Socioeconomic Causes Research Articles

Soil erosion: An important indicator for the assessment of land degradation neutrality in Russia

This review of soil erosion (SE) studies in Russia focuses on two main tasks: (i) ensuring the completeness and reliability of SE data in Russia, a large country (17.1 million km2) with a variety of natural and socio-economic causes of land degradation, (ii) assessing the possibility of including a SE indicator among the indicators of land degradation neutrality (LDN). A wide range of statistical, remote sensing, mathematical modeling data, the results of scientific and field studies obtained at different levels were analyzed. It is asserted that in Russia the total area of eroded lands and those under erosion risk occupy more than 50% of all agricultural lands, whereas soil fertility of croplands decreased in Soviet time (from 1950s to 1980s) by 30–60% only due to water erosion. However, recent scientific studies indicate a decrease in erosion rate and in the area of eroded land during the last 30–40 years as a result of abandonment of arable land and subsequent overgrown with natural vegetation. The climate change resulting in decrease of the depth of soil freezing, flow of spring runoff also adds to the decrease of soil erosion. The SE indicator was suggested as an important complement to three global LDN indicators. At national and subnational level, it can be interpreted through such indices as “Rate of soil loss” (ton ha-1 yr-1) and “Total soil loss” (1000 tons, in certain area during selected time period). At local level the set of indices can be wider and site-specific, including those obtained through remote sensing data by using the classifier of thematic applications of remote sensing technologies; the example was tested at the local site.

AGA White Paper: Roadmap for the Future of Colorectal Cancer Screening in the United States

The American Gastroenterological Association's Center for Gastrointestinal Innovation and Technology convened a consensus conference in December 2018, entitled, "Colorectal Cancer Screening and Surveillance: Role of Emerging Technology and Innovation to Improve Outcomes." The goal of the conference, which attracted more than 60 experts in screening and related disciplines, including the authors, was to envision a future in which colorectal cancer (CRC) screening and surveillance are optimized, and to identify barriers to achieving that future. This White Paper originates from that meeting and delineates the priorities and steps needed to improve CRC outcomes, with the goal of minimizing CRC morbidity and mortality. A one-size-fits-all approach to CRC screening has not and is unlikely to result in increased screening uptake or desired outcomes owing to barriers stemming from behavioral, cultural, and socioeconomic causes, especially when combined with inefficiencies in deployment of screening technologies. Overcoming these barriers will require the following: efficient utilization of multiple screening modalities to achieve increased uptake; continued development of noninvasive screening tests, with iterative reassessments of how best to integrate new technologies; and improved personal risk assessment to better risk-stratify patients for appropriate screening testing paradigms.

Access and Use of Device‐Aided Therapies for Parkinson’s Disease in Denmark

In Denmark's five regions, there is potential inequality in access to device-aided therapy (DAT) for Parkinson's disease (PD) based on structural or socioeconomic factors. It is unclear how long DAT is maintained and affects concomitant medication. To investigate access to DAT by comparing the proportion of patients with DBS, subcutaneous apomorphine infusion (SCAI), or levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) in Danish regions 2008-2016 and describe demographics of patients, changes in use of comedication, and maintenance of DAT. This work is a retrospective nationwide population-based registry analysis generated by combining various registries and statistics in Denmark. From 2008 to 2016, 612 patients started DAT. There were statistically significant differences in the number of patients starting DAT between the Capital Region (99.5 per 1,000) and both Central Jutland (66.6 per 1,000) and North Jutland (70.6 per 1,000; P < 0.05). Among DBS and LCIG patients, respectively, 4% and 42% were aged ≥70 years, 68% and 63% were men (vs. 59% in the general PD population; P < 0.05 for DBS), 73% and 63% had a partner (vs. 62% in the general PD population), and 73% and 71% had a qualifying education (vs. 63% in the general PD population; P < 0.05). Use of PD-related medication decreased significantly from 4 years before to 4 years after DAT. Eighty-one percent of the patients who started LCIG, alive 4 years later, had maintained this treatment. There is unequal access to DAT in the Danish regions, and political and social considerations are warranted to address structural and socioeconomic causes.

Frecuencia e indicaciones del parto por cesárea en un hospital docente de Lima, Perú

Introducción. La cesárea es una operación reservada inicialmente para casos en los que el parto eutócico puede comprometer la vida de la gestante o del producto. Por diversas razones, se ha aceptado a la cesárea como método de parto de elección, aumentando su frecuencia. La OMS estableció un margen de tasa de cesáreas de 15% para las cesáreas primarias, ya que valores mayores no representan una disminución en la morbimortalidad fetal. Mundialmente se ha evidenciado tasas de hasta 21% (países europeos) y, en el Perú, 36% en el año 2015. Objetivos. Determinar la frecuencia e indicaciones más frecuentes de cesáreas en un hospital público docente de Lima. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo, tipo serie de casos, de pacientes sometidas a cesárea y sus indicaciones. Se incluyó a pacientes sometidas a cesáreas, electivas o de emergencia, desde enero 2013 hasta diciembre 2017. Resultados. La cesárea fue realizada con una frecuencia de 50,2%, siendo las indicaciones más frecuentes una cesárea previa y la desproporción cefalopélvica. Conclusiones. El estudio halló que se superó la tasa de cesáreas recomendada por la OMS. La indicación más frecuente en el período estudiado fue la cesárea previa.

Identification of the Factors Affecting the Quality of Education at Secondary School Level Students in Tehsil Faisalabad

Every last individual has the fundamental right to education. Without direction no nation will be gaining ground. The training framework in Pakistan is confronting different issues now a days. It is important to analyze the factors that influence the implementation of the students, and to get low or high ratings from the students. The execution of the understudies in scholastic isn't just affected by their own attributes talented by the nature yet in addition different components are associated with these achievements. For the monetary and social improvement of the general public, it is important to give our youngsters the quality training. As of late, the majority of the endeavors have been made to look out the components that influence the student execution. Today, in the age of the revolution of globalization and development, schooling is viewed as a opener for any individual initiative. It performs as a critical act for the advancement of human cardinal and linked with an individual’s contentment and convenience for better living. The purpose of 0 this study is 0 to examine and 0 explore those factors 0 that can affect 0 the student’s education quality at secondary level. There are many reasons which effects on the student’s education like personal causes, institutional causes, family causes, socio-economic causes etc. Keywords: Improvement, learning, factors affecting students’ performance, influence DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-18-21 Publication date: June 30th 2020

Factors, forming health status of children of first year of life (literature review)

The aim was to study the risk factors, forming the health status of children during the first year of life.&#x0D; The article presents a review of literature on the identification of various factors, forming health of children during the first year of life. The growing morbidity rate among the child population makes it urgent to find methods for improving childrens health including early diagnosis, so as to eliminate or reduce the impact of risk factors.&#x0D; In the current conditions, it is possible to affect significantly the health of children, in experts opinion, from the standpoint of a systematic analysis of the totality of socio-economic causes and risk factors. The joint efforts of pediatricians and parents will significantly improve the quality of life of a child without significant financial costs, thus, reducing family costs, spent for treatment and rehabilitation activities.

China's new public health constitution: a cause for hope?

On Dec 28, 2019, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China enacted the landmark Basic Healthcare and Health Promotion Law after 2 years of drafting. The law, set to be implemented on June 1, 2020, is in many ways a de facto constitutional charter for public health, guiding health policy and development in the next decade and beyond. It is not without grim irony that this new statute emerged simultaneously with the outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Wuhan. The massive global attention to COVID-19 should not divert us from the potential consequences of this law as a major determinant of health, setting up legal rules and frameworks affecting the underlying socioeconomic causes of disease and injury.1Gostin LO Monahan JT Kaldor J et al.The legal determinants of health: harnessing the power of law for global health and sustainable development.Lancet. 2019; 393: 1857-1910Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (116) Google Scholar One of the most important purposes of this law is to implement the Healthy China 2030 initiative, promulgated in October, 2016, by the Chinese Government, to push ahead China's ambition to hit key health indicators by the year 2030. The authorities' eagerness to legislate aspects of the initiative into a code of law reflects a general commitment, since the beginning of the reform era in 1978, to the proposition that law is among the most indispensable and effective instruments for managing China's demographically diverse, vastly complex society, and enforcing the policy preferences of the political centre against local public and private actors.2Zhang T Ginsburg T China's turn toward law.VA J Int Law. 2019; 59: 277-361Google Scholar The law contains 110 provisions over 10 chapters, and covers topics such as basic health-care services, medical and health institutions and their personnel, drug supply, health promotion, and financing. Article 4 broke new ground by recognising a “right to health”, which is nowhere mentioned in the current Chinese Constitution, as a “citizen's right” to be upheld by both state and society; this recognition could pave the way for the incorporation of the right to health into the Constitution. This right, according to Article 5, is defined as the concrete entitlement of citizens to enjoy “basic healthcare services” offered by state and society in relation to disease prevention, diagnosis, treatment, nursing, and rehabilitation. Article 6 designates the health of populations as a priority consideration for every level of government. Article 15 mandates that “basic public health services” are to be provided by the state free of charge, and—according to Article 16—to enhance the prevention and control of diseases. Article 19 obligates the state to establish a comprehensive public health emergency system and organise preparedness efforts. Article 20 mandates the creation of a system of infectious disease prevention and control that emphasises early prevention, which obligates individuals and groups to comply with isolation, treatment, and medical observation measures. According to Article 21, the state is to implement a policy of preventive vaccination, and submission to it by residents is framed as both a right and an obligation. Articles 22–28 cover the control and management of non-communicable diseases, consolidation of occupational health, protection of children and women, the health of the elderly and people with disability, delivery of first-aid services, and the development of public mental health. For all its symbolic boldness, the law is unlikely to revolutionise public health in China overnight. The wording of many of its provisions is ambiguous, featuring abstract principles rather than concrete and practical rules. Many of the Articles cannot be operationalised without elaboration by regulatory agencies associated with the State Council and by the judicial interpretations of the Supreme People's Court, both of which are likely to encounter difficulties of implementation in face of potentially contradictory directives decreed by local authorities, pursuant to the exercise of legitimate rulemaking powers under Article 108. The courts as potential enforcers of the law received scant and at best implicit attention from the text. Interestingly, Article 97 calls on private citizens and organisations to undertake the “social supervision” or civic oversight of public health institutions by submitting complaints to the competent bureaucratic authorities. Freedom of speech is prerequisite for “social supervision” to be meaningful, but the credibility of this freedom has been challenged in many parts of the country, in particular after a Wuhan ophthalmologist died of COVID-19 on Feb 7, 2020—one of earliest whistle-blowers of the novel coronavirus who was silenced by the authorities. There is little hope for the law to take full effect without momentous modifications in the broader Chinese legal and political systems. I declare no competing interests.

Causes and Effects of Child Marriage in Bangladesh: A Case Study at Halishahar, Chattogram, Bangladesh

Child marriage is one of the social diseases in Bangladesh which is an obstacle to overall progress of the country. It is still remaining a strong social custom in Bangladesh which causes high population growth rate of the country. It is a social phenomenon in Bangladesh that might be defined in many ways such as a legal problem, social problem, health problem, population problem and gender discrimination problem. Child marriage is the violation of child rights and an apparatus of discrimination against women. A considerable portion of the population of the country is children and in order to convert them into productive human resources of the country the problem of child marriage has to be addressed properly and steps should be taken immediately. This paper attempts to highlight the socio-economic causes and consequences of child marriage in Bangladesh. This paper also suggests some procedure to eliminate child marriage in Bangladesh. This research is conducted on the basis of primary and secondary data. For primary data a survey is conducted from September, 2018 to December, 2018 among 150 women aged 25 to 45 who got married before 18 years and live in slum at Santibag Area, Halishahar, Chattogram, Bangladesh. Secondary data are collected from various journals, books, reports and news paper writings.

An Empirical Study on Irregular Migration in Ethiopia: Policy Perspective

Developing countries such as Ethiopia face cross border irregular migration which is mainly triggered by push and pull factors. In spite of this fact, not much is known on many of the recent aspects of irregular migration and few studies have been conducted on the incidence. Since irregular migration is getting more and more severe in Ethiopia, it needs investigation on its causes and consequences from policy perspective. Therefore, this study was aimed to conduct an exploration on irregular migration from policy perspective in the Southern Ethiopian Region. From this region human traffickers and human smugglers use three outlets such as the southern outlet to South Africa via Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique, the north western outlet to Europe via Sudan and North Africa, and the northeastern outlet to Arab countries. To achieve the objective this study employed an in-depth case study design. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from primary and secondary sources. Key informant people were purposely and randomly sampled to conduct an interview and questionnaire. Data was analyzed and interpreted by using descriptive statistical technique and empirical analysis. Socio-economic and political causes and consequences of irregular migration, policy gaps that contribute to the incidence, and policy implementation problems were explored in this study. Keywords : Irregular migration; Policy; Cause; Consequence; Ethiopia DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/10-3-01 Publication date: March 31 st 2020

Impact assessment of socioeconomic factors on dimensions of environmental degradation in Pakistan

Environmental degradation is a natural and socioeconomic cause–effect phenomenon that is widespread all over the world. The current study investigates the impact of socioeconomic factors on dimensions of environmental degradation in Pakistan for the period of 1984 to 2017. The impact of socioeconomic factors on dimensions of environmental degradation is investigated using the augmented Dicky–Fuller unit root test and the autoregressive distributed lag bounds test. The cumulative sum of recursive residuals and the cumulative square sum of recursive residuals were used to check the stability of the socioeconomic parameters on dimensions of environmental degradation of three investigated models. The study observed a negative and significant impact on environmental degradation in all three models. The analysis incorporated that FDI, per capita GDP, industrialization and the total population have a positive and significant effect on environmental degradation in the long run; as FDI, per capita GDP and total population increase, this will cause environmental degradation to increase. The rural population and agricultural land have an insignificant association with environmental degradation. The present study also indicates that dimensions of the environmental degradation in Pakistan are mostly influenced by the governance. However, this research will help the policy makers to understand the importance of the governance and environmental degradation.

Does health insurance coverage reduce informal payments? Evidence from the \u201cred envelopes\u201d in China

BackgroundRepresenting a major threat to both equity and efficiency of health systems, the corrupt practice of informal payments is widely found in developing and transition countries. As informal payments are more likely to occur in health systems characterized by a high out-of-pocket payment rate, it is argued that formalized prepaid health insurance programs may help to curb such practice.MethodsUsing panel data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey, this study examined the association between changes in health insurance coverage on patient’s behavior proxied with informal payments.ResultsThe statistical results reveal that health insurance status in fact increases the probability of patients making informal payments to physicians. However, this association varies among population groups and insurance programs, particularly between social health insurance and private health insurance status.ConclusionsIn a health system characterized by unequal allocation of medical resources, the dual pursuit of cost saving and quality of care may drive patients to make informal payments for personal gains. This study argues that health policy interventions aimed at curbing informal payments must be based on a thorough understanding of their complex socioeconomic causes and attack the perverse incentives in a coherent and bona fide manner.

Religion in Economic History: A Survey

This chapter surveys the recent social science literature on religion in economic history, covering both socioeconomic causes and consequences of religion. Following the rapidly growing literature, it focuses on the three main monotheisms—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—and on the period up to WWII. Works on Judaism address Jewish occupational specialization, human capital, emancipation, and the causes and consequences of Jewish persecution. One set of papers on Christianity studies the role of the Catholic Church in European economic history since the medieval period. Taking advantage of newly digitized data and advanced econometric techniques, the voluminous literature on the Protestant Reformation studies its socioeconomic causes as well as its consequences for human capital, secularization, political change, technology diffusion, and social outcomes. Works on missionaries show that early access to Christian missions still has political, educational, and economic consequences in present-day Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Much of the economics of Islam focuses on the role that Islam and Islamic institutions played in political-economy outcomes and in the “long divergence” between the Middle East and Western Europe. Finally, cross-country analyses seek to understand the broader determinants of religious practice and its various effects across the world. We highlight three general insights that emerge from this literature. First, the monotheistic character of the Abrahamic religions facilitated a close historical interconnection of religion with political power and conflict. Second, human capital often played a leading role in the interconnection between religion and economic history. Third, many socioeconomic factors matter in the historical development of religions.

Religion in Economic History: A Survey

This chapter surveys the recent social science literature on religion in economic history, covering both socioeconomic causes and consequences of religion. Following the rapidly growing literature, it focuses on the three main monotheisms-Judaism, Christianity, and Islam-and on the period up to WWII. Works on Judaism address Jewish occupational specialization, human capital, emancipation, and the causes and consequences of Jewish persecution. One set of papers on Christianity studies the role of the Catholic Church in European economic history since the medieval period. Taking advantage of newly digitized data and advanced econometric techniques, the voluminous literature on the Protestant Reformation studies its socioeconomic causes as well as its consequences for human capital, secularization, political change, technology diffusion, and social outcomes. Works on missionaries show that early access to Christian missions still has political, educational, and economic consequences in present-day Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Much of the economics of Islam focuses on the role that Islam and Islamic institutions played in political-economy outcomes and in the long divergence between the Middle East and Western Europe. Finally, cross-country analyses seek to understand the broader determinants of religious practice and its various effects across the world. We highlight three general insights that emerge from this literature. First, the monotheistic character of the Abrahamic religions facilitated a close historical interconnection of religion with political power and conflict. Second, human capital often played a leading role in the interconnection between religion and economic history. Third, many socioeconomic factors matter in the historical development of religions.

The Panic of 1819: The First Great Depression by Andrew H. Browning

Reviewed by: The Panic of 1819: The First Great Depression by Andrew H. Browning Robert E. Wright The Panic of 1819: The First Great Depression. By Andrew H. Browning. Studies in Constitutional Democracy. (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2019. Pp. x, 439. $45.00, ISBN 978-0-8262-2183-4.) Ten score and zero years ago, a financial panic precipitated a decrease in per capita economic output as well as a decrease in the overall price level that lasted several years. Ostensibly comparable to the output and price declines of the 1930s, the “First Great Depression,” as historian Andrew H. Browning terms the Panic of 1819 and its aftermath, was certainly the worst peacetime downturn in the American economy since the real estate bust of the early 1760s sparked the imperial crisis. The contribution of The Panic of 1819: The First Great Depression rests in its thick narrative descriptions of changing economic conditions in the young United States. The chapter on volcanic climatic disruptions brings the notion of supply shock to life, while other early chapters paint detailed portraits of the asset bubbles that formed in wheat and cotton lands, slaves, manufacturing, and banking. The bursting of those bubbles Browning also vividly describes in the second part of his tome. The third part pitches the profundity of the downturn’s political consequences, including increased sectional animosity and popular political participation. Like a biographer, Browning stresses the importance of his subject, placing the Panic of 1819 in the room during all the momentous congressional debates and U.S. Supreme Court decisions between 1819 and the Andrew Jackson administration. An experienced researcher, Browning seriously engages with the important scholarship on early U.S. economic development produced by economist historians over the last thirty years. Despite the book’s appearance in a press series on constitutional democracy, however, Browning only partially adopts the development framework laid out by financial history doyen Richard Sylla, who has shown how the governance revolution of the 1770s and 1780s led directly to the financial revolution of the early 1790s, which in turn enabled the creation of the markets and institutions that funded the agricultural, transportation, and industrial revolutions of the nineteenth century. Browning, though, ignores America’s early governance reforms, leaning instead on the outdated concept of the market revolution, which he connects to increased transportation productivity via the corporation revolution, his truncated version of the much broader and more sophisticated Hamiltonian financial and entrepreneurial revolutions detailed by Sylla and others. [End Page 148] Moreover, while Browning can be excused for not explicitly discussing the Impossible Trinity or Trilemma, IS-LM, AD-AS, Heckscher-Ohlin, or other pertinent economic models, his narrative does not appear to be informed by them, which means the authoritative tone that the text often takes on complex issues of economic causation is unwarranted. In fact, Browning botches descriptions of several fundamental financial concepts, including the nature of money and the payments system in the early republic (confusing barter and book credit on pages 130–31 and page 222, for instance) and bank accounting (confusing, for example, liabilities with assets on page 164 and page 238). A close look at historian Sharon Ann Murphy’s Other People’s Money: How Banking Worked in the Early American Republic (Baltimore, 2017) might have helped Browning master such basics. While Browning’s account, the first book-length study of the downturn since Clyde A. Haulman’s Virginia and the Panic of 1819: The First Great Depression and the Commonwealth (London, 2008), may satisfy generalists seeking an engaging, mildly revisionist read, it leaves much to be desired as economic or financial history. Even as social history it remains far from comprehensive, missing, for example, Mordecai Manuel Noah’s important Essays of Howard, on Domestic Economy (New York, 1820). Ergo, a book about the socioeconomic causes and consequences of the Panic of 1819 remains on the bucket list of this intellectual progeny of Charles Sellers and Richard J. Ellis. Robert E. Wright Augustana University Copyright © 2020 The Southern Historical Association

Impact of Corruption and Crime on Smuggling: Evidence from Iran

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the size and the relationship between smuggling and crime indexes such as returned checks, corruption and drinking alcohol in Iran during the period 1984–2015 by using Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model and Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) method. The results showed that among the crime indexes, divorce, drinking alcohol and corruption were positively correlated with smuggling, while another crime index, returned checks had a negative relationship with smuggling. Besides, all socio-economic cause variables on smuggling, including tariffs, misery index, illiteracy, gap of exchange rate, economic openness index and the size of government were found to increase smuggling. Furthermore, the findings showed that the cause variables on smuggling, including liquidity and energy consumption were positively correlated with smuggling.

Indicative planning of the innovative development of a federal state in the context of the activation of unforeseen factors of a radical nature (at example of the COVID-19 pandemic)

The purpose of the article is to identify the main socio-economic causes and consequences of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic in indicative planning of the innovative development of a federal state, as well as the ways to overcome the negative consequences as a new and substantial example of impact of unforeseen factors of a radical nature to a federal state. The main fundamental consequences of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic appear to be two interrelated innovation processes (coronavirus’ affects): accelerated digitalization of all aspects of socioeconomic activity, as well as socio-economic innovation, namely “zeroing”, i.e. gradual displacement of a person from many processes where he is currently carrying out labor activities. In order to overcome the negative consequences of the coronavirus pandemic COVID-19 and other unforeseen factors of a radical nature federal states of the countries and region governments are apt use the tools of innovation and indicative planning.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CAUSES OF WORLD WAR II

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CAUSES OF WORLD WAR II

Tentative Stages of Progression for an Address at Geneva (Unpublished Manuscript) by Kenneth Burke

Climate change, the obesity epidemic, plastic pollution, the opioid crisis—for the last several decades, there has been a growing awareness of the chal­lenges posed by what are sometimes called “wicked problems” (Rittel & Webber, 1973). These problems—marked by complex intersecting socioeconomic and/or biogeophysical causes—constitute real and immediate threats to humans, nonhumans, societies, and ecologies. What’s more—given their scale and multicausal nature, so-called wicked problems resist most of the options available in our standard repertoires of tech fixes and social programs. The very nature of wicked problems requires the develop­ment of mitigation strategies that integrate human and nonhuman agen­cies. Identifying effective strategies is, of course, no easy task. As a bare minimum first step, doing so requires bringing together the kinds of experts, policymakers, stakeholders, and citizens who are well-suited to address the particulars of the wicked problem at hand.

Farmers' Perceptions of and Adaptations to Water Scarcity in Colombian and Venezuelan Páramos in the Context of Climate Change

This study examined how members of 2 water user associations in high-elevation ecosystems in Colombia and Venezuela perceive water scarcity as well as the relationship between their perception of and adaptation to it. Among study participants, adaptation was guided not only by the perception of climate change (disturbance of the seasons, decrease in precipitation, and more extreme temperatures) but also by the perception of the socioeconomic causes of water scarcity (increase in cultivated area and population, aging irrigation infrastructure, system management problems). Farmers in the Venezuelan study site have adopted new and more efficient irrigation technologies, restored degraded infrastructure, and undertaken various actions to preserve and conserve wetlands. In the Colombian study site, farmers created a new irrigation system that draws water from a nearby lake, creating access to an abundant resource. The study shows how perceptions of water scarcity in a climate change context are critical determinants of farmers' behavior, especially collective adaptation.

Entre protection et mobilisation : contributions canadiennes et québécoises à l’histoire transnationale des droits des enfants handicapés (1920-1980)

Cet article repère les principaux jalons de la mobilisation à l’égard des enfants handicapés au Québec et dans le monde. Il s’intéresse en particulier à l’émergence d’un mouvement de défense des droits des enfants infirmes sur la scène internationale pendant l’entre-deux-guerres, auquel le Canada, incluant le Québec, ont participé. En s’appuyant sur un corpus de sources variées, l’étude démontre qu’une conception sociale de l’enfance infirme a principalement été véhiculée par les acteurs de ce mouvement, sans être pour autant exempte de l’influence médicale. En insistant sur les causes socio-économiques responsables de l’infirmité, les philanthropes discréditent un autre discours qui fait porter le poids des déficiences sur des facteurs individuels. Notre lecture de ce mouvement d’avant-garde nuance l’interprétation selon laquelle une emprise médicale hégémonique aurait pesé sur les jeunes handicapés jusqu’à l’intensification de l’activisme dans les années 1960.