Parental Socioeconomic Status Research Articles

Investigating the Relationship of Parental Factors, Negligence and Language Delay among Children for Speech and Language Centers in the United Arab Emirates: A Literature Review

The involvement of parents in the treatment process is essential for the child to achieve language developmental outcomes. This literature delves into the intricate relationship between parental factors, negligence and language delay of children in the United Arab Emirates. This is intended for reference by Speech and Language Therapists (SLTs) to help them analyze the specific parental factors that may contribute to the development or exacerbation of language delay in children. The findings of this review are substantial, disentangling modifiable parental factors such as socioeconomic status of parents, their education level, family structure and their involvement in their child’s education and activities significantly impact children’s communication development and well-being. This paper review examines a notable association between parental negligence and increased screen time for children, emphasizing the importance of parental supervision in managing screen exposure. The implications of this encourage educational programs from government and private institutions and empower parents and Speech and Language Therapists (SLT’s) to foster positive language development in children. Recommendations include sensitivity and comprehensive approach considering cultural, parental, and environmental factors.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice among Parents toward Early Childhood Development in Belagavi City: A Cross-sectional Study

Context: As the educational levels and socioeconomic status of parents are low in developing countries, providing knowledge about early childhood development (ECD), the importance of early stimulation, proper caregiving practices, and ensuring the quality of the home environment through an integrated intervention is critical. In this situation, it is also critical to consider and assess the parental facts, attitudes, and practices before devising any intervention strategy. Hence, the current study intended to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of parents in ECD. Materials and Methods: An observational study was conducted in Belagavi City on 200 parents of children between the age group of 0 and 5 years. A structured questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of the parents about ECD visiting the well-baby clinic and pediatric outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital. Statistical Analysis: For the test of significance, Chi-square and multiple liner regression analysis were used to find out the relationship between factors and to find the dependency status between dependent and independent variables. Results: In knowledge, P = 0.001 indicated significant knowledge of parents about the ECD, providing a strong understanding of their child’s development. The parents frequently paid attention to their children’s behavior, indicating that they had a positive attitude toward their children’s growth with a significant P = 0.001, and in the practice part, P = 0.001 indicated good significant practice of parents by frequently performing home learning techniques. Conclusion: The present study concluded that parents exhibit significant knowledge, positive attitudes, and effective practices regarding child development for children aged 0 to 5 years.

Impact of Parental Participation and Socioeconomic Status on Intellectually Disabled Children’s Academic Achievement in Inclusive Schools

This study examines the roles of parental participation and socioeconomic status in influencing the academic achievement of intellectually disabled children in inclusive schools. By employing a mixed-methods approach-including quantitative academic data analysis, surveys, and qualitative interviews with parents, educators, and students—the research aims to explore how varying levels of parental involvement and socioeconomic factors like family income, parental education, and access to resources affect educational outcomes. The study seeks to uncover any synergistic effects between these factors, offering insights that could guide educational policies and practices to support these students more effectively. Ultimately, the findings aim to enhance equitable learning environments in inclusive educational settings

Impact of early risk factors on schizophrenia risk and age of diagnosis: A Danish population-based register study.

While several risk factors for schizophrenia have been identified, their individual impacts are rather small. The relative independent and cumulative impacts of multiple risk factors on disease risk and age of onset warrant further investigation. We conducted a register-based case-control study including all individuals receiving a schizophrenia spectrum disorder in Denmark from 1973 to 2018 (N=29,142), and a healthy control sample matched 5:1 on age, sex, and parental socioeconomic status (N=136,387). Register data included parental history of psychiatric illness, birth weight, gestational age, season of birth, population density of birthplace, immigration, paternal age, and Apgar scores. Data were analysed using logistic regression and machine learning. Parental history of psychiatric illness (OR=2.32 [95%CI 2.21-2.43]), high paternal age (OR=1.30 [1.16-1.45]), and low birth weight (OR=1.28 [1.16-1.41]) increased the odds of belonging to the patient group. In contrast, being a second-generation immigrant (OR=0.65 [0.61-0.69]) and high population density of the birthplace (OR=0.92 [0.89-0.96]) decreased the odds. The findings were supported by a decision tree analysis where parental history, paternal age, and birth weight contributed most to diagnostic classification (ACCtest=0.69, AUCtest=0.59, p<0.001). Twenty percent of patients were child-onset cases. Here, female sex (OR=1.82 [1.69-1.97]) and parental psychiatric illness (OR=1.62 [1.49-1.77]) increased the odds of receiving the diagnosis <18years. Multiple early factors contribute independently to a higher psychosis risk, suggesting cumulative effects leading to symptom onset. Routine assessments of the most influential risk factors could be incorporated into clinical practise. Being female increased the risk of diagnosis during childhood, suggesting sex differences in the developmental trajectories of the disorder.

Preferences for virtual versus in-person mental and physical healthcare in Canada: a descriptive study from a cohort of youth and their parents enriched for severe mental illness

BackgroundVirtual care may improve access to healthcare and may be well suited to digitally connected youth, but experts caution that privacy and technology barriers could perpetuate access inequities. Success of...

Prevalence of self-medication by parents for various oral health-related problems in their children – A cross-sectional study

Abstract Background: Self-medication (SM) refers to taking medicine without consultation with a doctor or dentist and it is an important health issue. Drug utilization patterns in children is of great concern universally and has gained a lot of attention. With regard to pediatric patients, such practices are entirely under the control of the parent. Aim: This study aims to assess the prevalence of SM by parents for various oral health related problems of children below 15 years of age. Materials and Methods: An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted for 1 year at schools in Nellore, Andhra Pradesh. The study population included 323 parents of children aged up to 15 years. Data were collected from parents to record their sociodemographic information, prevalence of SM along with questions regarding the practice of SM. Fischer’s exact test was used to compare prevalence of SM with age, gender, education, and socioeconomic status (SES) of parent’s. Results: The prevalence of SM was 35% which was significantly influenced by the age of child and parent (P = 0.03), whereas nonsignificantly associated with parents gender (P = 0.502), educational level (P = 0.42), and SES (P = 0.137). Most common dental condition and reason for which SM was practiced is tooth pain (76.1%) and expensive dental treatment (39.8%), respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of SM was low. SM practice is common in parents of age group ≥40 years and in children above 5 years. Clinical Significance: SM can cause unintentional self-harm. SM with antibiotics have been identified as one of the primary reasons for the evolution of antimicrobial resistance.

초등학생들의 그림자교육/사교육(shadow education)에서 나타나는 학습 불평등

The purpose of this study is to examine the inequality in elementary school students’ shadow education experiences based on their parents’ socioeconomic status (SES). Accordingly, we investigated the differences in types of shadow education participation based on parental SES in South Korean elementary school students, as well as the direct and indirect impacts of differential shadow education experiences on students’ school life and academic performance. The results of the study revealed the following disparities in shadow education. Firstly, students from lower SES backgrounds participated in after-school programme and subscribed learning programmes, but did not gain significant assistance in enhancing their learning and comprehension at school. Secondly, students from middle SES backgrounds participated in mono-subject hakwon and multi-subject hakwon, acquiring prerequisite knowledge in subjects through preparatory learning, which contributes to their academic performance at school and prepares them for future grade-level transitions. Thirdly, students from higher SES backgrounds engaged in multi-subject hakwon and private tutoring. They are participating in advanced learning for a much longer period of 2-4 years compared to the previous two classes. Through this, they are consisently ranking 1-2 in the class. Lastly, students from the highest SES backgrounds participated in youngjae hakwon and private tutoring. They internalized various inquiry skills and learning abilities necessary for school study, regardless of their grade level. Based on the characteristics of different types of shadow education and the learning disparities revealed in this study, we can contribute to various policy, curriculum, and instructional solutions and suggestions at the school education.

Exploring Challenges Towards Learning Mathematics Among Secondary School Students in Nepal

Mathematicians had been concerned with everyday problems. However, today's students are uninterested in learning mathematics. The main objective of this research is to identify students' challenges to learning mathematics. Employing an interpretative research paradigm, the study utilizes a narrative research design involving eight students from public and private schools in the Kaski district. To achieve the research objective, in-depth interviews were conducted with research participants. I had narrated views about challenges towards learning mathematics from my participants. After analysis and interpretation of data, challenges towards learning mathematics were difficulties in learning mathematics, negative perception and external pressure, disruption in learning environment and foundation, changing teacher and lack of support, enjoyment in mathematics practice and fear of teacher, barriers in conceptual clarity and guidance, obstacles in effective mathematics teaching and disinterest, unclear teaching and insufficient support respectively. Moreover, Students face a multitude of challenges in learning mathematics, including issues related to teacher behavior, lack of motivation, the current curriculum, low parental socio-economic status, ineffective teaching strategies, poor home environments, low academic achievements, math anxiety, impractical curricula, and traditional teaching methods.

Application of Auhtoritarian Parenting Patterns in Developing Children's Social Intelligence

Parents have the right to raise children. It was found that several parents applied authoritarian parenting to develop children's social intelligence. This study aims to determine whether the application of authoritarian parenting by parents to their children can develop social intelligence. The method used is qualitative. The research was conducted in April-May, at SMP Negeri 92 Jakarta to be precise, with the research subjects consisting of six key informants and four key informants. From this study, it was found that the authoritarian parenting style adopted by parents came from internal factors (parental personality, parenting beliefs, parents' age, and parents' gender) and external factors (parents' education, socioeconomic status, and environment). Not all children who grow from authoritarian parenting have good social intelligence. Because two out of four students actually withdraw from the environment that requires them to interact. For parents who believe that applying authoritarian parenting can develop children's social intelligence, they need to pay attention to several things, such as increasing knowledge by participating in parenting training, providing fair care for each child, and living in a good social environment. In addition, the application of authoritarian parenting by parents with the aim of developing children's social intelligence should be reconsidered because there are several things that need attention, such as the child's mental condition.

CULTURAL CAPITAL AND FINANCIAL AWARENESS: ANALYZING STUDENT ENTREPRENEURIAL ASPIRATIONS IN ISLAMIC FINANCE

This comprehensive research focuses on the complex relationships between entrepreneurial goals among Malikussaleh University business and economics students. This study investigates how Sharia financial literacy and parents' socioeconomic status impact entrepreneurial interest. The research uses primary data collected from a sample of 110 respondents through the distribution of questionnaires. The data was analysed using a multiple linear regression model to produce findings. The study results reveal a positive correlation: parents' socioeconomic status and Sharia financial literacy substantially impact the entrepreneurial motivation of Malikussaleh University students studying business and economics. This suggests that students who are more educated in Sharia financial principles and come from wealthier homes are more likely to be interested in starting their own businesses. These findings affect entrepreneurial education, policy, and academic stakeholders, especially in Islamic finance. Understanding the critical impact of parental socioeconomic status and Sharia financial literacy, educators and policymakers can design interventions to provide a supportive environment for students to pursue their entrepreneurial dreams.

An Investigation of the Relationship Between Parents’ Socioeconomic Standards and their Children’s Online Safety; Perspective: Bangladesh

"The field of child-computer interaction has garnered significant interest from researchers worldwide. Nevertheless, the discourse around the protection of children’s digital safe, that includes privacy and security remains significantly underrepresented in both Bangladesh and the broader global south. In situations where a significant portion of senior and adult persons lack awareness regarding optimal strategies for effectively utilizing digital gadgets and tools, it is difficult to anticipate a higher level of proficiency among younger individuals. Privacy generally encompasses the capacity of individuals to exercise control over, get access to, and govern their personal data. In contrast, the security system serves to mitigate the risk of unauthorized access, data leakage, or cyber intrusions, therefore safeguarding the data from potential compromise. Previous studies have indicated that the responsibility for safeguarding the digital privacy and security of children lies with both parents and children themselves. Regrettably, a dearth of scholarly investigations exists within the domain, hindering the ability to systematically monitor and analyze the potential relationship between parental socioeconomic status and the privacy and safety of their offspring. This research aims to discover the correlation. This study employed semi-structured interviews with a sample of 48 parents and 42 children from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds, including high income, middle income, and low-income groups. The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis. The findings of this study indicate that children from high income families are more susceptible to online safety issues compared to their counterparts from low-income households. This vulnerability is attributed to factors such as the widespread availability of internet access and personal digital devices, greater purchasing power on online platforms, and a lack of parental monitoring. This study presents a limited number of recommendations for parents and children across various socioeconomic backgrounds in order to enhance the state of internet safety for children."

SECONDARY SCHOOL CURRICULAR RIGOR AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION AT AGE 81

Abstract A current goal is to identify how and for whom years of educational attainment translate into high cognitive function in later life. Recent work has found effects of school quality factors such as teacher experience and racial integration of schools. In this project, I examine secondary school curriculum. Not only is there variation in curriculum across school districts, but also adolescents within a single secondary school select different courses. Curricular opportunities and selections may change the developing brain in lasting ways, and/or may place the student on a path towards future academic and career opportunities that shape risk and resilience. I hypothesize that a rigorous secondary school curriculum positions students to attend college, which in turn promotes lifelong cognitive health. I tested this hypothesis by estimating multilevel structural equation models in data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS), which follows a randomly-selected one-third of all students who graduated from Wisconsin high schools in 1957 (N = 10,317). I created a latent measure of curricular rigor out of participants’ highest secondary school math course and number of semesters of English, science, and foreign language. In 2020 (most participants were age 81), participants completed a phone-based cognitive screening (Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-Modified; TICS-m). Net of school-level factors, parental socioeconomic status, and academic achievement, higher curricular rigor predicted higher cognitive function at age 81. Educational attainment significantly mediated this effect, and a significant direct effect also remained. Both educational attainment and curricular rigor are desirable targets for policy interventions.

The relationship of school performance with self-control and grit is strongly genetic and weakly causal

The non-cognitive skills self-control and grit are often considered predictors of school performance, but whether this relationship is causal remains unclear. We investigated the causality of this association using a twin design. Specifically, we evaluated the direct impact of self-control and grit on school performance, while controlling for genetic or environmental influences common to all three traits (i.e., confounding). Teachers of 4891 Dutch 12-year-old twin pairs (of which 3837 were complete pairs) completed a survey about school performance (school grades), self-control (ASEBA self-control scale), and the perseverance aspect of grit. Our analysis aimed to determine the direct impact of self-control and grit on school performance, while simultaneously controlling for genetic or environmental confounding. Establishing the regression relationship corrected for confounding supports the interpretation of the regression relationship as causal. In all analyses, we corrected for sex, rater bias of the teachers, and parental socioeconomic status. Initially, in the standard regression, self-control, and grit explained 28.4% of the school performance variance. However, allowing for genetic confounding (due to genetic pleiotropy) revealed that most of this association could be attributed to genetic influences that the three traits share. In the presence of genetic pleiotropy, the phenotypic regression of school performance on self-control and grit accounted for only 4.4% (i.e., the effect size association with the causal hypothesis). In conclusion, self-control and grit predict school performance primarily due to genetic pleiotropy, with a much smaller causal effect (R2 = 4.4%). This suggests that interventions targeting self-control and grit alone may yield limited improvements in school performance.

Reliability and validity of the Dutch version of the Parents’ Postoperative Pain Measure (PPPM-Dv)

Background: Pain is often poorly managed in pediatric daycare surgery. The Parents’ Postoperative Pain Measure (PPPM) is available as parent report to rate children’s pain at home after surgery and is a reliable and well validated tool. Objectives: To establish the reliability and validity of the Dutch version of the Parents’ Postoperative Pain Measure (PPPM-Dv) to assess postoperative pain among children aged between 2 and 12 years during five postoperative days at home. Design: cross-sectional cohort study. Setting: ZNA Queen Paola’s Children’s Hospital. Methods: 120 children were included. Stratification was done according to age (2-5 and 6-12 years) and three surgical categories. Parents socioeconomic status (SES) and religion were registered. For all children, parents recorded pain using the PPPM-Dv and Numerical Rating Scale (NRS-11) twice daily for five days. Children between 6-12 years were asked to rate their experienced pain using the Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R). Results: From 120 children included 91 (76.6%) families completed pain diaries. Reliability across the five-day postoperative period, Cronbach’s α for PPPM-Dv was .70 to .90. Correlations between PPPM-Dv and NRS- 11/FPS-R were strong (.81 and .61). Using NRS-11(≥4) as binary classifier (yes/no), ROC analysis identified a PPPM-Dv score &gt;2 as cut-off, with a sensitivity of 89% and specificity of 82%. With FPS-R (≥4) as binary classifier (yes/no), ROC analysis identified a PPPM-Dv score &gt;2 as cut-off (sensitivity:88%; specificity:79%). PPPM-Dv scores decreased over time and followed a similar pattern as the NRS-11 and FPS-R scores. Generalized Estimation Equations (GEE) showed that higher PPPM-Dv scores were associated with a more painful surgical category and were independent of SES and religious affiliation. Conclusion: These data provide evidence for the reliability and validity of the PPPM-Dv. This can be a helpful tool to identify pain in children after daycare surgery at home in a Dutch speaking population. Trial registration: https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN12813822

The Influence of Parental Socioeconomic Status Characteristics on Children’s Educational Outcomes in Kazakhstan

This paper reviews the findings on relations between parents' socioeconomic status and children’s educational outcomes in existing literature as well as assesses the validity of literature that analyzes Kazakhstan's case in this field. We examine and summarize the findings, measurements, data sources, and areas of similarity in the process of finding the relationship between parental socioeconomic status (SES) characteristics and children's academic outcomes in the available literature from around the world. As the paper will show, the available literature demonstrates a strong correlation between parental socioeconomic status (SES) factors and children’s educational outcomes. Surprisingly, the available literature on Kazakhstan contradicts these claims. Therefore, this paper will analyze the validity of papers that assess the case of Kazakhstan and propose possible amendments in methodology, as well as suggest the reasons why the results are different from everywhere else.

부모의 사회경제적 배경이 자녀의 첫 주택 구입 기간 및 가격에 미치는 영향

Intergenerational wealth transfers manifest themselves in the form of parental support during the process of a child’s first home purchase. The level of parental support varies according to the socioeconomic status of the parents. This study focuses on how parental socioeconomic status affects the time to purchase and price of a child’s first home. Our results show that, first, parental economic status, especially parental total wealth, reduces the time to purchase a child’s first home; second, parental total wealth matter when the child’s first home price is in the lower quantiles. However, in the higher quantiles, economic status such as parental total assets, current home value, and total debt, as well as social status such as parental education and occupation, also mattered. This suggests that the wealth gap between children’s generations due to differences in parental support may arise from the purchase price rather than the time it takes to purchase a first home. Policy efforts, such as stabilizing housing prices, are needed to mitigate this phenomenon.

Sexual promiscuity among students in tertiary institutions: Interrogating the roles of peer influence, parenting processes, social economic status and social media

The study examined peer influence, parenting, socioeconomic status, and social media as predictors of sexual promiscuity among youths in tertiary institutions in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. The study adopted the descriptive survey design of correlational type. Multi-stage sampling technique was used in this study. Data was collected using (Parental Socioeconomic Status Scale α = .89; Parentings and Dimensions Questionnaire α =0.79; Peer Influence α =0.78; Social Network Usage Questionnaire α=.84). Peer influence (r = .264; p&lt;0.05); Parenting (r = .272; p&lt;0.05) and social media (r = .223; p&lt;0.05) had a significant relationship with (sexual promiscuity) but social economic status (r = .023; p&lt;0.05) was not. Social media made the most significant contribution (β = .156; t= 2.572; p&lt;0.05). The study concluded that there is a predictive and positive relationship between peer influence, parenting, social media, and sexual promiscuity among youths in tertiary institutions.

Trends and Determinants of Intergenerational Educational Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa for Birth Cohorts 1974 to 2003

This article expands the scope of comparative social stratification research in education to rapidly developing, largely low-income sub-Saharan Africa. First, we investigate trends in the association between parental socioeconomic status (SES) and children’s chances to attend and complete primary education, exploring whether and where educational expansion of the early twenty-first century led to equalization of educational opportunities. Drawing on data from 153 Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (1990–2017) from 40 countries, findings indicate that inequality in attendance declined, but inequality in completing six grades largely persisted. Cross-country analyses reveal a large variation in inequality levels and trends. We explore the role of national contextual factors and find that underweight prevalence, fertility rates, school fees, public spending on education, and the ratio of pupils to teaching staff systematically explain variation in SES gaps across countries and cohorts. Findings underline the importance of absolute material deprivation and school teaching resources in the stratification of educational opportunities in this region.

Social determinants of mental health trajectories during midlife: a prospective British birth cohort study

BackgroundThere is an ongoing debate about whether mental wellbeing follows a U-shaped pattern across the lifespan, with a universal low point during midlife. However, existing research largely looks at average distributions of mental health problems and does not consider the underlying trajectories and social determinants. We investigate the social factors linked to changes in mental health during midlife. MethodsFor this prospective observational study, we used representative data from the 1970 British Cohort Study for the ages 34, 42, and 46–48 years (N=8581, 51·5% female, 48·5% male; born in the same week in 1970) to identify participants with declining mental health in midlife, and then used logistic regressions to determine what social factors (eg, education and employment status) were associated with this decline. Mental health was measured using the short version of the Malaise Inventory (scored 0–9). Using the cutoff point of 4 (indicating high risk of depression), we categorised participants who changed from below the cutoff to above the cutoff from age 34 to 46 years as “declining mental health” (as opposed to “stable” and “improved” mental health who were grouped together into one category). All analyses controlled for sex and parental socioeconomic status. FindingsOf the participants who responded to all mental health questions, 5302 (82·2%) remained stable, 429 (6·7%) had improved, and 671 (10·5%) had declining mental health. Our logistic regressions show that university education was linked to a lower risk of declining mental health controlled for sex and parental socioeconomic status odds ratio [OR] 0·79, 95% CI 0·85–0·94; controlling for sex and parental socioeconomic status). Experiencing unemployment during this period was linked to a higher risk of declining mental health (OR 1·75, 1·24–2·42), whereas people with permanent or temporary sickness or disability were three times more likely to experience a deterioration of mental health compared with those in full-time employment (OR 3·12, 2·46–3·93). InterpretationThe midlife decline in mental health might not be a universal phenomenon, but it might rather be influenced by social factors and changes in people's lives. Individuals experiencing unemployment, particularly those excluded from the labour market, are at a considerably higher risk of experiencing a decline in mental health. This is study provides only descriptive evidence and should be followed up by causal analyses. FundingEconomic and Social Research Council (ESRC).

Determinants of Unintentional Home Injury Prevention Practice Among B40 Parents of Under-Five Children in Selangor: A Study Protocol

Introduction: Unintentional injuries among children are considered a major public health concern since they are one of the leading causes of child death and disability. Inadequate study has been done on whether and how parental influences are linked to childhood injury at home especially among the community with low-socioeconomic status. The study aims to determine the factors affecting unintentional home injury prevention practice among low socioeconomic status (B40) parents of under-five children in Selangor, Malaysia. Methods: This is a cross-sectional and quantitative study. A sample size of 453 parents will be sampled among B40 parents with under-five children in Selangor using a stratified random sampling method. For analysis, only complete questionnaires will be used. Data entry and statistical analysis will be carried out using IBM SPSS version 28.0. Chi-square/Fisher Exact test and simple logistic regression will be used for data analysis. Multiple logistic regression will be used to examine the predictors of poor home injury prevention practice. Discussion: Findings from the study will provide insight on challenges experienced by B40 parents of children under five in implementing preventive injury measures at home.