Socio-political Conditions Research Articles

Perbandingan Sistem Pemerintahan Presidensial dalam Sistem Ketatanegaraan di Indonesia dan Iran

Abstract--This paper describes a comparison related to the presidential government system in the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia and the State of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Some of the basic reasons that make the writer interested in discussing presidential government systems are the existence of standard rules or at least oriented to the United States presidential government system, but in practice, the system tends to follow the conditions of the socio-political-cultural structure that exists in each country. While the background why the author chose Indonesia and Iran to be compared, at least based on several factors. First, related to the history of upheaval in each country, Indonesia has experienced a period of reform and Iran has experienced a period of revolution. Second, Indonesia and Iran are both countries with a majority Muslim population, and Iran makes Islamic values ??the basis of state life. Meanwhile, in Indonesia, Islamic values ??are not fully used as the basis of the state, considering that Indonesia is a diverse country in terms of religion and culture. Third, Indonesia and Iran both use a presidential system of government, but Indonesia and Iran can combine the rules of a presidential government system with the conditions of the socio-political-cultural structure that exist in each country. This research is research using the statutory approach, conceptual approach, and comparative approach. As a result, there are differences in the implementation of presidential government systems in Indonesia and Iran in several indicators. This is very reasonable because the system of government in a country must adapt to the socio-political historical conditions that exist in both Indonesia and Iran.
 Indonesia, Iran, presidential system.

Faithful Participation: The ‘Ulama in Bangladeshi Politics

ABSTRACT The ‘ulama have an important position in Muslim society. They hold influence not only in the socio-religious domain but also in the political domain. This article aims to examine the religio-political roles of the ‘ulama in Bangladesh. The examination has been done through an exhaustive and critical content analysis of published secondary literature about the ‘ulama and politics. The article argues that the Bangladeshi ‘ulama are diverse and have shown their religio-political flexibility throughout recent history. The ‘ulama have also played effective religio-political roles in times of sociopolitical change. Their roles have also varied from time to time in accordance with the sociopolitical conditions. The article also shows that the ‘ulama have gained influence under center-right Governments and lost it under center-left Governments in post-independent Bangladesh.

On the definition of the concept of “payment system” in the context of changes of the current legislation of Ukraine

Problem setting. Increasing the value of cashless payments and strengthening the role of heterogeneous payment systems in recent years, especially in the conditions of quarantine restrictions related to the coronavirus disease of COVID19, has become a clear and unconditional trend in the field of economic relations. Profound changes in the organization of calculations caused by the rapid development of information and telecommunication technologies, as well as the processes of globalization, lead to the need for new scientific research on the problems of legal regulation of payment systems, since, unfortunately, theoretical achievements in this area lose their relevance due to the high dynamics of the changing economic and socio-political conditions. Against this background, recent changes in the current legislation of Ukraine require their detailed analysis and awareness, and therefore the revision of certain fundamental views, including the definition of the concept of “payment system.” Analysis of resent researches and publications. The study of payment systems as an immanent component of the economic sphere has its own history and specifics. They were studied both from the position of economic theory, and became the subject of scientific searches of representatives of legal science. Some issues of essence, organization and functioning of modern payment systems have been the subject of scientific interest as domestic, and foreign economists, including Woodford M., Gerasimova S., Grytsenko A.A., Gross D., Demkivskyi A.V., Issing O., Koval I.M., Lukyanov V.S., Movchan O.A., Olifirenko M.M., Senyshchiv P.M. Their theoretical achievements are the foundation of understanding the peculiarities of legal regulation of heterogeneous calculation relations in modern economy. Lay the foundations for creating a holistic theory of settlement legal relations, and also contribute to the formation of the concept of payment law. Target of research is to update the issue of the essence and concept of the «payment system,» as well as to highlight the peculiarities of the transformation of the defining features of such an object of legal regulation in the conditions of systemic changes in the special legislation of Ukraine. Article’s main body. The article considers the problem of defining the concept of “payment system” in the conditions of radical change of the special legislation of Ukraine on the organization of settlement relations. It emphasizes the lack of a generally accepted scientific approach in the question of determining the concept and essence of the payment system, emphasizes the presence of a broad discussion on such a problem. Attention is drawn to the shift of emphasis in determining the essence of the payment system from the transfer of funds to the provision of payment services. The author’s definition of the payment system as a legal form of payment services provision is proposed. Conclusions and prospects for the development. There is a wide discussion in scientific circles about the definition of the “payment system” until now has not finally solved such a problem. Attempts to overcome disagreements in determining the essence of the concept of “payment system” in the general sense did not lead to the unification of existing scientific approaches. At the same time, such theoretical searches provided an opportunity to evaluate the phenomenon from the perspective of ideas about its essence, content and form.

Исследования криосферы в горах Иле Алатау

This article presents the stages of cryosphere studies in the Ile Alatau Range in XIX–XXI. Based on published official and literary data and oral reports, 3 main periods of research are described according to the socio-political conditions. The efforts of enthusiasts, followed by the period of regular measurements and observations, involvement of women in science. After the period of the USSR disintegration the systematic observations were continued with the expanded scientific contacts, use of new scientific equipment and methods of research.

Character as social semiotic in Wole Soyinka’s The lion and the jewel

Semiotics is context bound. Therefore, it is appropriate to situate the locale of any interpretation of art as veritable vehicle for proper understanding. In this regard, Wole Soyinka’s The Lion and the Jewel as a dramatic text derives a better metaphorical essence when assessed as a semiotic correlative of the socio-political conditions in the Nigerian post-colonial experience. Beyond its engagement in the dramatization of events that constitute narrative, character plays a pivotal role as a means by which thematic concerns can be mirrored. In other words, in all ramifications of its application, character usually plays representative roles, especially considering the fact that fiction aims at reflecting what is obtainable, probable or conceivable in a given context. Relating the dramatic events that played out in the text, it is observed that The Lion and the Jewel in its characterization captures a proper representation of socio-political personalities in Nigeria, including the author, Soyinka. From the jewel of contest which is the political power to the predatory turncoats who plunder and rape the patrimony, the drama demonstrates how character can assume a mimetic essence that indicates prophetic act. Just as it is common practice to tag an overbearing political leader the Orwellian Big Brother, and considering how the drama has succeeded to relate or relay socio-political identities, it is duly recommended that examination of characters in literature, especially African literature, should account for their roles as counterpart identities of politically exposed persons. Thus, there is a Baroka in the politician who snatches power by unorthodox means; a Lakunle in the upstart whose feeble attempt to contest political power is laughable and a Sadiku who is an accomplice in spite of being a victim.

REVIEW ON NATIONAL IDENTITY IN ARCHITECTURE THROUGH THE UNDERSTANDING OF ITS ROLES, TYPOLOGIES AND THEMES

National identity is defined as a sense of belonging or ownership to a country or a nation related to the idea of unity for a country, represented by recognizing similarities in tradition, culture, language, and political ideology. Understanding national identity in architecture will direct us to study its roles, typologies, and themes. Architecture describes its own identity based on the conditions of the location it was developed which translates into physical form. It is not easy to understand what identity is and how national identity can be described in different national socio-political conditions. This study compiles the scholars’ ideologies and viewpoints through literature review and direct observations on the roles, typologies, and themes of national identity in architecture. Interpretative paradigm was used to interpret and understand the factors that shaped the ideology of national identity in architecture. This paper discusses the roles of architectural national identity from the community perspective (project identity) and government’s perspective (‘sub-national identity’, ‘supra-national identity’ and ‘private identity), the typologies - natural identity, artificial identity (manufactured identity), forced identity and the themes - typology, remembrance (memorial) and geopolitics. This study used a qualitative approach in which data were collected from ideological case studies and scholarly views through literature review. As a result, the roles determine why architecture was initiated, typologies allow us to understand the categorization and classifications of architecture and themes lead us to appreciate the hidden meaning of architecture. This study will be used as a reference and guide by architects, designers, planners, policymakers, and authorities to understand more about national identity in architecture.

Trends of Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) Acts of Terrorism Targeting the Shia Community

The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) has consistently attacked Shia communities, and buildings belonging to these communities, both in the Middle East and outside the region. This paper tries to explain the logic and justification used by ISIS in making the Shia community a target of terrorism. To answer this question, this paper uses the concept of religious terrorism and framing through the phenomenon of terrorism. By analyzing various ISIS documents related to Shia issues, this paper describes the framing developed by ISIS for attacking Shia groups. This paper finds that ISIS creates anti-Shia framing by combining theological problems, Middle East socio-political conditions, and end-time eschatological beliefs. From a theological point of view, ISIS believes that the Shia are an ‘apostate’ group that deserves to be fought. In the socio-political context, ISIS considers that Shia groups work with foreign countries to fight Islam. In terms of eschatological beliefs, ISIS considers Shiites to support the Dajjal in the end times that must be fought. On the other hand, ISIS claims that its group is a legitimate caliphate and defender of Islamic teachings. These things shape ISIS’ hostile attitude towards Shia groups.
 Keywords: Shia, ISIS, terrorism, framing

A Safe Space to Play Dangerously: Contextualizing Gender Play in Therapy

ABSTRACT In my response to Guzzardi’s paper, I trouble the notion of gender play by arguing that it must be contextualized in order to be comprehended and fruitfully used for therapeutic purposes. It goes without saying that a certain amount of safety is required for play to be possible. In my paper, I inquire into the nature of the safety necessary for gendered play. I argue that embedding the patient, the therapist, and the dyad in context, history, and sociopolitical conditions is a fundamental component of said safety, that without this embedding, gender play is not only not possible, it is itself unsafe. Finally, I offer a way for clinicians to engage in this process of embedding through the notion of the systemic enactment, which opens a path for healing that surpasses the individual and extends out into the community, the very space in which we are all embedded together. This embedding represents the sort of safety needed for gendered play to be generative and enlivening, and for therapy to be liberatory.

Sustainability of Cultural Identity of Ex-Adherents Kawula Warga Naluri of 1966-1971 in Banjarnegara, Indonesia

This article describes the interaction between the structure and agency of ex-adherent of Kawula Warga Naluri in Banjarnegara District to maintain cultural identity and fight against the stereotype of "belum beragama" (does not belong to any religion) after the September 30th Movement incident in 1965. This article is a study of social history carried out through stages according to the rules of the historical method. The historical sources used are oral, namely historical actors and witnesses combined with written sources. Data obtained were analysed and interpreted using the structuration theory adopted from Giddens. This article produces an explanation of the reciprocal relationship between the structure of religious rules and socio-political conditions with the choice of Buddha Dharma as the religion of ex-adherent of Kawula Warga Naluri. The choice of Buddha Dharma is a form of rejection of the stereotype of "belum beragama" adherence to religious rules and persistence of cultural identity. In adapting to the Buddha Dharma, the ex-adherent of Kawula Warga Naluri face suspicious attitudes from the local government. The ex-adherent of Kawula Warga Naluri responds to this attitude in an accommodative and moderate manner. This article concludes that there is an interaction between structure and the act of disbanding, application of religious obligations, and the defense of cultural identity through Buddha Dharma by ex-adherent of Kawula Warga Naluri.

Взаимосвязь преступности и социально-политических условий в обществе: российский опыт

In the process of the evolutionary development of human society, crime, as a negative phenomenon, inseparably has accompanied it, increasing during unrest (revolutions, coups, etc.) and decreasing in calm and peaceful times. According to the results of the study, the author reveals that the main bursts of crime occur during periods of socio-political transformations in human society (deep reforms in the country, revolutions, periods of socio-political transformations, etc.); in the context of a natural tendency towards the humanization of the punishment system in human society; in conditions of deterioration in the socio-economic situation of the country's population, etc. The relevance of the study of the relationship between crime and socio-political conditions in Russian society is due to the growth of crime in the country in connection with the socio-political and economic transformation of Russian society and the need to identify the patterns of its change.

Performing Arts Curation as a Means of Advocating for Change in Cultural Policy

This article explores the potentials of performing arts curation to challenge current European cultural policies. It opens with a brief comparison of the genealogy of the curator in the visual and performing arts. Suzana Milevska’s concept of “curatorial agency” and contemporary understandings of the “curator as an intermediary” serve to highlight the discrepancies between the socio-political conditions of production and circulation in the two fields. The second part of the article draws on interviews with five performing arts curators from independent organizations active within European project networks to further examine the implications of curating as a mediating cultural-political practice. Finally, in a context where cultural policies increasingly support market-oriented cultural actors, it calls for a stronger accountability of the performing arts curator in the negotiation of values between the artistic community, audiences, and policymakers.

Cultivating circular economies in the gaps of governance: lessons from Lebanon’s ecosystem of CE micro projects

ABSTRACT This article explores micro circular economies (CEs) in Lebanon. The researchers asked, “What do CEs that center human health, equity, and well-being into their design look like in practice? What lessons can macro-CE projects and policy learn from such approaches?” Employing a political ecology framework, the authors assess the socio-political conditions through which these CEs emerged to understand the possibilities for mobilising CEs as solutions for conditions of systemic violence and inequality. Analysing common discourses and practices across disparate CE micro projects, this article theorises the main differences between such projects and institutionalised or corporate CEs. This study traces CEs which emerged during the garbage crisis of 2015 and coalesced during the thawra (the 2019–2020 uprisings in Lebanon). The authors analyse the challenges, opportunities, and lessons learned in navigating multifaceted CE projects within these challenging conditions. Through examining circular economy solutions “from below”, we argue that CE projects that are designed to respond to histories of power and inequality have greater potential to advance socio-ecological equality by creating innovative models for resource (re)use and distribution.

Urban Pedagogies of Resistance in Apocalyptic Hong Kong

The COVID-19 pandemic has amplified existing inequalities and highlighted multiple apocalyptic conditions affecting many different people and other-than-humans. At the same time, the pandemic has made it difficult to mobilise and make visible collective action in public, which has required artist-activists to devise new and diverse strategies to identify, occupy, and refuse spaces of publicness. Hong Kong’s unique urban and socio-political conditions continue to coevolve rapidly with the pandemic and intensifying political oppression. Following the Umbrella Movement (2014) and the ‘Be Water’ Movement (2019-2020), the current COVID-19 era forms the third key turn in the development of public pedagogy at the intersection of art and protest practices in Hong Kong. This paper examines the emerging artistic tactics of creating spaces of publicness as ‘the wild place’ or ‘cracks’ in apocalyptic Hong Kong, through two cases of artistic interventions and interruptions—the Hong Kong Way (August 2019) and #Hijack Art Basel HK (May 2021)—which in Biesta’s (2012) words can act both as a test of and a reminder of publicness. To contest the notion of publicness and Savage’s (2010) multiplicity of publics, we incorporate Harney and Moten’s (2013) conceptualisation of ‘study’ in the undercommons as urban public pedagogies.

Revisiting Domestic Violence in Poe's “The Black Cat”: The Narrator Between Psychological Struggle and Egoistic Masculinity

The present paper aims at demonstrating Poe’s depiction of domestic violence as a technique to demonstrate his chaotic loss in between his Psychological Struggle and his Egoistic Masculinity. It shows how readers sometimes get lost in search of a judicious cause for the extensive use of violence amongst the chaotic sociopolitical conditions that prevailed that period then. A psychoanalytical perspective was provided to unveil some of the hidden and unsaid facts within some of the gothic literary scenes that were analyzed and examined in light of the narrator’s internal struggle between his traumatic psychology and egoistic masculinity. Among others, the present researchers have found that there are intrinsic and extrinsic factors that genuinely contributed to the increasing scenes of persistent violence committed by the unnamed narrator, but not limited for alcoholism and the unbalanced psychological disorder as the narrator wished to display.

Bare life and subjectivity in post-Independence era: the figure of homo sacer in selected Southern African narratives

ABSTRACT The demise of Apartheid and colonialism in South Africa and Zimbabwe ushered in hope among the masses, who expected transformation to improve their economic, political and social conditions. However, context and history conspired to orchestrate persistent suffering, uncertainty and existential angst, which find expression in literary works. Drawing from Agamben’s concept of biopolitics, we interrogate fictional representations of economic and socio-political conditions in post-apartheid South Africa and post-independent Zimbabwe. We analyse how writers portray post-colonial conditions, as shaping and creating the figure of homo Sacer. The study focuses on Tagwira’s The Uncertainty of Hope, Mhlongo’s After Tears and Moele’s Room 207, to assess how writers portray the post-independence subject, as embodying precarity in spaces that ought to have afforded them dignity and hope. The Foucault-Agamben connection and Mbembe’s notions of conviviality and necropolitics are used to explain the deplorable conditions of citizens. The texts convey ambiguities and paradoxes generated from sovereign power that have the potential to reduce citizens and non-citizens to a naked existence. The novels satirise and subvert sovereign power for poor governance, corruption and political betrayal, which have bred anxiety, disillusionment, inequalities, marginalisation and poverty among ordinary people, as summed up in Agamben’s notion of bare life.

The Impact of the Indonesian Polarization Phenomenon on Javanese Voting Behavior in the 2024 Election

This research analyses the factors that affect people’s preferences in their political decisions. In Indonesia, the people of Java Island account for 56.10% of the total population and lead to changing the contemporary political structure. Researchers held focus group discussions at several cities across Java Island to identify citizen knowledge of socio-political conditions and trace out characteristics of future leaders. One of the significant findings of this paper is that the ability to understand public interest in political issues is an essential factor for Javanese people to consider when selecting leaders in the future.

Hero Commemoration and State Legitimation in Post-Communist Vietnam —A case study of martyr Võ Thị Sáu (1933-1952)—

This essay examined the public veneration of the heroic figure Võ Thị Sáu (1933–1952) and its relations to state legitimation in post-communist Vietnam. Through the case study of Sáu, the essay illuminated some characteristics of contemporary hero commemoration and the socio-political conditions that gave rise to these transformations. The goal was to demonstrate how communist fighters were reimagined into the embodiment of the revolutionary past and the moral high ground of the communists. These heroes became a medium for conflating national identity with state attachment, and for smoothing out post-communist ideological ruptures in state identity, hence making them valuable assets for the state in overcoming challenges against its leadership in the post-communist era.

В поисках идентичности: дискурс будущего в современном романе-дистопии Ванессы Веселки «Дзадзен», Алехандро Моралеса «Чума тряпичной куклы»

The article deals with the collective and individual identity problem in the context of changing world and socio-political conditions in hypothetical reality. World literature is an ever-living source for understanding a variety of possible options for development of civilization, the role and place of the individual in the future society. The authors examine representation of individual and collective identification in the dystopian novels by modern writers: V. Veselka “Zazen” (2011) and A. Morales “The Rag Doll Plagues” (1992). The object of the study is the socio-political discourse of the future, outlined in fiction form. The subject of the research is the process of individual and collective identification in the context of the predicted future reality. The purpose of the study is to analyze Veselka and Morales’ dystopian novels for outlining factors influencing the process of individual and collective identification in the hypothetical future. The research methodology is based on the principles of semiotic-communicative and cultural-historical approaches. The discourse of the future is considered as a political discourse, a set of verbal signs that performs a certain function in political communication and conveys information about social processes, norms and values in a given socio-political situation. Within the framework of the cultural-historical approach, the literary text is studied as a product of social life in specific cultural-historical conditions. Individual and collective identity is forming in the conditions of an unfavorable, “negative” version of the future civilization. Veselka and Morales project in their works nowadays socio-political problems in a hypertrophied form: terrorism, epidemics and pandemics, environmental disasters, dehumanization, consumerism, etc. The analysis of dystopias clearly indicates that main factors in individual and collective identification are ethnopolitical, ethnocultural and psychological ones. Ethnopolitical and ethnocultural factors affect deeply the process of social identification, while psychological factors have a major impact on the search for individual identity

Чернильница и финики: тема труда в выставках «Предметы гордости и стыда» и «Гастев. Как надо работать»

This article investigates labor through the interpretation of modern artistic practices. Two exhibitions have been chosen as examples. The first one is the exhibition of Vladimir Arkhipov's collection of folk things; the second one is “Gastev. How to Work'' dedicated to Alexey Gastev. The exhibitions were held at the PERMM Museum of Contemporary Art in 2021. The author conducts a comparative cross-temporal study of the results of labor and the labor process focusing on the phenomenon of a folk thing investigated by artist Vladimir Arkhipov for more than two decades and idealistic reference ideas of scientifically regulated labor norms and standards developed by Alexei Gastev and the Central Institute of Labor in the 1920s. The comparative study will rely on the paradigms of re-thinking the labor in the mid-20th and early 21st centuries by scientists such as A. Honneth, Z. Bauman, M. Heidegger, G. Standing, and H. Arendt and the contemporary philosophical research on the issue of ontologies, namely the flat ones, undertaken by B. Latour and T. Morton. The methods designed during the evolution of the theoretical representation and understanding of labor in the second half of the 19th century and at the end of the 20th century allow for tracing and exploring the path from the forced labor to the free one focusing on artistic practices. This comparison will refer to the analysis of labor as a process. Contemporary approaches in the field of ontology, namely the flat ontology, have been used as a methodology for analyzing the transformation of perceiving the labor outcomes. Both the labor process and its results have been analyzed along the trajectory of the subject-object relations. The paper proposes a definition of the perception and product of labor under the modern socio-economic and sociopolitical conditions through the prism of artistic ideas.

ДО ПИТАНЬ ДЕФІНІЦІЇ ПОНЯТЬ ВИКОНАВСЬКОЇ ТА АВТОРСЬКОЇ ШКОЛИ

Modern Ukrainian musicology is developing the definition, terminological apparatus, system of typological signs and classification of performing schools in more and more detail. The very definition of the concept, its content, signs, structure, range of functions differ significantly in the works of various researchers, which indicates the search and active formation of the most appropriate scientific apparatus (categorical, terminological, typological, etc.). Many researchers pay attention to the study of the characteristic features of individual instrumental or national performing schools. Other socio-political conditions were formed in the second half of the 20th century, and socio-cultural changes became a powerful impetus to the development and growth of the number of author schools, and at the same time to the formation of relevant concepts. The essence of the teacher's activity as a representative of the school consists, first of all, in teaching the student the technology of mastery. The value and truth of this training is revealed in the meaningfulness of the actions, in the proof of the «correctness» of the methods and recommendations chosen by the teacher, which are perceived and creatively implemented by the student. The stability of the school structure, which is ensured through cultural genesis, is combined with dynamic factors - new circumstances in which executive activity is carried out and which ensure the variability of programs while the school structure is stable as a phenomenon (Davydov, 2010: 6). The structuring of the school according to the ethnic-territorial principle takes place at the national, regional (peripheral, local), authorial (individual-pedagogical) levels. At each of the levels, the functions of the school are realized in a different way: cognitive, communicative and didactic. The cognitive function is aimed at summarizing and understanding creative, methodical, pedagogical, cognitive, educational experience through the creation of educational literature, repertoire collections, self-expression through interpretation and composition, and other types of creative activity. Communicative and didactic functions consist in the selection and development of a didactically verified system of transfer and assimilation of knowledge, cooperation between the teacher and the student on the stages of preparation for concert performances, the formation of the creative personality of the young musician in this process, the education of emotional, artistic, intellectual, technical and expressive spheres aimed at performing process.