Socio-economic Character Research Articles

Economic efficiency of cassava farming

Purpose. This research aims to analyze the level of economic efficiency of cassava farming and the determinants that affect the efficiency level in the Wonogiri Regency, Indonesia.
 Methodology / approach. The research location was determined using the stratified random sampling method, and three sub-districts were selected in Wonogiri Regency, namely Ngadirojo, Jatiroto, and Puhpelem. Furthermore, this research used a random sampling method with respondents of 74 monoculture cassava farmers. The analysis method was the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach to analyze the economic efficiency of cassava farming and Tobit regression to analyze the determinants that affected it. Furthermore, primary data was obtained from respondents through interviews, and secondary data as a complement was obtained from relevant agencies.
 Results. This research showed that the level of economic efficiency (EE) of cassava farming in the Wonogiri Regency was 68.3 %. From the results of economic efficiency, there was an opportunity to improve efficiency by reducing input inefficiency by 13.1 % and minimizing input costs by 21.1 %. The determinants of factors that affected cassava farming were considered from the socio-economic factors, namely experience, educational level, and participation of farmers in farmer groups. 
 Originality / scientific novelty. Studies on the effectiveness of cassava have never been conducted in Central Java, even though Central Java is one of the three centers of cassava production in Indonesia. The efficiency of farming cassava in this research was not only considered from the technical side but also from the allocative and economic side, as well as the socio-economic character of the farmer’s environment. This research analyzed the efficiency of cassava farming with a nonparametric approach, namely Data Envelopment Analysis. Usually, efficiency research is approached with parametric analysis, namely production function analysis with Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA).
 Practical value / implications. It is recommended to use optimal inputs, especially seeds and fertilizers, which can be applied in cassava farming to reduce inefficiency. The need for fertilizer is related to the land’s condition, where the land in Wonogiri Regency has a steep slope, making it prone to erosion and sedimentation. Then, it affects the decline of the soil layer and the need for fertilizer. The role of the government is required because it is necessary to facilitate access to farmers and provide information about input use.

Значение железной дороги Оренбург – Ташкент для социально-экономического развития Туркестанского края

Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of the significance of the Orenburg – Tashkent railway in the socio-economic life of the Turkestan region. This railway line is considered as a mechanism that opened the way for the entry of the region into capitalist relations. The purpose of the work is to define the impact of socio-economic changes resulting from the construction of the railway on the development of the region. Methods and materials. The research is based on the principles of objectivism and historicism, which reject dogmas and concepts and do not align with any political ideology. As a result of working with republican and regional archival funds, the authors introduced new statistical data concerning the construction and operation of the railway into scientific circulation. Analysis. Among other regions of the empire, Turkestan is distinguished by its geographical and socio-economic character. There is a reason to believe that before the construction of the railway, there were no cities in this region where large production facilities were concentrated. The vast majority of residents led a semi-nomadic lifestyle. It was difficult for the peasants to get their goods transported to other consumer environments. It can be argued that this development trend has changed dramatically with the construction of this railway. Due to the activity of the railway, the export-import potential of the region has increased. Turkestan has received ample opportunities to export salt, cotton, santonin, wool, and various types of dried fruits. Results. As a result of the research work, a peculiar approach to the factors that contributed to the construction of the Orenburg – Tashkent railway was revealed. As one of them, it is concluded that the factor of the construction of the highway was carried out not because of competition between the British and Russian Empires (as noted in many studies), but with the aim of involving an isolated part of the empire in integration processes. In general, the railway line had a significant impact on the transition of the region from old feudal relations to a partial agrarian-industrial form. Authors’ contribution. Y.K. Omarbayev is the author and organizer of the idea of implementing this scientific work. He outlined the purpose and objectives of the article. G.T. Zhoraeva, was engaged in the collection, classification, and analysis of archival documents that make up the main source base of the article. In addition, under her leadership, a comparative analysis of scientific papers devoted to the construction and commissioning of the Orenburg – Tashkent railway was carried out. The author classified the available scientific publications by historical periods and sought to determine their historical and ideological directions. A.A. Nurmukhambetov worked with historical facts and photo documents within the framework of the topic and conducted a comparative analysis of differences between the statistical data reflected in other publications on the history of the construction of the Orenburg – Tashkent railway.

The impact of unproved reserve news on the energy stock volatility: an empirical investigation on Turkey

PurposeThis study investigates the effect of unproven energy reserve news on the volatility of energy firms' stocks. Thus, investors' perception of unproven energy reserves is revealed. Additionally, the study aims to determine whether the effect of the news changes according to time and volatility level.Design/methodology/approachThe general autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) and exponential generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (EGARCH) models consist of the energy reserve exploration news in Turkey for the period 2009–2022 and the volatility of 14 energy stocks.FindingsThe results indicate energy exploration news's negative and significant effect on volatility. According to empirical results, energy stock volatility is most affected in the first ten days. Besides, the results show that the significant models of energy reserve news in low-volatility stocks are proportionally higher than in high-volatility stocks.Research limitations/implicationsOnly unproved reserve news is included in the analysis, as sufficient confirmed reserves could not be reached during the sampling period. Further studies can compare proven and unproved reserve news effects. Additionally, a similar analysis can be conducted between Turkey and another country with a similar socio-economic character to examine different investor behaviors.Practical implicationsThis research includes indications on managing investors' reactions to unproven energy reserve news.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature by analyzing unproven reserves. Contrary to previous studies, examining stock volatility also makes the study unique.

COVID-19 Lockdown Home Gardening in the Western Province of Sri Lanka

Sampling a set of households from three districts of the Western Province, this paper explored the landscape of lockdown home gardening which took place during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Sri Lanka. A structured questionnaire published online enabled collecting 939 household responses. A descriptive analysis performed using the IBM SPSS package highlights that the lockdown conditions have intensified the level of home gardening of the participants. The study validates the findings from recent studies that home gardening has no dividing line when it comes to the socio-economic character of households. Primary benefit of home gardening is of households’ being in seek of good and healthy consumption, vegetables and fruits have been the most preferred crop types to grow. Application of organic fertiliser have been preferred by the majority of the households. This study supports the notion that urban land scarcity is not a limiting factor for home gardening. The paper suggests that this home gardening trend reignited during the Covid-19 lockdown needs to be supported by three means: promoting healthy lifestyles, connecting government officials with local home gardeners and local plans being supportive and appreciative of home gardening.

Evita in Italy The Rainbow Tour, a Spectacle of Politics

During the summer of 1947, Eva Duarte de Perón, wife of the Argentinean Republic President, visited several European countries followed by a large entourage. This article focuses exclusively on her visit to Italy, the longest stage of her trip and perhaps the least studied. The abundance of news that this voyage produced enabled the creation of new perspectives and the formulation of new questions concerning Eva Perón, a central figure in Argentinian history. The chosen perspective stresses the political and socio-economic character of Evita’s journey, avoiding the stereotypes of a ‘glamorous diva’ that were constructed at the time and influenced the subsequent interpretations of that event.

Localising democracy on an uneven playing field: the roles of ward councillors in the City of Cape Town

The democratic transition in South Africa was accompanied by large-scale institutional re-engineering at all levels of government. This was an extremely complex process in local government, where a racially fragmented system of municipalities underwent extensive reorganisation. Despite this, historical patterns of settlement based on race have entrenched socio-economic inequalities and highly uneven experiences of local democracy. Against this backdrop, this paper investigates the differing roles of ward councillors. It examines a stratified sample of low-, mixed- and high-income wards in the City of Cape Town, and finds general yet qualified support for a view that ward councillor roles are conditioned by the socio-economic character of the areas they represent. In broad terms, councillors in low-income wards play a service broker and conflict mitigator role; councillors in mixed-income wards act as reconcilers and integrators; and councillors in high-income wards perform a placeholder and maintainer role.

ФОРМУВАННЯ ІНСТРУМЕНТАРІЮ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ПРОЕКТІВ ІННОВАЦІЙНОГО РОЗВИТКУ АГРАРНОГО СЕКТОРУ

Introduction. The reflection of the interrelationships and orderliness of the processes during the implementation of projects is a general methodology of project management, which has so far acquired a world-class definition as an acceptable and appropriate management standard. For business entities, the implementation of individual innovation projects or their portfolios is relevant. At the macroeconomic level, it is advisable to consider programs that are a set of interrelated projects by objectives, where the implementation of each of them determines the possibility of implementing the other. In this aspect, programs often acquire a socio-economic character of development, where projects within are aimed at both commercial gain and the solution of social problems. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the process of portfolio management of innovative projects in the agricultural sector of the economy and the characteristics of the main tools within the relevant management mechanism. Results. Special features of portfolio, program and project management are highlighted. A comparison of existing approaches to justifying the choice of project portfolio is made. The key processes to be implemented during the implementation of the portfolio of innovative projects are highlighted. The most common procedures for substantiating the portfolio of innovative projects are summarized. Based on the generalization, taking into account the specifics of agro-innovative projects, a sequence of processes for substantiating the project portfolio is proposed. The peculiarities of this decomposition are the definition of its components: the processes of project identification in the portfolio, categorization of components, component evaluation, selection of components, determination of time characteristics and budget development, as well as portfolio balancing. For each of the outlined processes, the appropriate inputs, outputs and support tools are listed. The principle of effective portfolio management of innovative projects is also highlighted and their content is explained. Keywords: innovations, innovative projects, innovation management, tools of innovation implementation, innovative development of the agricultural sector.

Legal expertise as a way of providing the quality of the normativelegal acts

The article describe a general theoretical research of the legal expertise as a tool of ensuring the quality of normative legal act. The period of dynamic development of social relations in Ukraine and implementation of European integration directionsis accompanied by the formation of such democratic institutions asconstitutional state and civil society. The main task of the state is ensuring human rights.Therefore, in order to avoid problems of socio-political and socio-economic character, which significantly inhibit these processes, it is necessary to pay special attention to the quality of normative legal actat the stage of rule-making. At the moment, such an important stage in the law-making process as legal expertise is studied in fragments and requires further research. The works of various scientists, both domestic and foreign, who dealt with this topic, in particular, L. Andrusiv, Y. Birchenko, O. Bogachova, S. Dudar, V. Kosovych, L. Legin, A. Melnyk, O. Minkova, N. Parkhomenko, Y. Pererva, G. Rybikova, V. Ryndyuk, I. Surai, N. Karachentseva, V. Ternavska, I. Yanyshyna and others. The positions of scientists on such concepts as "quality", "normative legal act", "law" and "legal expertise" are singled out. The own vision of the specified legal categories is given separately. The opinions of scientists about knowledge of the concept of "normative legal act" are given. It is determined that a normative legal act can be considered as a written document that has certain details and official character, is adopted by a special state agency (or by referendum) according to a clearly regulated procedure. This kind of official document also regulates a certain area of public relations. Different views on understanding the quality of normative legal acts are revealed. It is noted that the concept of the quality of a normative legal act should be understood as its ability to meet certain criterions (standards) and ensure the development of the constitutional state and civil society. It is concluded that now in our country the issue of quality of normative legal acts which areadopted needs special attention.Different views of scientists on this issue are analyzed.It is determined that legal expertise is the main way to ensure the adoption of really useful, effective and appropriate regulations that will ensure quality public relations. The necessity of carrying out legal expertise of normative legal acts at the stage of normative-project activity. This is necessary to avoid the occurrence of gaps and legal conflicts in laws and semi-normative legal acts is substantiated. There is a position that it is necessary to involve an expert or a group of experts to conduct a legal expertise of a project of normative legal act as the main means of quality control of normativelegal acts. The possible reasons influencing the occurrence of defects of regulations are investigated. The concept of "law-making errors" is studied. The exhaustive list of criterions of an estimation of quality and efficiency of normative legal acts considering positions of scientists is alsoresulted. Keywords: legal expertise, normative legal act, norm-projecting, quality

Um Hermeneuta da Tradição Sertaneja: Ariano Suassuna e o Romance d’A Pedra do Reino

O objetivo deste artigo reside numa análise do espaço histórico-social sertanejo presente na obra Romance d’A Pedra do Reino, de Ariano Suassuna. A singularidade dessa obra reside na desconstrução empreendida do sertanejo enquanto antítese do sujeito moderno; e na reapresentação desse mesmo sujeito enquanto veiculador de uma pluralidade de culturas e narrativas históricas. Com efeito, a forma e o conteúdo da obra se fundamentam nos folhetos de cordel, num processo que denominamos por “cordelização” do texto, consolidando Suassuna um hermeneuta de sua tradição. O campo teórico-metodológico reside numa hermenêutica do texto, centrada nas contribuições de Paul Ricoeur, buscando compreender os aspectos da narrativa que dão materialidade a um espaço histórico-social verossímil. Acredita-se, com isso, poder contribuir para uma (re)visitação de uma história dos sertões. Palavras-chave: sertanejo; folhetos de cordel; histórias dos sertões; Estado-nação.

Problems and prospects of the reclaimed floodplain' of the Irpin’ River usage under the modern socio-economic and climatic transformations.

Relevance of research. As a result of row of reasons of socio-economic character, there has been a decrease in volumes and a decrease in the efficiency of the use of drained land over the last two decades, primarily within river floodplains. The purpose of the study is to determine the prospects and problems of the development of reclaimed areas of the Irpin river floodplain under transformed climatic conditions and the nature of land use. Research methods - field surveys, monitoring observations of water levels in canals and groundwater levels, systematic and cartographic data analysis and hydrological calculations. Research results and main conclusions. Based on the research findings in the typical pilot territories of Irpin’s drainage-irrigation system (DIS), the current state and main problems of the use of drained lands within the Irpen’s river floodplain are characterized, as well as the prospects for the further development of reclaimed floodplain areas during the transformation of climatic conditions and land use are determined. It has been established that significant factors influencing the decrease in the level of use of drained agricultural land of the floodplain for its intended purpose are the fragmentation of land shares, the limited financial capabilities of their owners, the nationwide tolerance for long-term non-use of reclaimed lands, as well as the tendency to increase the number of peat fires and floodplain buildings development.
 It was determined that the unsatisfactory technical condition of a significant part of the on-farm drainage canals of the Irpin’s DIS, the majority of hydrotechnical water control structures on them, siltation of the estuarine parts of closed drainage collectors and a decrease in the depth of its occurrence in areas with peat deposits due to their runoff, precipitation, mechanical removal and burning out ensuring a favorable water regime of soils and protection of the agricultural lands from flooding on the floodplain of the Irpin’s River without redesign or modernization of the DIS. It is noted that the perspective direction of the use of drained floodplain lands is the cultivation of berry crops with an application of drip irrigation. I
 It is determined that, taking into account the potential negative water and environmental consequences of housing, especially multi-story, floodplain development, its use as a town-planning resource should be geographically limited and aimed primarily at creating of recreational areas and to be carried out in compliance with the requirements of water and land legislation.

Residential neighbourhood classification: An environmentally enhanced approach

National small area classifications in Britain were first produced over 40 years ago using statistics from 1971 Population Census and have now become a regular feature of governmental, academic and commercial analysis of census information. These classifications aim to encapsulate the aggregate demographic and socio-economic character of small areas by means of a simple thumbnail description. However, these pen portraits often also refer to the environmental nature of the different types of area where people live, employing terms such as ‘leafy suburb’, ‘industrial hinterland’ or ‘agricultural heartland’. This paper reports on research that aims to determine whether a set of environmental (land use) indicators are capable of discriminating between areas in a way that matches a ‘standard’ area classification derived from multivariate analysis of demographic and socio-economic statistics. The research assesses the impact of adding a set of environmental (land use) variables to a collection of Census variables on area classification using k-means clustering in two contrasting case study local authorities. The results reveal that clustering with and without the addition of land use variables produce partially overlapping (coincident) classifications of the small areas and certain of the land use variables are aligned with some area types.

Mechanism of International Legal Implementation for Human Security at the National Level

The research analyzes current trends in ensuring personal security taking into account International Law. The priority position of the individual declared by the norms of international law is assessed differently by national legal systems. The interest of States in preserving the inviolability of fundamental human rights and freedoms implies the use of various mechanisms to achieve these goals.
 New trends in socio-economic development in the context of globalization predetermine the need to improve the national system for ensuring personal security taking into account international legal principles. Attention is focused on the state of human security and fundamental rights and freedoms declared by international and national law and guaranteed by the State. International normative and legal acts aimed at strategic directions of ensuring personal security are subject to analysis.
 The article notes the relationship between the transformation of socio-economic character and the state, structure, dynamics of crimes against the individual. Bringing the norms of national law into conformity with the norms, principles and provisions of international normative-legal acts of universal and regional character is recognized as one of the directions of ensuring personal security.
 The research is focused on the key areas of counteracting attacks on the person taking into account the novelization of modern criminal legislation and law enforcement activities. Close attention is paid to the development and implementation of organizational and practical measures to counteract crimes against the individual at federal and regional levels. The strategic directions developed and implemented at the national level to improve the effectiveness of activities related to ensuring human criminological safety are of applied importance.
 The conceptual directions of realization of the state policy on prevention, suppression and counteraction of violent crime against the person proposed in the article have practical and oriented value.

Monnikerede: The Rise and Decline of a Medieval Port Community in the Zwin Estuary

Historians have primarily considered the small harbour of Monnikerede along the Zwin as an outport in service of Bruges. In this short urban biography, Monnikerede is given the centre stage. We investigate its functional development and changing socio-economic character between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries. Originating before 1200 as a landing stage linked to the Cistercian abbey of Ter Doest, Monnikerede developed into a fairly autonomous fishing and trading port during the thirteenth century. Only after 1300 was the port integrated into a rigid and hierarchical harbour network centred on Bruges, prompting a functional shift towards a staple market and service centre. It was primarily the loss of its privileges during the Bruges revolt of 1436-38 that led to the depopulation and the eventual disappearance of the town.

Charakter społeczno-gospodarczy miast powiatu łódzkiego i łęczyckiego 1807–1869

In the years 2020–2021, Łódź and other surrounding cities will celebrate the 200th anniversary of the decisions made by the authorities of the Kingdom of Poland, aimed at the industrialization of this part of Polish territory. Some of these urban centers, such as Lodz, have been successful, while most of them have not been able to develop industrially. Witold Kula, an excellent researcher of socio-economic history, wrote about these issues. So far this work has not been published and thanks to the help of prof. Marcin Kula, the author’s son, was published in a journal. W. Kula decided to analyze the economic and social condition of the cities located within the Łódźand Łęczyca poviats (according to the administrative status of 1921). Therefore, he was interested in the area subjected to industrialization and protection policy by the authorities of the Kingdom of Poland under the Act of Governor Józef Zajączek of 1820. The author was looking for an answer to the fundamental question which of the cities located in this area were also in the legal sense and in economic terms, and which and from an economic point of view, they did not differ from the status of a village? The conclusions and reflections contained in the work cover a long chronological period, starting from 1807 and ending with 1869, i.e. from the moment of placing Polish cities under the administration of a modern bureaucratic national magistracy, to the year in which the tsarist decree was issued to rename some settlements. cities in the governorates of the Kingdom of Poland. The subject of this work were 13 cities, namely: Grabów, Kazimierz (Łęczycki), Łęczyca, Łódź, Parzęczew, Piątek, Rzgów, Tuszyn and Zgierz, and the cities elevated to the rank of cities during the Congress Kingdom: Ozorków (1816), Aleksandrów and Poddębice (1822), Konstantynów (1830). After the reform of 1869–1870, only four of them remained towns: Łęczyca, Łódź, Ozorków and Zgierz. In implementing the theme, W. Kula assumed the following stages: “1. Overview of the basic and existing definitions of the term «city»; 2. on this basis, determining the basic economic and demographic characteristics of the city, and thus the qualification criteria of the city; 3. establishing the facts corresponding to the successful qualification criteria in individual cities in a particular period of time”. The author did not intend to issue “a firm sentence on each of the examined cities, granting or denying it the right to the” title “of the city in the economic sense. More important for him was to “establish the actual state of affairs corresponding to individual criteria, the state which, using these criteria, will sometimes lead us to various conclusions”. The work of W. Kula was based on a variety of source material, primarily the resources of the then pre-war archives, which were partially lost as a result of the tragic consequences of the Second World War. Hence, this monograph is also extremely important because it provides contemporary researchers with invaluable source material for further analyzes of the history of the cities of the Łódź region. More than a hundred tables included in the work by W. Kula with various and valuable statistical data will help in this. The monograph published in print consists of an extensive part called Introduction, divided into two chapters, the first of which is entitled Issue, and the second - Sources and studies, and two parts. The first part is entitled The economic content of the term “city” and is also divided into the following two chapters: Existing definitions of the term “city” and Eligibility criteria for urban settlements. On the other hand, the second, entitled Socio-economic character of cities in the Łęczyca and Łódź poviats, is the main part of the monograph with a source analysis of 13 cities and towns under consideration. It opens with Introductory remarks, followed by an alphabetical list of the aforementioned urban centers in terms of economic and social aspects in the following 13 sections. The work is supplemented by a bibliographic list and a list of abbreviations. The editors of the journal made only minor interference in the work by correcting typos and the so-called Czech errors, as well as by modernizing the spelling and the scientific apparatus of the monograph (in the notation of footnotes and bibliographic items), e.g. by supplementing some items, introducing currently used abbreviations, etc. Moreover, the bibliographic list that opened the work in the manuscript was moved to its end. However, no linguistic and stylistic corrections were made to reflect the character of the writing style and the way of expressing thoughts as accurately as possible by W. Kula, then a young adept of the historical guild.

Nutritional Status among 6-59 Months Children in A Selected Community of A VDC

Adequate nutrition is essential for proper growth and development of the child. We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study to find the prevalence of nutritional status of 6-59 month old Tharu children in Duruwa VDC of Dang District. This study also deliberates the socio-economic and demographic character, maternal and child character and child feeding status of the Tharu community children. This study is a descriptive cross sectional study and was done between February and March, 2017 in Tharu community of Duruwa, Dang. Total 189 children of age group 6 - 59 months were selected by using systematic random sampling technique; anthropometric measurements were performed to find the nutritional status of children. Pre-coded questionnaire was used to collect information from caretaker. WHO Anthro version 3.2.2 and SPSS version 20 were used to analyze data. Prevalence of wasting, stunting, and underweight were 25 (13.2%), 51 (27%), and 40 (21.2%) respectively. The prevalence of stunting was seen more in females than in males while underweight was higher among males, whereas wasting was very similar in both sexes. The findings showed that there is still high prevalence of malnutrition in Tharu children of Duruwa so monitoring of nutrition status in Tharu children should be taken seriously and needs to be addressed.

Unevenness of the Economic Development of the Arabic States as One of the Premises of the Conflicts in the Afro-Asian Region

The socio-economic reasons of conflicts are numerous. Their premises are very different factors of the economic history of the arabic states. Among most important is the unevenness of their economic development both in the colonial and in the postcolonial periods. Until gaining independence the arabic states were on the different levels of the socio-economic development. One may explain this by many reasons of the political, geographic and socio-economic character. The most important among them are the level of development of the capitalism, the geographic proximity of the arabic states to Europe and generally to their metropolises, the military-strategic situation, the presence of the colonies of migrants from metropolises and of the national communities from other European states, the discovery of rich resources of raw materials, the influence of of the neighbouring countries’s cultures on the process of their historic and socio-economic development. As a result of long historical influence of these and many others factors different arabic countries achieved independence, but all of them were backward agrarian countries. Therefore the main differences among them manifested themselves in the degree of the backwardness Not a single arabic country had the developed manufacturing industry, which production would go to export. Some mining and oil enterprises, which were present in some of them belonged mainly to the foreign capital and practically were the heterogeneous formation in the extremely backward agrarian economy with undeveloped production forces. Only in some of these countries the light and food industry was functioning. In other branches of economy small and smallest enterprises predominated, based on personal labour of their owners and their families, who used primitive means of production. The poor possibilities of competition, the low efficiency of production mechanisms, the extreme unevenness of available natural potentials, financial and human resources, in particular skilled labour, as well as the impact of the interstate and military conflicts, the processes of globalization and growth rates of the economic development led the arabic countries to in the beginning of the new century to very different and even polar results, the main indicator of which is the gross domestic product per capita. The historic experience demonstrates, that the more is the gross domestic product of any country, the bigger state apparatus, including military forces, it may afford and use it actively for its internal as well as foreign policy. For example, arabic state Qatar in 2011 used its military forces for the overthrow of the Kaddafi regime, what led Libya to the state of collapse, and turned it to a conglomerate of several quasi-states, which are connected together by the necessity to produce and to sell oil. If to take the whole period, more than half of the century, of the existence of the arabic countries as independent states , one would hardly find any years during which the peace persisted in their territories. There have been constant military-political conflicts in different parts of the arabic world, as well as between the arabic countries and their afro-asiatic neighbours.

PANDANGAN ULAMA TENTANG ZAKAT PROFESI

Zakat is a pillar of Islam that has an Islamic socio-economic character. Therefore the scholars of fiqih spill his attention by discussing the zakat profession. The fiqh scholars interpret the verse verses related to zakat, such as surah Al-Baqarah: 267, surah at-Taubah: 34, 60, and 103 and other verses. Zakat profession is not known at the time of the Prophet SAW. Zakat profession is the ijtihad of the scholars of today who depart from ijtihad that has enough basis and a strong reason. Among the contemporary scholars who argue the existence of professional zakat is Shaykh Abdur Rahman Hasan, Sheikh Muhammad Abu Zahrah, Sheikh Abdul Wahab Khalaf and Shaykh Yusuf Qardhawi. They argue that all income through professional activities such as physicians, consultants, artists, accountants, notaries, etc., when it reaches nishab, it is obligatory to pay zakat.

Alija Avdović – borac za slobodu i ravnopravnost

On the territory of today's Republic of Macedonia, people of different nations, religions and cultures live for centuries. Different states and administrations, but also peoples who have always strived for a prosperous state in which everyone would have complete freedom, simply equal opportunities, rights and obligations. With this ideology, the generations of Macedonian citizens were born and died. In the period between the two world wars living in the Vardar part of Macedonia in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was not easy. In the conditions when the authorities do not recognize the existence of Macedonians, but also Bosniaks, who, except in the territory of historical Bosnia, live in all parts of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the struggle for freedom and equality of all peoples living in it is intensified even more. This struggle for the preservation and building of a national identity had a revolutionary socio-economic character, as it sought to abolish class domination over most of the population. The bearer of this struggle was the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY). In this movement, Macedonians and Bosnians saw a chance to realize their aspirations to build a state in which they would be equal to other nations of former Yugoslavia. In the Vardar region of Macedonia, the bearers of this ideology and the revolutionary movement alongside the Macedonians were also Bosniaks. One of the first and most important Macedonian revolutionaries was a Bosniak Alija Avdovic. It starts its activity from the earliest days of the organized communist movement in Vardar Macedonia. Better to say, one of the founders of the movement, when in the spring of 1933, the Provincial Committee (PK) of the CPY for Macedonia is formed. Believing that Yugoslavia is possible only as a community of equal peoples, but also as a community in which there is no class domination, Alija Avdovic is actively working on raising awareness and creating revolutionary cells that will enable the realization of this idea. Why he was driven, convicted, and imprisoned. But nothing has crushed him in this fight. In the onslaught of fascism when the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was occupied, and the movement grew into a unified armed resistance to the freedom of the future common state of equal peoples, its work was gaining in intensity. The new fascist authorities have tried to arrest and destroy all the more significant revolutionaries. In August 1941, he was arrested and then shot by a young life, but whose work and ideas were extended to live and partially realized in the anti-fascist struggle and the creation of a new Yugoslav state.

RESEARCH THE CRISIS INDICATORS IMPACT OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTER ON THE ENSURING OF THE STATE SECURITY

The conditions of globalization put forward new threats to the existence of the traditional way of life. At present, poverty of the population, considerable property differentiation, lack of middle class, and low level and quality of life in the Ukrainian society are especially dangerous and threatening crisis phenomena of socioeconomic character in Ukrainian society. This fact confirms the statistics of criminal offenses in the sphere of providing the basis of state security, as well as in the field of providing public services, economic activities, and property crimes. Thus, all this, undoubtedly, actualizes the study of the issue of ensuring Ukraine’s state security from threats of socio-economic nature. Providing state security is in the sight of a large number of leading scientists. Note that in this case, the study of the crisis phenomena of the socio-economic nature itself and their impact on the provision of state security has not been given sufficient attention. Therefore, the subject of the study is the definition of the methodology of the impact of crisis phenomena of a socio-economic nature on the state of ensuring the state security of Ukraine to develop a model for the emergence and impact of crisis phenomena of a socio-economic nature on the state of state security. Let’s mention that sufficient attention is not paid to the research of crisis phenomena of socio-economic nature and their impact on the maintenance of state security. Methodology. To determine the theoretical and methodological principles of crisis phenomena in Ukrainian society, to study the state of ensuring the state security of Ukraine, and to develop a model of the emergence and impact of crisis phenomena of a socio-economic nature on the state of security, functional provisions of the theory of state administration, social economics, economic theory, system analysis, and also a collection of other general scientific and special methods are used, namely: systematization of legal acts, structural analysis, historical method, method of comparative analysis, welfare theory, hypothesis, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, structuring and organizational modelling. Practical implications. The emergence of crisis phenomena with a socio-economic component requires governments to make timely and effective management decisions. Such phenomena take central place among the threats to society in the system of ensuring state security. The main crisis phenomena of socio-economic character in Ukraine are identified as high levels of corruption, high levels of poverty, significant property differentiation of the population, social inequality, and lack of a middle class. The analysis of crisis phenomena shows that the most acute, mass, and socially dangerous crisis phenomena are caused by low living standards and unresolved social problems. They are the basis of grave social conflicts between the people and the authorities. There is a developed model of the emergence and impact of the crisis phenomena of a socio-economic nature on the state and shows that today the study of threats to state security, which arose on the socio-economic basis, deserves special attention. The most expedient and relevant is the study of the crisis phenomena of the socioeconomic nature and the development of mechanisms for state regulation of these phenomena.

“The year of the firman:” The 1895 massacres in Hizan and Şirvan (Bitlis vilayet)

Despite an overwhelming amount of primary sources, there are surprisingly few detailed studies on the massacres of 1894-1897. Events in the countryside are still less known than those in the major towns. This article is a micro-historical approach to the massacres of late autumn 1895 in two rural districts of Bitlis province, Hizan and Sirvan. Both districts particularly attracted the attention of contemporary observers because of alarming reports of thousands of conversions to Islam. On the basis of hitherto unused Armenian, British and Ottoman reports, after an introduction of geographical, ethnic, and socio-economic character of the districts, the article sets out to reconstruct the events aiming at an inventory of incidents and an estimate of the number of victims. It also explores other important issues like the identity of the perpetrators and their motives, the role of the authorities, and possible involvement of Armenian revolutionaries and Kurdish Hamidiye.