Socioeconomic Marginalization Research Articles

National Resilience and State Defense Regarding Papuan Separatism

National Resilience and State Defense Regarding Papuan Separatism

The Collective Domains in the Ecological Transition: A Preliminary Analysis in an Inner Area in the Campania Region, Italy

The growing attention to the sustainable management of territories leads to a reconsideration of common properties, those institutions which concern property rights belonging to all members of a well-defined community. Spread throughout the world in a variety of forms, they can play a crucial role in addressing the challenges posed by the ecological transition promoted by the European Green Deal. In Italy, common properties represent a historical phenomenon, specifically involving rural and mountain areas. Despite the fact that national law regarding collective domains fully recognizes their economic, social, and environmental functions, there is still much to be done in terms of their recognition. As the status of knowledge is lacking, especially in some areas of southern Italy, this article represents a preliminary analysis of the current consistency of collective domains. The introductory section places the topic in the broadest context of ecological transition, tracing its regulatory evolution. Next, collective domains are framed from an economic perspective, highlighting their multidimensional values and emerging assessment issues. The subsequent sections, based on the most recent available data, critically analyze the current supply of collective domains in Italy and in the Campania region. The in-depth analysis of an inner area, characterized by socio-economic marginality, represents the starting point from which it will be possible to identify the demand and to support policy makers and local communities in the valorization of common properties.

Socioeconomic marginalization and political preferences: evidence from Palestinian Arabs in Israel

AbstractWe examine the relationship between socioeconomic characteristics and voting patterns among Arabs in Israel. We combine panel data on sixty-three Arab localities with election results and socioeconomic indicators for seven election years between 1996 and 2015. Exploiting the variation in political preferences and socioeconomic status across localities and over time, we find that the trends in Arab turnout are consistent with the substantive representation and political exclusion theories: that is, the representation of Arabs in Jewish-majority parties contributed to turnout, while the events of the second Intifada, which included clashes between Arabs in Israel and the Israeli police, were associated with a long-term decline in turnout. We also found that the preference for Arab parties over Left-wing Zionist parties is related to the instrumental voting theory. As the socioeconomic status of Arabs in Israel improved, they were less dependent on Jewish-majority parties for public goods provision and thus had less reason to support them. These findings contribute to understanding the experience of minorities in other contexts and to policymakers in Israel and beyond.

16 Sociodemographic and Hospital-Level Characteristics Associated with Hospital-Onset Bacteremia in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The primary objective is to measure the independent association of hospital-level and sociodemographic variables on the rate of hospital-onset bacteremia among infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit in a United States of America retrospective cohort. The secondary outcome will be relative blood culture collection rate. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The study is an analysis of a retrospective cohort comprised of infants admitted to 322 neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in the United States of America between 2016-2021. The primary outcome will be hospital-onset bacteremia (HOB), defined as a positive blood culture with a bacteria or fungi after day 3 of admission. Independent risk factors will include birthweight, postnatal age, central venous catheter presence, sociodemographic variables (race, ethnicity, insurance status and ZIP code-level demographic data from the US Census American Community Survey (ACS), and hospital-level variables. Infants will be stratified by sociodemographic groups and a Poisson model will be utilized to measure the adjusted association between risk of HOB and clinical and hospital-level variables. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: I anticipate that infants in sociodemographic groups with a history of socioeconomic marginalization will have a higher unadjusted rate of HOB; however, sociodemographic variables will not be independently associated with HOB risk after adjusting for markers of hospital quality and acuity, such as quartiles of the following: mean admissions per year, percentage of infants born <1500g, annual blood culture contamination rate, and percentage infants born at another facility. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Neonatal bacteremia has high morbidity and mortality; however, its contribution to known infant mortality inequities is unknown. This study will estimate the burden of infant HOB stratified by sociodemographic groups and measure the independent association of sociodemographic and hospital-level variables on the adjusted rate of HOB.

Pumps: A Possible Tool to Promote More Equitable Lactation Outcomes.

Pregnant individuals and infants in the US are experiencing rising morbidity and mortality rates. Breastfeeding is a cost-effective intervention associated with a lower risk of health conditions driving dyadic morbidity and mortality, including cardiometabolic disease and sudden infant death. Pregnant individuals and infants from racial/ethnic subgroups facing the highest risk of mortality also have the lowest breastfeeding rates, likely reflective of generational socioeconomic marginalization and its impact on health outcomes. Promoting breastfeeding among groups with the lowest rates could improve the health of dyads with the greatest health risk and facilitate more equitable, person-centered lactation outcomes. Multiple barriers to lactation initiation and duration exist for families who have been socioeconomically marginalized by health and public systems. These include the lack of paid parental leave, increased access to subsidized human milk substitutes, and reduced access to professional and lay breastfeeding expertise. Breast pumps have the potential to mitigate these barriers, making breastfeeding more accessible to all interested dyads. In 2012, The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) greatly expanded access to pumps through the preventative services mandate, with a single pump now available to most US families. Despite their near ubiquitous use among lactating individuals, little research has been conducted on how and when to use pumps appropriately to optimize breastfeeding outcomes. There is a timely and critical need for policy, scholarship, and education around pump use given their widespread provision and potential to promote equity for those families facing the greatest barriers to achieving their personal breastfeeding goals.

Insurance Coverage for Gender-Affirming Voice and Communication Services: An In-Depth Analysis in a Midwestern U.S. State

Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the gap between the need for gender-affirming voice and communication services (GAVCS) and insurance coverage within one state. Method: An electronic, cross-sectional survey of transgender/gender-diverse (TGD) adults assessed the incidence of insurance and cost barriers to GAVCS. Then, policies from 22 major insurers were reviewed using a web-based search and telephone inquiries. Finally, a tool was developed for clinicians to share available coverage for GAVCS by insurer. Results: Over half (53%) of 115 respondents reported vocal incongruence, but only 19.1% had pursued GAVCS. Of those who had not, 57% reported cost and/or insurance coverage were barriers (most of whom were commercially insured). Less than half of major Ohio insurance plans mentioned GAVCS coverage, and of those who did, less than half would consider covering it on a case-by-case basis. Creation of a tool that explained coverage across insurance companies was helpful, but challenging and labor-intensive. Conclusions: TGD individuals often experience a mismatch between their gender identity and societal perceptions of their voice, which can worsen dysphoria and compromise safety. GAVCS align voice with gender identity but are inconsistently covered by health insurance and can be costly, particularly for individuals who face socioeconomic marginalization. Inconsistent transparency in communicating coverage criteria further exacerbates access to GAVCS. Poor insurance coverage of GAVCS is an important barrier to accessing this evidence-based care, and more transparency and consistency in coverage is critical.

Racial Capitalism and Entrepreneurship: An Intersectional Feminist Labour Market Perspective on UK Self-Employment

This article explains entrepreneurial activity patterns in the United Kingdom labour market using theories of racial capitalism and intersectional feminism. Using UK Office for National Statistics Labour Force Survey data 2018–2019 and employing probit modelling techniques on employment modes, self-employment types and work arrangements among differing groups, we investigate inequality in self-employment within and between socio-structural groupings of race, class and gender. We find that those belonging to non-dominant gender, race and socio-economic class groupings experience an intersecting set of entrepreneurial penalties, enhancing understanding of the ways multiple social hierarchies interact in self-employment patterns. This robust quantitative evidence challenges contemporary debates, policy and practice regarding the potential for entrepreneurship to offer viable income generation opportunities by those on the socio-economic margins.

Patterns of Socioeconomic Marginalization among People Who Use Drugs: A Gender-Stratified Repeated Measures Latent Class Analysis.

Socioeconomic factors are important correlates of drug use behaviors and health-related outcomes in people who use drugs (PWUD) residing in urban areas. However, less is known about the complex overlapping nature of socioeconomic conditions and their association with a range of individual, drug use, and health-related factors in men and women who use drugs. Data were obtained from two community-recruited prospective cohorts of PWUD. Using a gender-stratified approach, we conducted repeated measures latent class analyses (RMLCA) to identify discrete latent socioeconomic subgroups. Multivariable generalized estimating equations were then used to identify correlates of class membership. Between June 2014 and December 2018, RMLCA of 9844 observations from 1654 participants revealed five distinct patterns of socioeconomic status for both men and women. These patterns were primarily distinguished by variations in income, material and housing security, income generation activity, exposure to violence, criminal justice involvement, and police contact. Across gender, progressive increases in exposure to multiple dimensions of socioeconomic disadvantage were found to be associated with frequent use of opioids and stimulants, accessing social services, and being hepatitis C virus antibody-positive. Similar but less congruent trends across gender were observed for age, binge drug use, engagement with opioid agonist therapy, and living with HIV. Gendered patterns of multiple and overlapping dimensions of socioeconomic adversity aligned with patterns of frequent drug use and health-related concerns, highlighting priority areas for gender-inclusive, multilevel responses to mitigate health disparities and meet the diverse socioeconomic needs of urban-dwelling men and women who use drugs.

Enterprise culture, neoliberalization, and cable television at the last-mile: A case-study of local cable operators in Mumbai

This paper centers last-mile distribution networks of cable television as a prism to analyze the political-economic, socio-spatial, and subjective transformations brought about by neoliberal reforms in India. I provide an on-ground perspective of enterprise culture and entrepreneurial citizenship based on an ethnography of Mumbai-based last-mile distributors of cable television also called cablewallahs. In the wake of their disempowerment in the television distribution value-chain, cablewallahs represent themselves as entrepreneurs at the core of India’s digital economy. I combine insights from enterprise culture scholarship, television studies and anthropologies of masculinity, to shed light on this enactment in the paper. I demonstrate that cablewallahs configure their citizenship as ‘entrepreneurial’ by aspiring to middle-class valorised notions of respectability and civic duty and sustaining their last-mile networks through intimate knowledge of clientele, networks of male conviviality and vernacular solidarities. I argue that in Mumbai, entrepreneurial citizenship emerges as a useful gendered subjective disposition for navigating socio-economic marginalization and subjective-material changes in neighbourhood identity brought about by neoliberalization.

Judiciary: The Protector of the Tribal Rights

Since its emergence after independence, the judiciary has played the role of protector of the Constitution. The framers of the Constitution have also made provision for the judiciary to discharge this role through various writs under Articles 32 and 226. To protect, promote and preserve the rights of the tribal communities various provisions are enacted in the Indian Constitution. The development of tools like Public Interest Litigation (PIL) by the judiciary in the late 70s has significantly contributed to the protection of public interests. In protecting the constitutional and fundamental rights of the helpless, deprived and displaced tribals, the judiciary has interpreted the constitution's right to equality under Article 14-18, right to liberty and livelihood under Article 19, right to life under Article 21, right to religious freedom under Article 25-28 etc. according to the times and circumstances. Through judicial activism and public interest litigation, the judiciary has provided justice to all the underprivileged, exploited, victims and poor of the country who did not have access to the courts. According to the 2011 census, there are about 8% tribal communities in the country. This community is not only uneducated but also an economically weaker section of the society. Most importantly, this tribal community is also the most affected by liberalisation and developmental works. Governments not only displace this community to exploit natural resources but in many cases neglect to allocate compensation. There are many cases where even after decades, the work of rehabilitation and resettlement has not been completed. In such cases, it is only due to the intervention of the judiciary that the deprived and displaced people can get justice. In many cases, after the decision of the judiciary, the development projects have been stopped and the rehabilitation works of the displaced people have been completed. Due to the socio-economic, cultural and political marginalisation of the tribal communities, the Judiciary has adopted a positive approach towards these people while delivering the judgement according to the provisions made in the constitution. In this research paper, I will look into the cases related to the tribals with non-tribals, civil society organisations, the state which are called in the context while dealing with the tensions and conflicts by the judiciary in its judgements in the tribal areas.

Health Status Of Scheduled Tribes of 3 ITDA Spots of Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, India

Tribal populations are often at a heightened risk of under-nutrition due to socio-cultural and environmental factors impacting their food intake and health-seeking behavior. Limited access to nutritious food, inadequate healthcare services, and socio-economic marginalization exacerbate their vulnerability. This study focuses on assessing the health status of the Sugali tribes in 3 ITDA Spots of Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, India. The Sugali tribes constitute a significant portion of the tribal population facing various socio-economic challenges, including poverty, illiteracy, and lack of healthcare facilities. Objectives: The main objective of the study was to evaluate their health status, identify major health issues within the community, and analyze the availability of tribal healthcare facilities in the study area, the top ten diseases of the study area were also mentioned. To conduct the free mobile medical camps and promote the Unani System. Methodology: The study was carried out in 3 ITDA spots in the Kurnool district i.e. Bugganipalle Thanda, Goriman Konda Thanda, and Gooty Erragudi. The data was collected from the individuals, who attended the free mobile medical camps. Result: A total of 4507 individuals attended the OPDs of free mobile medical camps of 3 Selected ITDA spots. The top 10 diseases were also listed (Cough /Sual o surfa) Bronchitis, sardi wa zukam (catarrh and Coryza), warm i halaqa (pharyngitis), Humma (fever), Husr/ihtibas al Batn / Qabd (Constipation) were the common health problems of present Study area & the distribution of individuals was made by sex and age group. Conclusion: The chronic illness is less in the study area. Acute and common infections like Humma (fever), nazla wa zukam (Coryza and catarrh), sual o surfa (cough /Bronchitis) & warm i halaq (Pharyngitis) were commonly seen in 3 ITDA Spots.

Local studies provide a global perspective of the impacts of climate change on Indigenous Peoples and local communities

Indigenous Peoples and local communities with nature-dependent livelihoods are disproportionately affected by climate change impacts, but their experience, knowledge and needs receive inadequate attention in climate research and policy. Here, we discuss three key findings of a collaborative research consortium arising from the Local Indicators of Climate Change Impacts project. First, reports of environmental change by Indigenous Peoples and local communities provide holistic, relational, placed-based, culturally-grounded and multi-causal understandings of change, largely focused on processes and elements that are relevant to local livelihoods and cultures. These reports demonstrate that the impacts of climate change intersect with and exacerbate historical effects of socioeconomic and political marginalization. Second, drawing on rich bodies of inter-generational knowledge, Indigenous Peoples and local communities have developed context-specific responses to environmental change grounded in local resources and strategies that often absorb the impacts of multiple drivers of change. Indigenous Peoples and local communities adjust in diverse ways to impacts on their livelihoods, but the adoption of responses often comes at a significant cost due to economic, political, and socio-cultural barriers operating at societal, community, household, and individual levels. Finally, divergent understandings of change challenge generalizations in research examining the human dimensions of climate change. Evidence from Indigenous and local knowledge systems is context-dependent and not always aligned with scientific evidence. Exploring divergent understandings of the concept of change derived from different knowledge systems can yield new insights which may help prioritize research and policy actions to address local needs and priorities.

Integrated indicators for the analysis of vulnerability in a socio-ecological system of the Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil

The Brazilian Atlantic Forest, a biodiversity conservation hotspot, is extremely fragmented and threatened by the global urban-industrial economic approach. A small part of what remains is protected by Conservation Units (UC) of varying categories. This makes natural populations in UC's increasingly vulnerable, since these areas are ecologically fragile. This is further compromised by socio-economic marginalization of much of the local human population. Consequently, we analyzed the areas surrounding two protected natural areas in the port city of Paranaguá, in southern Brazil. We analyzed socio-environmental vulnerability in the face of extreme weather events, the risk of flooding and the change in land use of this socio-ecological system, using integrated socioeconomic, demographic, environmental and climate indicators. Results showed that this peripheral population is more vulnerable, compared to other areas of the municipality that have better infrastructure and economic conditions, and improved access to public services and confirming a world-wide trend between population density and the formation of marginalized populations around natural areas, especially in biodiversity hotspots. At the same time, the Conservation Units and the provision of ecosystem services are at risk due to the change in land use and urban expansion in this region, highlighting the need for integrated public policies for this socio-ecological system.

Multifaceted precarity: pandemic experiences of recent immigrant women in the accommodation and food services sector

The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affected those who face historical and ongoing marginalization. In centering pandemic experience of recent immigrant women in the accommodation and food services sector in Canada, we examine how their precarious work translated to experiences of work precarity and wellbeing. This paper illuminates how pre-existing and ongoing marginalization are reproduced during a health crisis for those at the intersection of gender, race, migration, and labour inequities. Using semi-structured interviews and systematic analysis using the Work Precarity Framework, we found that the pandemic exacerbated pre-existing socio-economic marginalization and resulted in unique experiences of work precarity. The latter was experienced as precarity of work (unpredictable work hours and job or employment insecurity), precarity from work (inadequate incomes), and precarity at work (physical, psychological, and relational unsafety). Work precarity stood out as a social determinant of health in relation to its outcome of degraded mental health and wellbeing. Recognizing the role of policies in producing, reproducing, and distributing precarity, we recommend policy directions to reduce social inequities in pandemic recovery.

The Impact of Economic Exclusion on the Constitutionally Guaranteed Entitlements of Economic Justice, Equality of Opportunity and Right to Live with Human Dignity of the Transgenders

Objective: The objective of the paper is to examine and explain how the constitutionally guaranteed entitlements notably the various facets of right to equality, right to life and preambular assurance of justice: social, economic and political will remain unachievable and meaningless for the transgenders till their economic exclusion and marginalisation continues. The present paper shall examine the important aspects of legal provisions and economic policy which can ensure that the constitutional mandates enshrined under Articles 14, 15, 16 and 21 become a reality for transgender through their economic empowerment. Theoretical Framework: The Constitution of India recognises and rests firmly on the fundamental principles of liberty, equality, fraternity and justice. Transgender people have always been the part of every society, nation and culture since ages but unfortunately their very existence has been negated at every level of society. This marginalised section and highly disadvantaged group has consistently and continuously been subjected to social stigma, discrimination and exclusion from all kinds of socio-economic and political undertakings. The insensitivity and the apathy of the public at large are still the biggest challenges in mainstreaming the transgenders and eliminating all forms of socio-economic exclusion against them. The extreme discrimination and exclusionary practices against the transgender people at every level in the work place, from job rejection to privacy violation and even sexual harassment, disproportionately affects their physical and mental wellbeing. The socio-economic marginalisation and denial of any gainful employment opportunity puts them in depression, pessimism and forces them to engage in unlawful activities and become drug suppliers, sex workers and even low-income entertainers. Method: The present paper focuses on the constitutionally guaranteed entitlements namely “economic justice” and “equality of opportunity” of the transgender people while taking up the issue of their economic exclusion and marginalisation and intends to explore how the economic exclusion has adverse and severe implications on transgender rights. Results and Discussion: The cost of economic exclusion of transgender people in India cannot be undermined. Such discrimination and unaccepting environments are capable of psychologically depressing transgender people and adversely affecting their incentive to get training and education. This turns into a vicious circle that translates into low investment in human capital and suboptimal opportunities for them resulting in lower productivity of overall economy. Conclusion: With very limited employment opportunities, transgender’s education, health and living standard are abysmally low and therefore, in order to achieve the constitutional mandate enshrined under Articles 14, 15, 16 and 21 of the Constitution of India, the objectives of the government should be to allow reasonable participation of most of the transgender population in the national economy.

Exploring Social Realities and Identity Struggles through Content Analysis of Dialogues in La Désintégration by Philippe Faucon

This paper delves into the intricate social realities and identity struggles depicted in the film La Désintégration by Philippe Faucon through a meticulous content analysis of dialogues. This study aims to unveil the underlying sociopolitical themes embedded within the characters' dialogues by employing content analysis as the primary methodology. La Désintégration offers a poignant exploration of issues such as cultural and religious identity, socioeconomic marginalisation, and the process of radicalisation. Through a detailed analysis of selected dialogue excerpts, this paper sheds light on the characters' nuanced interactions and internal conflicts. By engaging with the dialogues as narrative devices, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of how banlieue cinema captures and reflects broader societal concerns. The findings extend the existing discourse on banlieue cinema and highlight the significance of dialogue in conveying the intricate web of social complexities in contemporary societies.

Legal Violence and the Gendered Necropolitics of Coloniality: Feminicide, Socioeconomic Marginalization, and Housing Rights Violations against Indigenous Women in Guatemala and Canada

This paper argues that feminicidal and sexual gender-based violence faced by Indigenous women in Guatemala and Canada is a cause and consequence of these states’ failure to effectively guarantee Indigenous women's intersecting socio-economic rights, namely their right to adequate housing. Exposing the historically-rooted, economic and political interests and investments of the two countries, this paper argues that Indigenous women's rights have been co-opted by legal violence in both contexts. Revealing the complicity of settler democratic states and the international human rights regime in sustaining these rights violations, this paper evidences Indigenous women's socio-economic marginalization, inadequate housing, and consequential feminicidal violence as the product of the gendered necropolitics of coloniality. Interrogating why and how these colonial genocidal structures sustain the subjugation of Indigenous women's bodies, this paper exposes how colonial genocidal structures have rendered Indigenous women illegible for protection under international human rights law. Highlighting a range of performative 1 attempts undertaken by the Guatemala and Canada to address the grave rights violations facing Indigenous women, this paper provides a feminist, decolonial framework that evidences why and how Indigenous women's experiences of socioeconomic marginalization, inadequate and unsafe housing, and the alarming rates of feminicidal and sexual gender-based violence continue to persist unabated.

Narratives from the Margin: Sexual Harassment and Strategies of Resistance

In India, the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act 2013 completed its ten years in April 2023. However, this is a crucial time to review its effects, provisions, and the awareness about the Act, and how much it has percolated at the grassroots level. Consequently, we must pay attention to the voices from the margin in order to comprehend the situation and need to bring these voices to the center to point out the lacuna and challenges of the Act as well as strengthen the discourse around the sexual harassment of women at the workplace. The study based on empirical findings, focuses on experiences of women workers at a wholesale vegetable market in Pune1 and follows an ethnographic approach. The article argues that mainstream discourse on sexual harassment does not acknowledge experiences of women from the bottom of the socio-economic margins and it is a caste-blind gender discourse. Caste shapes women’s experiences of sexual harassment at workplace differently and sometimes to mitigate the risk, women apply different strategies and build alternative mechanisms to combat sexual harassment at the workplace.

Problem gambling severity in a nationally representative sample of the Israeli population: the moderating role of ethnonational affiliation.

Gambling is a public health concern. Problem gambling is related to a range of psycho-social risk factors including ethnonational affiliation. Israel is an insightful case to probe problem gambling, given the socio-economic marginalization of Israeli Arabs, the continued exposure of Israelis to stress and the conservative Israeli gambling market. This study aimed to estimate problem gambling severity in Israeli society, characterize the sociodemographic, environmental, mental health, and gambling-related risk factors associated with problem gambling severity, and examine the role of ethnonational affiliation (Israeli Jewish/Arab) as a moderating factor in the associations between these risk factors and problem gambling severity. A cross-sectional study based on a representative sample of 3,244 Israelis was conducted in 2022, of whom 1,626 had gambled in the previous year. Measurements included Problem Gambling Severity Index, Gambling Behaviors, Perceived Neighborhood Cohesion, Stress, the Patient Health Questionnaire-4, and sociodemographic variables. Low-risk, moderate-risk and problem gambling were reported by 16.7% of the total sample. The main risk factors for problem gambling were being an Israeli Arab, traditional, residing in a low socio-economic cluster, reporting anxiety symptoms, and higher gambling behaviors, specifically in legal/illegal online gambling. Ethnonational affiliation (Israeli Jewish/Arab) moderated the associations between gambling, illegal online gambling, and problem gambling severity. Higher neighborhood cohesion emerged as a risk factor for problem gambling solely for Israeli Arabs. As an excluded minority, Israeli Arabs may turn to gambling as a method to access the core republican community, thus, exposing themselves to a higher risk of developing problem gambling.

Between rhetoric and reality: reclaiming the space for locally led peacebuilding that responds to conflict dynamics in violent and hateful extremism programming

ABSTRACT This article sits within the wider discourse on the interplay of conflict, weak governance, corruption, socio-economic and political marginalisation, and human rights abuses by state and non-state actors that drive violent and hateful extremism (VHE). Drawing on preventing/countering violent extremism (P/CVE) and peacebuilding literature, evidence from International Alert’s programming, and practitioner experiences in Lebanon, Northeast Nigeria, Mali and the Sahel, Somalia, Syria and Tunisia, the article explores the limitations of interventions that do not address structural and gendered conflict drivers on which hate and violence feed. Lessons highlight that community-based approaches addressing the root causes of violence and building collective, protective factors to violence have proven effective, and that communities and local non-governmental organisations (NGOs) play a key role in prevention, while also bearing the brunt of working in volatile and ungoverned spaces. The article concludes that taking a community-based peacebuilding approach focusing on addressing contextual conflict drivers, including gendered drivers, lays the ground for more sustainable, long-term outcomes that build resilience to diverse forms of violence, including VHE.