Socio-historical Approach Research Articles

Éthique procédurale, entre petits arrangements et transgression: comparaison Brésil-France

Résumé Dans une approche socio-historique et à partir de nos propres expériences, cet article se propose de comprendre les enjeux relatifs à l’éthique procédurale en France et au Brésil. Les résultats de cette comparaison montrent la même tension disciplinaire entre sciences sociales et biomédicales. On observe une politique volontariste de régulation de la recherche avec des humains dans les deux pays mais qui en France, contrairement au Brésil, n’est pas encore géneralisée. L’éthique procédurale, caractérisée comme normative, protocolaire et standardisée uniformise la manière de penser les recherches. Confrontés à des logiques antagonistes, les chercheurs sont fortement tentés de contourner les procédures.

Metodologi Pengajaran Qira'at Sab‘ah Studi Observasi di Pondok Pesantren Yanbu‘ul Qur'an dan Dar Al-Qur'an

Islamic Boarding School (pesantren) Yanbu'ul Qur'an and the Dar Al-Qur'an of Cirebon are two boarding schools that are still continuing to teach the seven ways of reciting the Holy Qur’an (al-Qirā’āt as-Sab'). Both have similarities and differences in teaching that method. This research will explain the method and systematic teaching of the seven ways of reciting the Holy Qur’an using socio-historical analysis approach. At the Islamic boarding school of Yanbu'ul Qur'an, tahfizul Qur'an (learning the Qur’an by heart) is one of the requirements that the students of the Qira’at must have, because the talaqqi (the process of learning the Qur’an by heart by meeting face to face with the supervisor) is conducted by the way of the unseen (bil-gaib) and face to face. While at the Islamic boarding school of Dar Al-Qur'an of Cirebon, tahfizul Qur’an is not required because the process is conducted through the way called talaqqi bin-na§ar (seeing the Qur'an), and is conducted in groups.

Second generations: Citizenship and transnationalism

This article deals with a socio-historical approach of second generations in France, a country which has a long story of immigration, but which has refused this historical past for a long time. Two tools of comprehension are used: intersectionnality of belongings which puts all elements of them in competition (Arab, Muslim, French, segregated in poor districts). But work has ceased to be a n identity of recognition. Transnationality, which crosses the frontiers and the walls through identity and plural relations. After an historical perspective of the phenomenon second generations in France, the article examines the various factors of identification which are competing together.

A Escolha de Psicólogos em Cursar Mestrado em Psicologia

As escolhas profissionais dos psicólogos são permeadas pelas condições sociais possibilitadas pelo mercado de trabalho e campo de atuação profissional que influenciam a Psicologia como ciência e como profissão. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de levantamento cujo objetivo foi investigar o processo de escolha de psicólogos em cursar mestrado em Psicologia. Foram estudados 29 psicólogos, alunos do curso de mestrado em Psicologia de uma Universidade Federal, que responderam a um questionário. A análise dos dados evidenciou que, em relação aos motivos apresentados pelos alunos para cursar mestrado, 29% fizeram referência ao desejo de atuar como docente e 10% apontaram o projeto de atuar como pesquisador. Diante dos resultados, com base em uma abordagem sócio-histórica, é possível perceber como as condições de trabalho e educação encontradas no início do século XXI modificaram a importância atribuída pelos psicólogos pesquisados à qualificação profissional no stricto sensu e à qualidade da sua inserção profissional.

University hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina: the knowledge-power of nurse teachers (1975-1980)

The objective of this study was to historicize the creation of the University Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina and the power of nurse teachers in the organization of the nursing department of this hospital, based on their knowledge. It is a qualitative study and a socio-historical approach that utilizes oral thematic history and documentary analysis. Interviews were conducted with five nurse teachers and a doctor. Data were categorized utilizing thematic context analysis based on the Foucaultian framework. Results demonstrate that the process of construction of the hospital and the organization of the nursing were permeated with struggles and resistance. Nurse teachers exercised the power, ensuring many achievements due to their knowledge. It was concluded that, from the knowledge developed by nurse teachers, the proper professional attitude, and a willingness to provide quality care, the nursing department conquered its space and organized a nursing care systematized in the hospital, which served as a model for several health care institutions.

Das Frauenstimm- und Wahlrecht in der Schweiz 1848–1971

By focusing on the belated introduction of female suffrage in Switzerland, this article looks at how the political exclusion of half of the Swiss population was normalised. It argues that, notwithstanding its singularity, the Swiss case highlights some of the main mechanisms, practices and legitimisation strategies used to withhold political rights from women in modern society. The long time span between the introduction of male suffrage in 1848 and the introduction of female suffrage in 1971 raises the question of how such an exclusion could be maintained, particularly in the face of the tendency towards democratisation in the post–1945 world. Pursuing a loose chronological narrative, the author discusses the explanatory arguments of six types of socio-historical approaches to the question. Together, they provide evidence of what was at stake for the official gender scripts in the debates about a reconfiguration of the conception and practice of democracy.

ISLAM PADA MASA KESULTANAN BANTEN

For many observers, Banten is well known as an area where the population has a strict religious understanding onislamic law. Colonial officials and experts in Islamic studies such as Snouck Hurgronje and GF Pijper, testified that compared to other Muslims across Java , Muslim in Banten and Cirebon were stricter in practicing Islam . The phenomenon of the social life of the religious community in Banten is necessarily formed within a very long time span. This paper traces the root of the formation of public religious understanding ojMuslim in Banten. Using a socio-historical approach, this paper then leads to the conclusion that the sultan of Banten issued policies that had a greater emphasis to the adherence to the Shari'a rather than Sufism. Religious orientation on the fiqh-oriented can explain the Islamic militancy Banten community, as witnessed by the colonial officials, and even still can be seen up to this present moment.Key words: Jslamization, Sultanate, Banten

A Hundred Years of the Lithuanian Folktale Research: from the Traditional Comparativism to the Modern Methods

This article presents a historical survey of the Lithuanian folktale research in order to summarize the research tendencies, methods, influences and review the publications launching original innovative ideas, which are the most important in the development of folkloristics. Possible directions for the future research are also charted.The European folktale research is introduced in the beginning, starting with publication of the folktales’ collections by the Brothers Grimm that had sparked off the movement of folklore collection in other countries. Further, the theories of the folktales’ origins appearing in the end of the 19th century are discussed, including the one considering folktales as remnants of the ancient beliefs, and also, the migration theory and the anthropological theory. Particular importance of the Finnish historical-geographical method is acknowledged, as having inspired the international classification of folktales. Afterwards, structuralism became especially popular, emphasizing the narrative structure of the tales. The socio-historical approach to narratives shaped a singular branch in the folktale research, focusing on the meaning of the tales, their rendering and reception in different historical, social and cultural contexts. Contextual studies of folktales also enjoy considerable popularity.The article gives a chronological survey of the Lithuanian folktale studies: starting with their appearance in the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century, inspired by the national movement for the independent state (mostly the comparative analysis and partly, the mythological); to the research during the interwar period in Lithuania (the spread of the historical-geographical method), its continuation in the exile (the oikotype idea by C. W. von Sydow, the semiotic analysis, the Vienna historical-geographical school) and in the soviet Lithuania (the Marxist-Leninist approach, the philological and mythological research), and finally, in the independent Lithuania (the structural semantics, the philological and mythological research, the anthropological and psychological approaches, and contextualism). Admittedly, the nature and direction of research is largely determined by the social conditions, historical and political circumstances, and certain “fashionable” methodological tendencies. It is concluded that comparative analysis and philological approach to the folktales are predominant tendencies in Lithuania; also, mythological insights are abundant. The leader of the Lithuanian folktale research is undoubtedly Bronislava Kerbelytė, who has created her own unique method of narrative analysis – the structural semantic analysis of texts, constituting the basis for her several monographs and numerous publications on folktales. The narrative piece that generated the greatest amount of studies is “Eglė, the Queen of Serpents” (The Snake as Bridegroom, ATU 425M), a fairytale typical to the Baltic cultural area and reflecting the archaic Lithuanian worldview.Finally, it is acknowledged that revisiting problematics of the folktale research is rather relevant: this involves investigation of the role and meaning of the folktales in the contemporary society, the history of their publication and problems in adapting the tales to suit the needs of the modern man.

Gender Verifications in Sport: From an East/West Antagonism to a North/South Antagonism

This paper aims to analyze gender verifications in sport from a socio-historical approach. These medical controls intended to keep men from competing in women's international competitions. Some female athletes are put through a masculinization trial, because of morphologies and performances judged as too masculine. Facing these athletes who disrupt the representation of a binary construction between the male sex and the female sex, sports institutions attempt to maintain a sexual bi-categorization. More precisely, this paper will present the ‘symbolic’ suppression of tests since 2000. Thereafter, authorities only rely on an aesthetic and visual assessment of female bodies and no longer use tests in a systematic and obligatory fashion. This reveals the moving boundary subjectively plotted between the masculine and the feminine, which become all the more blurred when the ‘race and class markers’ interfere with the ‘sex markers’.

Jean-Claude Charles: Challenging the Notion of Global Literature or the Absent Man Who Walks

This article is structured by the idea that fields such as Francophone studies, Caribbean studies, Haitian studies, and, more recently, global literature, while theoretically reliant on notions raging from hybridization to rhizomatic thought and relation theory, sometimes fail to account for some of the most evident instantiations of these purported models of thought. One such instance is Jean-Claude Charles’s enracinerrance, along with the author's entire body of work. The analysis suggests that the fact that Charles’s fiction favors a literary over a socio-historical critical approach may be the root of his exclusion from the aforementioned fields.

Skinner and Vygotsky’s Understanding of Resilience in the School Environment

Resilience is defined as the ability to endure situations of risk, overcome them and use them as sources of life strengthening and learning. This paper aims to analyze resilience in the school environment according to two classic perspectives in education: radical behaviorism (Skinner) and the socio-historical approach (Vygotsky). According to the socio-historical perspective, resilience can be understood as a higher psychological function resulting from an individual’s self-regulatory processes. According to the behavioural approach, whenever a person is exposed to aversive situations and finds strategies to remove them, avoidance skills are developed in order to find sources of reinforcement even during adversity. Both approaches consider that resilience is socially and culturally built, nevertheless, the need exists to consider the epistemological and conceptual differences between the two authors.

Shona Writers’ Vision of the Liberation Struggle: A Name-Centred Approach

The liberation struggle is such an historic event in Zimbabwean history to an extent that even today, constant reference is made to it in a bid to remind and challenge the whole nation to safeguard its cause. Efforts have also been made to enlighten the new generation on the rationale, experiences and gains of this struggle, with intent to make them appreciate the sacrifices made by the gallant fighters who made such possible. As such, many history books, novels, poems and drama texts have been published, all conveying this significant aspect in history. Although a lot of analyses have been devoted to how Shona literature captures this significant event, focus has been on the truthfulness of lack of it as conveyed through the experiences in the given texts. Interestingly, Shona novelists, in this case Choto, have explored the Shona tradition of capturing and conveying historical events through naming. Shona people have, since time immemorial, used the technique of naming to document and to remind society of significant events in the past. In Vavariro (1990), Choto exploits this Shona tradition by giving his characters names that illuminate the experiences, pain, joys and aspiration of the participants in the second Chimurenga which ultimately brought independence to Zimbabwe. The paper is therefore an examination of how successful the author uses the naming technique in telling the Zimbabwean story during and after the war of liberation. It uses the socio-historical approach as its theoretical grounding.

Tendencias familiares en América Latina: diferencias y entrelazamientos

This article looks at changing family dynamics in Latin America in recent decades, combining a sociohistorical approach with a sociodemographic one. The first part of the article, based on the theory of intertwined modernities as well as postcolonial thought, outlines some of the cultural contacts between family types that took place after colonization of the subcontinent. The second part describes Latin American family(ies) based on statistical information available from censuses and large surveys. There follows a critique of the nuclear family concept based on stratified statistical data, considering the variables of sex, income and education level and revealing certain shortcomings in macro measurements. The conclusions in the closing section pose the question of whether it is possible to standardize changes in family dynamics throughout Latin America and how close the region might be to a second demographic transition.

Los riesgos por el “abandono cultural” del patrimonio industrial: maestranzas ferroviarias en Chile

The article reflects on the conditions of “cultural neglect” of industrial architecture in Chile, taking as example andreference the architecture of large railway ordnance shops, which form part of the architectural heritage throughoutthe country. Currently they set abandoned industrial landscapes in large urban areas, located in strategic areas ofthe cities. Railway buildings are mostly obsolete and they are virtually under no asset protection, only a few havebeen declared a National Monument, however, research conducted on the subject, concluded in part that the meredeclaration of asset protected is not enough to the preservation of this significant heritage at risk of disappearing,because there is not a policy of cultural valuation with a socio-historical approach of the meaning of the railroad inthe development of the nation , there are only isolated initiatives in relation to the subject. The condition of risk arisesfrom the vulnerabilities of the characteristics of the construction conditions of abandonment and lack of a policy ofsocio-cultural valuation, and on the other hand, threats, both environmental and urban, mainly caused by the realstatepressures and urban development policies.

Portuguese

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14244/19827199800 The present study is part of a broader qualitative research - a dissertation entitled Education: Imagistic resources in the production of meaning of a Deaf child - which was developed by the Graduate Program in Environmental Education of the Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Brazil. This article presents the position of a Deaf teacher from Rio Grande do Sul state in relation to the construction of their deaf identity, considering the key role of the Deaf Community and the native language of a signaled Deaf person - the Brazilian Sign Language (Libras). This paper is based on a socio-historical theoretical and methodological approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a Deaf teacher, and imagery resources that enabled the emergence of life narratives of the research subject were also used. Data was analyzed through content analysis, whose category, the subject of this article, refers to the Deaf Community that uses Libras. The narratives demonstrated the importance of the Deaf Community for the Deaf, as well as the apprehension of their language, the Brazilian Sign Language, highlighting the legal achievements and challenges faced for the recognition and appreciation of this language in our country, both in regular and inclusive schools and in higher education. Moreover, the Deaf Community is configured as a place of belonging, from which the Deaf can display and enhance their Deaf identity, their stories, extolling their cultural difference. Keywords: Deaf community, Identity, Socio-historical approach.

Portuguese

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14244/19827199816 Este texto tem como objetivo discutir a escrita e suas praticas na relacao com a formacao de alunos escritores e a formacao de professores. Para tanto, trazemos dados produzidos por uma pesquisa qualitativa de abordagem socio-historica desenvolvida com alunos de uma escola da rede publica estadual de Sao Paulo. Nessa pesquisa, a professora-pesquisadora (primeira autora do trabalho) recorreu, ao longo do ano letivo de 2011, a diversas estrategias para promover a escrita nas aulas de Lingua Portuguesa. Compartilhamos alguns momentos dessa trajetoria investigativa, com foco em uma das propostas de trabalho: a escrita em “diarios”. A partir dessa experiencia e da analise dos dados produzidos, refletimos sobre a promocao de praticas de escrita na escola. Consideramos necessario que o professor assuma outra postura em sala de aula, a de interlocutor de seus alunos, a fim de que possamos contribuir para a formacao de escritores. Assim, trata-se aqui de considerar os escritos dos alunos nao apenas como espaco de formacao de escritores, mas tambem como lugar de (trans)formacao da professora, que se aventura a formar escritores. Para essas reflexoes, apoiamo-nos nos escritos dos alunos nos diarios e no registro escrito de toda essa travessia no diario de campo da pesquisadora, considerando esse espaco de escrita tambem como uma instância de formacao. Dialogamos aqui com conceitos de Bakhtin (2006a, 2006b), tais como linguagem, sujeito, dialogo e alteridade; reflexoes de Larrosa (2006, 2002, 1996), sobre narrativa e identidade, alem de outros autores que tematizam linguagem-escrita-formacao da perspectiva que adotamos. Palavras-chave: Escrita, Interacao, Formacao de alunos, Formacao de professores.

PENGARUH TRADISI ARAB PRA ISLAM TERHADAP HUKUMAN RAJAM

This article was written to answer the question of how the punishment of adultery in the tradition of pre-Islamic Arabia and whether the punishment of stoning in adultery punishment traditions influenced by pre-Islamic? This is also done as most of the literature (especially fiqh) which is likely to assume muhsan stoning sentence for the perpetrator is Sunnah and is therefore considered final. This is different from the Qur'an which contains only the caning without perpetrator category. The author uses socio-historical approach to look at the possibility of the adoption of pre-Islamic law in jurisprudence historically recognized authority but had methodological problems. Of search performed, there were no rules on punishment of adultery in the religion of Jahiliah. The punishment for adultery, which are so cruel, is found in the ancient Egyptian Penal Code, the laws of Hammurabi, and the Old Testament. Original stoning is not Islam. This punishment has been published in the books before the Islam religion. Islam then adopted with improvements in many facets.

Perception of AIDS among health professionals who experienced the epidemic while caring for people with the disease in Florianópolis in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil (1986-2006)

The scope of this study is to ascertain how the health professionals of a Reference Hospital for Infectious diseases experienced the AIDS epidemic while caring for people with the disease between 1986 and 2006. It involved a qualitative study with a socio-historical approach that used oral history to collect data from twenty-three health professionals. The following categories emerged from the content analysis: a change in profile of the AIDS epidemic; the improvement of care for people with HIV/AIDS; and an improvement in working conditions. The health professionals who experienced the epidemic while caring for patients with the disease perceived how much public health policies on AIDS, with advances and research, led to the consolidation of many laws. It also led to the coordination of health programs aimed at the improvement of services, assistance to people with the disease and ensuring a safer and less tiring work environment.

GALEN, DIVINATION AND THE STATUS OF MEDICINE

Galen's stories about his successes in predicting the development of an illness belong to the best-known anecdotes drawn from his writings. Brilliant pieces of self-presentation, they set Galen apart from his peers, who tried to cover up their ignorance by levelling accusations of magic and divination against their superior colleague. These accusations are usually interpreted as very real threats, as Roman law punished illicit magic and divination. Pointing out that Galen sometimes likes to present himself as amantisand a prophet, others have suggested that the accusations against Galen and his own self-presentation indicate that the border line between medicine and religion was still fluid. Both approaches correctly draw attention to the social reality that the accusations betray: they suggest that Galen belongs to a group of healers of dubious standing that populated the empire and thus show that medicine did not have a monopoly on healing. Yet such a socio-historical approach may not be sufficient. For one thing, both explanations have their limitations. Regarding the former, it can be said that Augustus' prohibition of divination aimed at controlling prediction about the emperor and one can doubt that a widespread clampdown of all forms of divination ever was intended. A possible objection to the second view is that throughout hisoeuvreGalen emphasizes his medicine as a rational undertaking, even as a science (epistêmê). If one takes his self-presentation as amantisto be more than metaphorical and to indicate the not yet fully crystallized identity of medicine as a separate scientific discipline, then Galen's usual way of understanding his own craft as a ‘science’ is in need of explanation. Besides such possible objections, a different set of questions still needs to be asked: why precisely were accusations of practising magic and divination levelled against Galen and why do they recur so frequently in his writings? Why divination and not, say, poisoning?

Um olhar para o trabalho com o gênero convite em turmas de alfabetização

This paper is the result of studies, reflections and articulated research to the project Continuing Education for Teachers of Basic Education in the lower elementary school: actions to literacy in cities with low IDEB of Western Parana, linked to the Centre for Education Program - CAPES/INEP. In this context, our research, in particular, focuses on actions to mediate the appropriation of writing by working with speech genres language. Thus, as part of this investigative process, we aim in this paper to analyze the written text activities in a class of 2nd year (lower elementary school), considering a work using the gender invitation. Guided by the question: “how mediation of the teacher, while working with speech genres from the perspective of literacy, may contribute to the acquisition of written language of students in the 2nd year of elementary school? - Intend to reflect on a didactic - methodological strategies on a qualitative research process, of the ethnographic type, endorsed by the methodology of action research, with gender invitation, from the perspective of emphasizing the importance of the teacher’s role as mediator during this teaching process. It is, therefore, a research in Applied Linguistics, using the theoretical framework of Cultural-Historical Psychology (VYGOTSKY, 1995, 2001, 2007) and the concept of Dialogic Discourse (BAKHTIN/VOLOCHINOV, 2004; BAKHTIN, 2003), being within of the socio-historical approach to language . We also seek support in theoretical studies such as Geraldi (2003, 2006), Cagliari (2009, 1998), Martins (2007), and other authors who address on the inclusion of children in social interaction through writing. The results reveal the teacher importance of “intervention” in activities that facilitate the appropriation of the written language.