field Guide: Perspectives From Social and Formal Sciences.

Over the past several years, multiple different methods to measure the causal fairness of machine learning models have been proposed. However, despite the growing number of publications and implementations, there is still a critical lack of literature that explains the interplay of causality-based fairness notions with the social sciences of philosophy, sociology, and law. We hope to remedy this issue by accumulating and expounding upon the thoughts and discussions of causality-based fairness notions produced by both social and formal (specifically machine learning) sciences in this field guide. In addition to giving the mathematical backgrounds of several popular causality-based fair machine learning notions, we explain their connection to and interplay with the fields of philosophy and law. Further, we explore several criticisms of the current approaches to causality-based fair machine learning from a sociological viewpoint as well as from a technical standpoint. It is our hope that this field guide will help fair machine learning practitioners better understand how their causality-based fairness notions align with important humanistic values (such as fairness) and how we can, as a field, design methods and metrics to better serve oppressed and marginalized populaces.

The Problems and Challenges of Women Police in Twin Cities of Islamabad & Rawalpindi

Purpose: The current study focuses on the problems and challenges of women police in twin cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi form sociological point of view.
 Methodology Forty-three women police officials as participants were chosen through quota sampling from twin cities. The data was collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed through thematic analysis by applying the requisite procedures.
 Findings: The participants’ highlighted different problems which were facing by them in the police department, family and public. It was hard to perform the official duties with the family obligations as daughter, mother and sister at home etc. The negative reaction of public was also a hurdle for women police.
 Originality/Value: This study will be beneficial for researchers, policy makers, government officials, police department’s officials to get impact for the future role of women police along with effective implementing mechanism of the solution to their problems.

Poles in Defense of Latin Civilisation in Europe, 21ˢᵗ Century

From the viewpoint of sociology of culture/nation, it is worth considering the problem of Poland's cultural identity in the context of today’s political changes. This study is carried out to point out measures to protect national identity and European civilization. The adopted approach is based on qualitative analysis of mass media communications (mainly Polish right-wing periodicals paying more attention to these issues) as well as related literature. For this study, we identify the determinants of Polish national identity, the related hazards, and protective measures. The importance of the Catholic Church was highlighted along with factors such as historical and literary traditions as well as chivalric code and independent ethos. The hazards are faced by entire Western Europe, in the context of the cultural war. The result shows that left-wing ideologies, popular in mass media, constitute a danger for the world of traditional, religious, and national values. Therefore, the protection of cultural heritage and identity requires the active involvement of the state and non-governmental institutions. On the other hand, threats originating from outside of the European civilization need to be considered. It is also necessary to support cultural heritage, implement appropriate historical policy, and patriotic education

Socio-psychological consequences of quarantine measures during the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to self-isolation measures to prevent the spread of the virus world- wide. The study sought to systematize information on the socio-economic effects of quarantine measures and self-isolation. The results of recent country studies have been systematized through a descriptive overview. The study examined the impact of quarantine on all age groups, from children to the elderly. The analysis included studies that addressed the increase in domestic violence during the pandemic, which proved to be a crosscutting issue at all stages of the life cycle. Articles were also discussed that show that quarantine measures have also contributed to increased social disadvantage among vulnerable populations, leading to increased poverty and inequality. The aim of the study is to analyse the scientific literature on the social psychological consequences of quarantine. It was searched in Springer, Elsevier, Taylor & Francis, Web of Science for original scientific articles published in peer-reviewed journals in English. The search for a scientific article in Russian was carried out in the eLIBRARY.RU. The results of the study showed that, from a sociological point of view, quarantine measures had increased social inequality, poverty, domestic violence and divorce. Psychological aspects include increased anxiety, depression acute and post-traumatic stress disorder. The authors also noted various other emotional problems, loneliness, anger, frustration and psychosomatic problems. People in quarantine experience stigma and isolation. The above-mentioned social and psychological problems are all interrelated and  have a direct impact on each other. The conclusion of the study is the need to address the psychosocial problems arising from quarantine, not excluding both aspects. Key words: quarantine, isolation, socio-psychological consequences, COVID-19, epidemics, pan- demics, psychological health.

Religion from Sociological Perspectives: An Overview

The prime purpose of this article is to study religion from different paradigms or perspectives from a sociological viewpoint. Religion is defined as a social institution while economic reality, ideological support, and everyday interactions of people are also undertaken as core concepts. In fact, this article is an overview of the religion of three theoretical perspectives of sociology focusing on the work of Emile Durkheim, Robert K. Merton (the functionalist), Karl Marx, Max Weber, Friedrich Engels (the conflict), and Peter Berger (the interactionist). A brief discussion of each perspective is articulated clearly, followed by secondary sources including published books, book sections, blogs, research articles, and WebPages highlighting the foundations of the relevant theory. Afterward, the author reviews the discourses of the theorists regarding religion with its application to human society. Finally, the article provides a summary of these perspectives continuing to develop the field.

Suicide pacts in the Milan district (Italy): A retrospective autopsy-based study with literature review

Suicide pacts are unique events, which involve two or more individuals. In such cases, the initiator and the addicted victim decide to end their lives together in the same place and at the same time. In the present research, on the 26,054 autopsy reports assessed at the Milan Institute of Legal Medicine from 1993 to 2020, 4596 suicides were collected. Among them, 6 cases of suicide pacts were registered, which involved two couples of friends, two couples of spouses, one couple of lovers and one couple of identical twins. Gunshots and acute poisonings were the most common suicidal methods that were adopted. Suicidal notes were documented in 4 cases, which reported the reasons and the consent of the victims. Suicidal notes clearly allow the correct identification of suicide pacts. Furthermore, they often explain the reasons which are frequently based on either psychiatric disorders or financial problems. In the other cases, the absence of farewell notes could complicate forensic investigations, especially to establish the differential diagnosis with murder-suicides without the explicit consent of the victims. In this setting, multidisciplinary skills are preferably required, including a full forensic autopsy with ancillary postmortem analyses (e.g., toxicology, histopathology, and forensic genetics). Furthermore, this study aims to discuss the suicide pacts from a medicolegal, criminological, and sociological point of view, providing a review of the literature with a comparison of our forensic cases.

Orem's nursing self-care deficit theory: A theoretical analysis focusing on its philosophical and sociological foundation.

The self-care deficit nursing theory (SCDNT) advocated by Dorothea E. Orem is widely known and used in nursing practice worldwide. However, its broader philosophical and sociological context is often ignored. The theoretical analysis of Orem's SCDNT reported in this article focuses on four aspects of the theory: its essential structure/core values, affirmation of nursing as a practical science, philosophical foundations, and the sociological context surrounding its development. By interpreting the SCDNT from a philosophical and sociological viewpoint, it can be concluded that Orem established human-to-human nursing as a science premised on the existence of human beings as the central value of the theory. Moreover, Orem emphasized that the human-to-human relationship necessarily precedes the nurse-patient interface. The new interpretation and evaluation perspectives presented in this report may further the understanding of Orem's SCDNT. Moreover, they highlight the multifaceted aspects of nursing practice and role of person-to-person relationships as the basis of the SCDNT.

Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kepemimpinan dalam Pendidikan Islam

Education is a form of organization Here, success is largely determined by management and leadership factors. How big is this fact of leadership in education? Therefore, it is very important to improve the education management system and governance. Technology development is in line with social changes in society, and leadership also faces challenges that are consistent with those of technology development. This study is a literature review that looks at various references to find problems from that study. From the survey results conducted, the survey results are as follows. First, from a sociological point of view, leadership is leadership that faces challenges as technology advances. To address this, as a leader, you need to implement an fair system that maintains the core values ​​of Islam. Second, from a political point of view, leadership faces individuals, institutions, organizations, political parties, and leaders who face challenges with other institutions that meet those challenges at their request. is. Get ready and compete in a healthy way. Support from external or politically expected funding.

STUDY OF ENGLISH OCCULT DISCOURSE (literature overview)

The article is devoted to the consideration of the main directions and tasks of modern discourse as a branch of linguistics on the material of English occult discourse. The term "discourse" is used in different meanings and is the subject of study in different scientific areas. The purpose of the article is to provide a brief overview of existing studies of occult discourse and to outline the prospects for its study on the basis of the English language. The opposition of personality-oriented and statusoriented discourse is relevant. In the first case, communicators who know each other well take part in communication, in the second case, communication is reduced to a dialogue between representatives of one or another social group. Among its varieties are political, administrative, legal, military, pedagogical, religious, mystical, medical, business, advertising, sports, scientific, stage and media types of institutional discourse. The researchers note that the list may be supplemented or modified. The article proposes the term "occult discourse", which contains such basic genre varieties as astrological, magical, alchemical. The first two varieties are the subject of many researches, and the latter is hardly covered in linguistic works. Astrological discourse, represented by horoscopes, is studied mainly from psychological, sociological, anthropological and cultural points of view. The horoscope was developed as a media genre, which contributed to its status as one of the defining features of modern mass culture. Magical discourse has a pronounced suggestive potential, is symbolically rich and implements basic strategies of warning, correction and protection. The key problems of occult discourse analysis remain the structure and stratification of discourse, the establishment of its features, units, categories, types; elucidation of ways of organizing various discursive invariants, development of methods and procedures of analysis and description of discourses.

Apokalipsa po rosyjsku (Dmitrij Głuchowski, Outpost)

The subject of the analysis is the novel Outpost and Outpost 2 by Dmitry Glukhovsky. In this work, the author draws on post-apocalyptic roots and outlines a vision of Russia after the catastrophe – the civil war, which made Russia only formally exist as a state. Unlike the classic post-apocalyptic works in which we already observe a solidified “new world”, Glukhovsky focuses on the process of its creation – an element omitted in “mature” post-apocalyptic literature – mainly from the sociological point of view. The emphasis on the social aspect in combination with the political dimension makes the novel go beyond the scope of popular literature. It is also a painful, dystopian reflection on the projected future of Russia – a country which, according to the author, has not managed to break out of the vicious circle of utopian mania for greatness.

Assumptions of the Concept of Spatial Justice in the Theory and Practice of Urban Planning Processes

Abstract The topic of justice and equality in Lithuania has been studied mostly from the sociological point of view and the most commonly used concepts are segregation, differentiation, and polarization. The article analyzes the concept of spatial justice, its theoretical and practical assumptions discuss urban policy, how the public understands spatial justice and how it is taking part in the decision-making in Lithuanian city planning processes. For the case study, the examples of public participation in urban planning processes in Kaunas city are analyzed.

Česká inteligencia v procese budovania slovenskej vzdelanosti a kultúry

The study evaluates the role of the Czech intelligentsia in Slovakia in the interwar period. The Czech intelligentsia’s main contribution (apart from its work within the civil service) was the development of education at all levels. In this regard, attention has mostly focused on the founding of Comenius University by President T. G. Masaryk’s decree in July 1919. From a sociological point of view, the Czech intelligentsia operating in Slovakia can be divided into three groups: (1.) emotional supporters of Czechoslovak reciprocity drawing on the moral ideals of T. G. Masaryk (e.g. L. Narcis Zvěřina, J. Jirásek) and following up on the Czech Slovakophile movement; (2.) officials, artists, railway professionals, and gendarmes, who saw coming to Slovakia as a chance for social advancement, with young university graduates as a specific subgroup; (3.) speculative business people taking advantage of the underdeveloped Slovak market to get rich quickly, who were numerically the smallest of these three groups. The topos of the protectoral, profiteering Czech led to irritated reactions by the autonomist wing of Slovak nationalists, associated with Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party (cf. M. Rázus’s 1929 novel Svety [Worlds]). Interesting information on the position of Czech university graduates in Slovakia can be gleaned from the letters of Frank Wollman, a Slavic languages specialist, who reflected on the problematic nature of Czech-Slovak cultural equalization. The Czech intelligentsia virtually disappeared from Slovakia in 1939 as a consequence of the political decisions made by the new Slovak government, and its “spiritual legacy” remains to this day a reminder of the positive contribution of Czechs to the constitution of Slovak national and state-forming identity.

Richard Bushman’s Biography, Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling, Assessed from a Sociological Point of View

This review of Richard Bushman’s biography of Joseph Smith is framed by three questions: What are the characteristics of a sociological biography? To what extent does Bushman’s book succeed as a sociological biography? And, what more could be done in an effort to write a sociological biography of Joseph Smith? While attempting to reconstruct the subjective meanings and motives of Smith’s thought and actions within the framework of his society and its history, a sociological biography should involve a strictly naturalistic narrative and analysis, focusing attention on the full range of human factors and events that shaped Smith’s religious career, and on the social consequences of his legacy. In addition, a sociological biography of Smith should be guided by a theoretical framework that would allow for meaningful comparisons with the biographies of other religious founders in order to confirm or make theoretical generalizations about the origins of new religions. Several theoretical approaches are suggested in this regard, including a religious rhetoric typology, social construction and contingency theories, and a “sideway history” approach to the study of biography.

Introduction: Margin Release

Introduction: Margin Release

РЕАЛЬНОСТЬ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ СОВРЕМЕННОГО ВОСПИТАТЕЛЬНОГО ПРОЦЕССА

The rapid progress in science, engineering and technology, undoubtedly, has an impact on the policy of modern education: it is more active today and responds more vigorously to everything new. The nature of human development, however, has its characteristics, requires caution and scientific study of the impact of social context and social reforms on the lives of children and adolescents, on the development of their thinking, on their actions and relationships. The paper aims to show the relevance of addressing the values and meanings of modern education, analyze the ideas of education reform, determine their nature and reasonableness (from the viewpoint of sociology, pedagogy and psychology), and to identify the factors that caused negative manifestations in education. The methods used in the study are a generalizing analysis of scientific and methodological literature on the issues of modern education, and the study of the concepts and research views, which change educational traditions. The results of the research. The study has identified some viewpoints (as trends of education in modern context) on the following issues: - “project education” focusing on a kind of pedagogical “self-order”, based on which a “probabilistic model of social and individual behavior” is built; - the transition from the discourse of collectivism to the discourse of self-care, - personal growth and rise to the freedom, - the new virtual reality is the cause of another way of thinking, impulsive behavior, orientation towards achieving quick individual success, and others. Discussion and conclusion. The analysis of the theory allows us to conclude that social reforms and technological progress have significantly changed the conditions, lifestyle and value orientations in the field of education. The time for the introduction of a new culture of relations between generations is accelerating, the perception of reality is changing, and the periods of social development of children and adolescents are shortening. All these factors cause the need to find the ideal correlation between the time and objectives of education to preserve the “national cultural code” with its unchanged traditional foundations for the development of the “inner man.”

Инфлюенсеры как медиазначимые другие: современные тренды вторичной социализации

The article investigates the phenomenon of influencers from a sociological point of view. This concept of great current interest was defined in the article on the base of multiple sources. The study integrates the main concepts of literature on social media influencers, secondary research data and the results of interview conducted by the authors. The authors give a comparison between different approaches with highlighting common features of influencers. They emphasize the trend of domestic scholars to identify an influencer and an opinion leader, as well as to refer influencers to the promotion of goods and services only. This study proposes consideration of Lazarsfeld’s two-step communication flow theory as an alternative view regarding the foregoing approach to influencers and opinion leaders (the term initially set by Lazarsfeld in the framework of above indicated theory). Therefore, the paper proposes to use a more correct term «media significant other» which is explored in this article together with interrelation to the term «influencer». The authors also question the idea that influencers can have an impact in the field of sales only. The hypothesis of comprehensive nature of influence has been confirmed by the results of a sociological interview: 72 people were interviewed, and the results of the research demonstrate that the social impact of influencers is increasing and extending to various spheres of public life. The impact of the COVID issue on social network communications is also discussed. The authors conclude that the degree of exposure to influencers depends on the age of an individual and concerns almost all spheres of life.

A Multidisciplinary Perspective of the Existential Loneliness of Older People

Research by psychologists in the late 1990s has shown that older people have significant needs that cannot be met by psychotherapy, social work or other areas of help, as older people face meaning, dignity, religion, love necessity, morality, death and other existential issues (Erichsen, Buessing, 2013). Most often, professionals working with the elderly have noticed a problem of loneliness caused by self-alienation and self rejection (Moustakas, 2008). These experiences clearly illustrate the phenomenon of existential loneliness in the lives of the elderly. If the problem of existential loneliness is not solved, it causes psychosocial problems that turn into existential anxiety and cause a sense of meaninglessness, which Yalom (1980) identifies as one of the four existential “gifts” next to death, freedom, and isolation. Studies focusing on the loneliness of older people in the European context are rare. However, the existential needs and existential loneliness of the elderly are discussed instead by Edberg & Bolmsjö (2019) and Sjöberg et al. (2019) . The aim of this study is to reveal a multidisciplinary perspective on the existential loneliness of elderly wives. A scientific analysis of the literature was performed. The method of this study was chosen to reveal the phenomenon of existential unity from a multidisciplinary perspective, revealing the holistic, existential nature of loneliness. Existential loneliness is associated with a social problem, the origins of which lie in diminished social skills and individual differences between the individuals. The loneliness of the elderly is closely linked to the value system of society and the spread of solidarity in society. From a sociological point of view, existential loneliness is treated as a multi-faceted construct related to the historical and cultural context of society and is therefore in a constant negative transformation within social groups. From the point of view of psychology, existential loneliness is related to the possibilities of a person’s development, deeper self-knowledge, discovery of creativity, on the other hand, existential loneliness has a negative connotation of sadness, helplessness, grief, meaninglessness, or suffering. In the philosophical-theological perspective of the perception of existential loneliness, two aspects emerge related to loneliness as an inevitable existential part of a person and isolation from oneself. From a Christian point of view, this is equated with the need for religious loneliness, whose

PROBLEMS OF NATIONAL IDENTITY IN AFGHANISTAN

From a sociological point of view, national identity is defined as a kind of feeling and emotional belonging to a society that causes national unity and cohesion and has different material, cultural and psychological dimensions that cause societies to differ from each other. The phenomenon of Ethnicization and the formation of sub-national identities and subcultures have become doubly important in the contemporary period because factors such as territorial divisions based on national government, inequality, deprivation, ideology, and colonialism play an important role in ethnic nationalization in societies. The ethnicization of identity can be called a process in which the link between national values is weakened and the possibility of maintaining the convergence of a nation is endangered. What is true of national identity in Afghanistan is that no deep link has yet been established between nationalities and ethnicities with national territory, values, and culture. The identity crisis in Afghanistan has been more focused on the social segregation of groups and has not yet reached the stage of disintegration. Lack of national identity has left negative consequences in the development of concepts such as national unity, national participation, and social justice and has prevented the formation of civic nationalism.